MATH1020 Calculus for Engineers Formulae page 1 of 4

LOGARITHMS & EXPONENTIALS

 
y x
loga x = y ⇐⇒ a = x, loga (xy) = loga x + loga y, loga = loga x − loga y
y

loga (xr ) = r loga (x), loga (ax ) = x, aloga x = x

1
(ab )c = abc , ab ac = ab+c , a−b =
ab

TRIG & HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ, 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ

sin2 θ = 12 (1 − cos 2θ), cos2 θ = 21 (1 + cos 2θ)

2 tan θ
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ, tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ

sin A cos B = 12 [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]

cos A cos B = 12 [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]

sin A sin B = 21 [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]

sin A + sin B = 2 sin 21 (A + B) cos 12 (A − B)

sin A − sin B = 2 cos 21 (A + B) sin 12 (A − B)

cos A + cos B = 2 cos 12 (A + B) cos 21 (A − B)

cos A − cos B = 2 sin 21 (A + B) sin 21 (B − A)

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan(A ± B) =
1 ∓ tan A tan B

cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1, tanh2 x = 1 − sech 2 x, coth2 x = 1 + csch 2 x

cosh2 x = 12 (cosh 2x + 1), sinh2 x = 21 (cosh 2x − 1)

sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x, cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

MATH1020 Calculus for Engineers Formulae page 2 of 4

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
ex − e−x ex + e−x sinh x
sinh x = , cosh x = , tanh x =
2 2 cosh x
1 1 cosh x
csch x = , sech x = , coth x =
sinh x cosh x sinh x
√ √
 
−1 −1 −1 1 1 + x
sinh x = ln(x + x2 + 1), cosh x = ln(x + x2 − 1), tanh x = ln
2 1−x

STANDARD ANGLES
π π π π
θ (rad) 0
6 4 3 2
√
1 1 3
sin θ 0 √ 1
2 2 2
√
3 1 1
cos θ 1 √ 0
2 2 2

CONIC SECTIONS

Ellipse
x2 y 2
Foci on x-axis: 2 + 2 = 1, a > b; foci (±c, 0), vertices (±a, 0), c2 = a2 − b2
a b
2
x y2
Foci on y-axis: 2 + 2 = 1, a > b; foci (0, ±c), vertices (0, ±a), c2 = a2 − b2
b a

Hyperbola
x2 y 2 2 2 2 b
− = 1, foci (±c, 0), vertices (±a, 0), c = a + b , asymptotes y = ± x
a2 b2 a
y 2 x2 2 2 2 a
− = 1, foci (0, ±c), vertices (0, ±a), c = a + b , asymptotes y = ± x
a2 b2 b

COMPLEX NUMBERS

For z = x + jy, x = Re(z), y = Im(z), j 2 = −1, z̄ = x − jy

p z1 |z1 |
Modulus: |z| = x2 + y 2 , |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 |, =
z2 |z2 |

Polar form: z = r∠θ = r(cos θ + j sin θ), r 2 = x2 + y 2 , Arg (z) ∈ (−π, π]

z1 r1
Exponential form: z = rejθ , z1 z2 = r1 r2 ∠(θ1 + θ2 ), = ∠(θ1 − θ2 )
z2 r2

De Moivre’s Theorem: z n = rn ∠(nθ), n = integer

 
1 θ + 2kπ
nth roots: wk = r n ∠ , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
n
MATH1020 Calculus for Engineers Formulae page 3 of 4

