SSCE1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 2:
DIFFERENTIATION

WAN RUKAIDA BT WAN ABDULLAH

YUDARIAH BT MOHAMMAD YUSOF
SHAZIRAWATI BT MOHD PUZI
NUR ARINA BAZILAH BT AZIZ
ZUHAILA BT ISMAIL

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Faculty of Sciences
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2.1 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
2.2 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
2.3 Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions

Revision: Methods of differentiation

1. Chain rule
2. Product differentiation
3. Quotient differentiation
4. Implicit differentiation
2.1 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

Recall: Definition:

e x + e-x
cosh x =
2

e x − e-x
sinh x =
2

sinh x e x − e-x
=
tanh x =
cosh x e x + e-x

1 cosh x
=
coth x =
tanh x sinh x
1
cosech x =
sinh x

1
sech x =
cosh x
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

Example 2.1: Find the derivatives of

(a) sinh x (b) cosh x (c) tanh x

Solution:

d d  e x − e −x 
(a) sinh x =  
dx dx  2 


1
= ( e x + e − x ) = cosh x
2

d d  e x + e −x 
(b) cosh x =  
dx dx  2 


1
= ( e x − e − x ) = sinh x
2
 d d  e x − e −x 
(c) tanh x =  
dx dx  e x + e − x 

Using quotient diff:

=
( e x + e − x )( e x + e − x )− ( e x − e − x )( e x − e − x )
(e + e )
x −x 2

e 2 x + e −2 x + 2 − e 2 x − e −2 x + 2
=
(e x
+e −x
) 2

2
4  2 
= =  
(e x
+e −x
) 2
 e +e
x
(
−x
) 

2
 1 
=   = sech 2 x
 cosh x 
Using the same methods, we can obtain the derivatives
of the other hyperbolic functions and these gives us the
standard derivatives.

Standard Derivatives

y = f ( x) dy
= f ′( x)
dx

cosh x sinh x

sinh x cosh x

tanh x sech 2 x

sech x −sech x tanh x

cosech x −cosech x coth x

coth x −cosech 2 x
Example 2.2:

1. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

𝑥𝑥 3
a) 𝑦𝑦 = sinh 𝑥𝑥

b) 𝑦𝑦 = tanh 3 2𝑥𝑥
2
c) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 cosh 4𝑥𝑥

2. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(a) y cosh ( 3x )
= =
(b) r sinh(2t 2 − 1)
(c) g ( x) =
( x − 1)3 sech 2 x (d) y =
tanh(ln x)

3. (Implicit differentiation)
dy
Find from the following expressions:
dx

=
(a) x y 2 sinh 4 x + cosh y
=
(b) y tanh ( x + y )
2.2 Differentiation Involving Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Recall: Definition of inverse trigonometric functions

Function Domain Range

sin −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 π π
− ≤ y≤
2 2

cos −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤ y ≤π

tan −1 x −∞ < x < ∞ π π

− < y<
2 2

sec −1 x x ≥1 π π
0≤ y< ∪ < y <π
2 2

cot −1 x −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 0 < y <π

cosec −1 x x ≥1 π π
− < y < 0∪0 < y <
2 2
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Standard Derivatives:

d −1 1
1. (sin x) =
dx 1− x2

d −1 −1
2. (cos x) =
dx 1− x2

d −1 1
3. (tan x)=
dx 1+ x 2
d −1 −1
4. (cot x)=
dx 1+ x 2
d −1 1
5. (sec x)=
dx x x 2 −1

d −1 −1
6. (csc x)=
dx x x 2 −1
Derivatives of y = sin −1 x . (proof)

Recall: y = sin −1 x ⇔ x = sin y

for x ∈ [−1, 1] and y ∈ [− π 2 , π 2].

Because the sine function is differentiable on

[− π 2 , π 2] , the inverse function is also differentiable.

