MATH 27 LECTURE GUIDE

UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

This unit will focus on the different techniques of integration. Some integrand requires a specific
approach to be able to evaluate them. So you need to pay attention to the given integrand so that you
will know what techniques to be used. But this does not mean that the simple substitution technique that
you learned in the previous unit will no longer work here. In fact, that will always be your first option
before applying the other techniques.

Our goals for this unit are as follows. By the end of the unit you should be able to

 perform integration by parts;

 use trigonometric substitution to evaluate some integral forms;
 decompose rational functions to partial fractions;
 use proper substitute to evaluate some integral forms;
 determine whether an improper integral is convergent or divergent; and
 execute the proper technique in evaluating integrals.
__________________________

REMINDER: REVIEW on integral forms in UNIT 1. These will be the basis of the other solvable integral
forms in this unit. Also, review the derivatives for solving differentials in case substitution will be used in
solving integrals.

2.1 Integration by Parts

In this section, we will study one of the most important techniques of integration called integration by
parts. This technique is applicable to the integrand involving products of algebraic and transcendental
functions or in some cases, when the integrand is a product of transcendental functions.
Here is the forulation:

Let u and v be functions of x . Recall the product rule for differentiation,

D x  u  v   u  D x  v   v  D x  u  , equivalently it can be expresses as

d u  v   u  dv  v  du . Taking the integrals of both side, yields


 d u  v    u  dv   v  du
 u v 
 u  dv   v  du

 u  dv  u  v   v  du
MUST REMEMBER!!! Integration by parts (IBP).

An integral form can be expressed as which is, in turn, equal to

.
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Once and are determined, solve from , and from . Then, solve the resulting
form.

1
Some helpful tips:
1. Try to let be a function whose derivative is a function simpler than Then will be the
remaining factors of the integrand. Note that will always include the of the original
integrand.
2. Try to let be the most complicated portion of the integrand that fits a basic integration rule.
Then your will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.

Illustration 1. Use IBP to evaluate

 x cos xdx .

Solution:
Since the derivative of will result to a simple expression, we can choose and
so that and ∫ ∫

Thus,

 x cos xdx  x sin x   sin xdx

 x sin x  ( cos x)  C
 x sin x  cos x  C

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( ) .

Illustration 2. Use IBP to evaluate

 Arcsin xdx .

Solution:
Note that our only choice for here is and . Thus, and ∫
√
∫

Thus,

 
dx
Arcsin xdx  x Arcsin x  x.
1  x2
Show that
∫ √
√

Therefore,
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

∫ √

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( √ ) .

2
Let us consider more examples.

Example 1. Use IBP to evaluate

 e sin xdx
x
.

Solution:
This type of combination of the product of two transcendental functions will give another
approach on how an IBP works. Try to observe the process. We let

⟹ ⟹

 e sin xdx  e cos x   e cos xdx

x x x

Note that ∫ can also be solved by IBP. We let

̅ ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ̅

Thus,
∫ ∫

Example 2. Evaluate
∫

Solution:
Let and . Then, and . Complete the solution to show that

You may have observed that we have not yet discussed those integrals with odd powers of
secant or cosecant as integrands. That is because when we deal with those kind of problems, we need to
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

employ IBP. The technique is to let or , and the rest of the integrand to be
equal to . The next example considers the said case.

 sec
3
Example 3. Find x dx.
Solution:
We let and , so that and . Thus, IBP
produces

 sec x dx  sec x tan x   sec x tan

3 2
x dx Substitute

3
    
 sec3 x dx  sec x tan x  sec x sec2 x  1 dx Trigonometric identity

 3
  3
 sec x dx  sec x tan x  sec x dx  sec x dx Rewrite

 3

 2 sec x dx  sec x tan x  sec x dx Collect like integrals

 3
 2 sec x dx  sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x  C Integrate


1 1
 sec3 x dx  sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x  C Divide by 2
2 2

Example 4. Use IBP to evaluate

 x e dx
2 x
.

Solution:
Here the derivative of and are both simple, however if you assign as your , the power
of will increase. So, the best choice for is . We let and so that and
. Thus

 x e dx  x e  2 xe dx
2 x 2 x x
.

For the last term, apply again IBP with and to be able to show that
∫

The previous example, and actually Example 1 too, wherein we need to employ IBP more than
once, can also be evaluated using the so-called tabular form method. Below is the procedure:

Let and . Next, create a table consisting of three columns, as shown.

Alternate Signs u and Its Derivatives v' and Its Antiderivatives

x2
2x ex
2 ex
0 ex
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Differentiate until you obtain 0 as a derivative or the product of the last row is a multiple of the integrand of the
original problem.

The solution is obtained by adding the signed products of the diagonal entries.

Hence,
 x e dx  x e  2xe  2e  c
2 x 2 x x x

TO DO: Rework Example 1 using the tabular form method.