STANDARD DERIVATIVES
d du dv d  u  v du − u dv dy dy du
(uv) = v +u , = dx 2 dx , =
dx dx dx dx v v dx du dx
d d d
(sin x) = cos x, (cos x) = − sin x, (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx dx
d d d
(sec x) = sec x tan x, (csc x) = − csc x cot x, (cot x) = − csc2 x
dx dx dx
d 1 d 1 d 1
(sin−1 x) = √ , (cos−1 x) = − √ , (tan−1 x) =
dx 1−x 2 dx 1−x 2 dx 1 + x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
(sec−1 x) = √ , (csc−1 x) = − √ , (cot−1 x) = −
dx x x2 − 1 dx x x2 − 1 dx 1 + x2
d d d
(sinh x) = cosh x, (cosh x) = sinh x, (tanh x) = sech 2 x
dx dx dx
d d d
(sech x) = −sech x tanh x, (csch x) = −csch x coth x, (coth x) = −csch 2 x
dx dx dx
d 1 d 1 d 1
(sinh−1 x) = √ , (cosh−1 x) = √ , (tanh−1 x) =
dx 1+x 2 dx 2
x −1 dx 1 − x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
(sech −1 x) = − √ , (csch −1 x) = − √ , (coth−1 x) =
dx x 1−x 2 dx |x| x + 1 2 dx 1 − x2

TAYLOR SERIES
∞
X f (n) (a) f 00 (a) f 000 (a)
f (x) = (x − a)n = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + (x − a)3 + . . .
n=0
n! 2! 3!
f 00 (a) f 000 (a) f (n) (a)
Pn (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + (x − a)3 + . . . + (x − a)n
2! 3! n!
(n+1)
f (c)
f (x) = Pn (x) + Rn (x), Rn (x) = (x − a)n+1 , c ∈ (a, x)
(n + 1)!

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
h (b − a) 2
T = (y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + . . . + 2yn−1 + yn ), | ET |≤ hM
2 12
h (b − a) 4
S= (y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + . . . + 2yn−2 + 4yn−1 + yn ), | ES |≤ hM
3 180

NUMERICAL ROOT FINDING ALGORITHMS

b−a
Bisection method ([a,b] contains root): error ≤
2n
f (xn )
Newton’s Method: xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn )
MATH1020 Calculus for Engineers Formulae page 4 of 4

STANDARD INTEGRALS
Z Z Z b Z u(b)
du
u dv = uv − v du, f (u(x)) dx = f (u) du
a dx u(a)

(f (u))n+1
Z 0 Z
f (u) n 0
du = ln |f (u)| + C, (f (u)) f (u) du = +C
f (u) n+1
R R R
sin u du = − cos u + C, cos u du = sin u + C, sec2 u du = tan u + C
R R
tan u du = ln | sec u| + C, tanh u du = ln(cosh u) + C
R R
cot u du = ln | sin u| + C, coth u du = ln | sinh u| + C

sech u du = tan−1 | sinh u| + C

R R
sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C,

csch u du = ln | tanh u2 | + C
R R
csc u du = ln | csc u − cot u| + C,
du u−a
Z Z
1 u+a du 1
= ln + C, 2 2
= ln +C
2
a −u 2 2a u−a u −a 2a u+a
du
Z Z
−1 u du 1 −1 u
   
√ = sin + C, = tan +C
a2 − u2 a a2 + u2 a a
du
Z
1 u
√ = sec−1 +C
u u2 − a2 a a
Z
du u √
√ = sinh−1 + C = ln |u + u2 + a2 | + C
u 2 + a2 a
Z
du u √
√ = cosh−1 + C = ln |u + u2 − a2 | + C
u 2 − a2 a
√
du a + a2 − u 2
Z
1 −1 u
  1
√ = − sech + C = − ln +C
u a2 − u2 a a a u

LENGTHS OF CURVES AND SURFACES OF

REVOLUTION
s 2  2 s
Z b  Z dZ
dy dx
L= 1+ dx = 1+ dy = ds
a dx dy
s c  s
Z b 2 Z d  2
dy dx
rotation around x-axis: S = 2πy 1 + dx = 2πy 1 + dy
a dx c dy
s  2 s  2
Z d Z b
dx dy
rotation around y-axis: S = 2πx 1 + dy = 2πx 1 + dx
c dy a dx