To find its derivative we proceed implicitly:

Given sin y = x . Differentiating w.r.t. x:

d d
(sin y ) = ( x)
dx dx
dy
cos y =1
dx
dy 1
∴ =
dx cos y

π π
Since − ≤ y≤ , cos y ≥ 0 , so
2 2
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cos y 1 − sin 2 y 1 − x2
Example 2.3:

1. Differentiate each of the following functions.

(a) f ( x) = tan −1 x

(b) g (t ) = sin −1 (1 − t )

(c) h( x) = sec −1 e 2 x

2. Find the derivative of:

(a) y = (tan −1 x 2 ) 4

(b) f ( x) = ln(sin −1 4 x)

=
3. Find the derivative of y tan −1 (tan(3t 2 − 1)) .

dy
4. Find the derivative if
dx

(a) x tan −1 y = x 2 + y

π
(b) sin −1 ( xy ) + = cos −1 y
2
Summary

If u is a differentiable function of x, then

d −1 1 du
=
(sin u) •
1. dx 1 − u dx
2

d −1 1 du
2. dx (cos u ) =
− •
1 − u 2 dx

d −1 1 du
(tan= u ) •
3. dx 1 + u 2 dx

d −1 1 du
(cot u ) =
− •
4. dx 1 + u 2 dx

d −1 1 du
5. dx =
(sec u ) •
u u 2 − 1 dx

d −1 1 du
6. dx (csc u ) =
− •
u u 2 − 1 dx
2.3 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Recall: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function Domain Range

y = sinh −1 x ( −∞ , ∞ ) ( −∞ , ∞ )

y = cosh −1 x [ 1, ∞ ) [ 0 ,∞ )

y = tanh −1 x (−1, 1) ( −∞ , ∞ )

y = coth −1 x ( −∞ , −1 ) ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ )

y = sech−1 x (0, 1] [ 0 ,∞ )

y = cosech−1x ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ ) ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ )

Function Logarithmic form

y = sinh −1 x (
ln x + x 2 + 1 )
y = cosh −1 x (
ln x + x 2 − 1 )
 y = tanh −1 x 1  1+ x 
ln  ; x < 1
2  1− x 

d 1
Proof: ( (sinh −1 x) = )
dx 1+ x 2

Recall: y = sinh −1 x ⇔ x =
sinh y

To find its derivative we proceed implicitly:

 Given x = sinh y . Differentiating w.r.t. x:

d d
( x) = (sinh y )
dx dx

dy
1 = cosh y
dx
dy 1
∴ =
dx cosh y

 Since − ∞ < y < ∞ , cosh y ≥ 0 , so using the identity

cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y =
1:

dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cosh y 1 + sinh2 y 1+ x 2
 d 1
∴ (sinh −1 x) =
dx 1 + x2

 Other ways to obtain the derivatives are:

(a) y = sinh −1 x ⇔ x =
sinh y then

e y − e− y
x= dy
. Hence, find .
2 dx

( )
(b) y = sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 .

Hence, find dy .
dx
 Standard Derivatives

Function, y dy
Derivatives,
dx

sinh −1 x 1
x2 + 1

cosh −1 x 1
; x >1
x −1
2

tanh −1 x 1
; x <1
1− x 2

coth −1 x 1
; x >1
1− x 2

sech −1 x −
1
; 0 < x <1
x 1− x 2

cosech−1x 1
; x≠0
x 1+ x 2
 Generalised Form

y = f (u ); dy dy du
= ⋅
u = g ( x) dx du dx

−1
1 du
sinh u
u 2 + 1 dx
1 du
−1
cosh u ; u >1
u − 1 dx
2

1 du
tanh u−1 ; u <1
1 − u dx
2

1 du
coth u−1 ; u >1
1 − u dx
2

1 du
sech u−1 − ; 0 < u <1
u 1− u 2 dx

1 du
cosech u−1 ; u≠0
u 1+ u 2 dx
Example 2.4:

Find the derivatives of

(a) y = sinh −1 (1 − 3 x)

1
(b) y = cosh −1 
 x

(c) y = e xsech −1x

(d) y = sinh −1 (tan 3 x)

−1 2
(e) f (t ) = tanh t
1 − sec t

(f) y = coth −1 u

(g) y = cos 4 x cosh −1 4 x

(h) y 3 − sinh −1 xy =
0