4
 Example 5. Find x
2
sin 4 x dx.
Solution:
Let u  x 2 and dv  v ' dx  sin 4 x dx.
Alternate Signs u and Its Derivatives v' and Its Antiderivatives
x2 sin 4 x
2x  14 cos 4 x
2  161 sin 4 x
0 1
64 cos 4 x

Differentiate until you obtain 0 as a derivative or the product of the last row is a multiple of the integrand of the
original problem.

The solution is obtained by adding the signed products of the diagonal entries.
1 1 1
x 4 x dx   x 2 cos 4 x  x sin 4 x  cos 4 x  C
2

4 8 32

REMARK: Although it is not a general rule, but works most of the time, one can use the acronym ILATE in
prioritizing the choice of . ILATE means Inverse trigonometric, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric,
Exponential. The priority would be the one that comes earlier in the acronym.

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following.

1. 2. 3.

4.

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., p521

For online lesson you may refer to:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/integration-techniques

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/IntegralsWithTrig.aspx
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

2.2 Trigonometric Substitution

This technique holds for integrals containing, a2  x 2 , x 2  a2 and x 2  a2 , a  0 or

a2  u2 , u2  a2 and u2  a2 where u is a differentiable function of x .

5
MUST REMEMBER! Trigonometric Substitution Rules

Rule 1: For √𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , let 𝒙 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 so that 𝒅𝒙 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽. (Can you show
why is that so?) Note for a right triangle whose hypotenuse is 𝒂 and the other side is 𝒙, we
have

𝒙 𝒂
𝜽

√𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐

Note: If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then we can replace 𝒙 by 𝒖.

Rule 2: For √𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐, let 𝒙 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 so that 𝒅𝒙 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and √𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽. Note for a right
triangle whose one side is 𝒂 and the other side is 𝒙, we have

𝒙 √𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐

𝜽
𝒂

Note: If 𝒖 is a differentiable function of 𝒙, then we can replace 𝒙 by 𝒖.

Rule 3: For √ , let so that and √ . Note for a

right triangle whose hypotenuse is and the other side is , we have

Note: If is a differentiable function of , then we can replace by .

Illustration 1. Evaluate
∫
√
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Solution:
Since we have the expression of the form √ , we will use Rule 2 to answer the given problem.

Let . So, and √ √ √ .

Thus,

∫ ∫ ∫ | |
√

6
 We can use the substitution that we made earlier to be able to express the final answer in terms
√
of the variable . From and √ , we have and .
Therefore,
√
∫ | |
√

Alternatively, we can use the given triangle below and employ SOHCATOA to solve for and .

√
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | ) .
√

Illustration 2. Evaluate
√
∫

Solution:
Since we have the expression of the form √ , we will use Rule 1 to answer the given problem.

Let . So, and √ √ √ .

Thus,

√
∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫( ) ∫( )

( | | ) | |

We can use the substitution that we made earlier to be able to express the final answer in terms
√
of the variable . From and √ , we have and .
√
Hence, and .

Therefore,
√ √
∫ | | √
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Alternatively, we can use the given triangle below and employ SOHCATOA to solve for the
required trigonometric values.

𝜽
√

7
 √ √
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | √ ) .

Illustration 3. Evaluate
√
∫

Solution:
Note that ( ) . Moreover, we can observe that it is necessary first to transform first √ to
the form √ . And so we first let which implies . Since we don’t have the term
in the integrand, then we multiply it by to obtain the desired form. Thus,
√ √ √
∫ ∫ ∫

Since we have the expression of the form √ , we will use Rule 3 to answer the given problem. Let
√ . So, √ and √ √ √ √ √ .

Thus,

√ √ √
∫ ∫ ∫ √ ∫
(√ )

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫( )

∫( ) | |

We can use the substitution that we made earlier to be able to express the final answer in terms
√
of the variable , then in terms of . From √ , we obtain and so, .
√
√ √
Moreover, since , then and . Similarly, it can be shown that
√ √
√
and .

Therefore,
√ √ √
∫ | |
√ √

Alternatively, we can use the given triangle below and employ SOHCATOA to solve for the
required trigonometric values.
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝜽
√ √

√ √ √
Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | ) .
√ √

8
Let us consider more examples. Fill in the missing steps.

Example 1. Evaluate
∫
√
Solution:

Let . Then
and √

Thus,
∫
√

Example 2. Evaluate
∫
( )

Solution:
Note that ( ) *( ) + (√ ) .
Let . Then
and √

Thus,
∫
√
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

9
Example 3. Evaluate
√
∫

The solution to this example is almost the same as that of Illustration 3 on p. 7.

TRY THIS. Evaluate the following.

1.

3. 4.

5. 6.

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., p539

For online tutorials, refer to:

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/integration-techniques
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/IntegralsWithTrig.aspx

2.3 Integration Using Partial Fractions

P( x)
The procedure for decomposing a rational function of the form , Q( x)  0 into simpler
Q( x)
rational functions which you can apply the basic integration formulas is called the method of partial
P x 
fractions. You must remember that this method is for integrals of the form
 Qx 
dx where P and Q

10
 P
are polynomials such that deg P  deg Q . However, if deg P  deg Q , simplify first either by
Q
factoring or division of polynomials.

P P
Given in its simplest form, can be “decomposed” to a sum of partial fractions, i.e.,
Q Q

P P P P P
 1  2  3  ... n where Q  LCD  Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , . . . , Qn 
Q Q1 Q2 Q3 Qn
and deg Pi  deg Qi for each i .

Consider only linear and quadratic factors of Q . Hence, partial fractions will be of the form:

A Ax  B
or
ax  b ax 2  bx  c

MUST REMEMBER! How to decompose a rational function into partial fractions

CASE 1. The factors of are distinct.

If the factors of are all linear, then .

If the factors of are all quadratic, then

Illustration 1 Evaluate
∫

Solution:
We first decompose into a sum of partial fractions. Note that ( )( )
and that the
factors in the denominator are distinct and are all linear. Using the rule for Case 1, we have

( )( )

Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( )( ) will yield

( ) ( )

Our goal is to solve for the constants and , and to be able to do that, we need to substitute
specific values for . A convenient choice would be those that will make the multiplier of or equal to
zero, i.e., in the given case, we choose and .
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

If : ( ) ( )
If : ( ) ( )

Thus,

and
∫ ∫ ∫ | | | |

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | | | ) .

11
Illustration 2. Evaluate
∫

Solution:
Note that ( )( )
and that the factors in the denominator are distinct and are all
linear. Using the rule for Case 1, we have

( )( )

Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( )( ) will give us

( )( ) ( ) ( )

Now, show that , and

If :
If :
If :

Thus,

and

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that the derivative of your answer is equal to .

Illustration 3. Evaluate
∫
( )( )

Solution:
Note that the factors in the denominator are distinct with one linear and one quadratic factor..
Using the rule for Case 1, we have

( )( )

Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( )( ) will give us

( )( ) ( )
Now,
If : ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )( ) (( ) )
If : ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )( ) (( ) )
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

If : ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )( ) (( ) )

Thus,

( )( )
and
∫ ∫ ∫ | | | |
( )( )

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | | | ) .

12
TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following.

1. 2. 3.

MUST REMEMBER! How to decompose a rational function into partial fractions

CASE 2. has some repeating factors.

If is a repeating factor of such that is a factor, the partial fraction should

contain .

If is a repeating factor of such that is a factor, the partial fraction

should contain
.

Illustration 4. Evaluate
∫
( ) ( )

Solution:
Note that the factors in the denominator are all linear but one is a repeated factor. Using the rule
for Case 2, we have

( ) ( ) ( )

Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( ) ( ) will give us

( )( ) ( ) ( )

Now, show that and .

If :
If :
If :

Thus,

( ) ( ) ( )
and
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
( ) ( ) ( )

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that the derivative of your answer is equal to ( ) ( )
.

13
Illustration 5. Evaluate
∫
( )

Solution:
Note that one of the factors in the denominator is linear but the other is a repeated quadratic one.
Using the rule for Case 2, we have

( ) ( )

Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( ) will give us

( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )

Now, this is the case when specifying values of to solve for the required constant entails a
tedious process. We introduce an alternative way of solving for the constants, which is also applicable for
the previously discussed illustrations.
We first simplify the expression on the right- hand side of the equation above:
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Note that both sides of the equation will only be equal if and only if the numerical coefficients of
the respective terms are equal. Thus, we have
, and
Solving the given system of equations, we will obtain the following solution:

Hence,

( ) ( )
and

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
( ) ( )

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that the derivative of your answer is equal to .
( )

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following.

1. 2. 3.

For more exercises, you can refer to:

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., p549

For online tutorials refer to:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/integration-techniques

14
3.4 Miscellaneous Substitution

In this section, we consider integrals wherein suggested substitutes are needed to be able to
solve them. We will only consider those with integrand that contains rational functions or even powers
of sine and cosine.

A. For rational functions of sine and cosine:

We use the substitute

so that

Note: The variable can be replaced by any other variable except possibly .

Illustration 1. Evaluate
∫

Solution:
Let . Then , , and . Thus,

∫ ∫ ∫
( ) ( )

∫ ∫
( )

Now, using methods of partial fractions, show that

( )
so that
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
( )

| | | |

| | | |

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | | | ) .

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Illustration 2. Evaluate

Solution:
Let . Then , , , and . Thus,

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫( )

15
 (∫ ∫ ) ( | |)

| | | |

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( | | ) .

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following:

  
1 1 sin x
1. dx 2. dx 3. dx
1  cos x tan x  sin x 1  cos 2 x

B. For the integrand containing even powers of sine or cosine:

We use the identity:

Illustration 1. Evaluate

∫ ( )

Solution:
( )
Using the previously given identity, ( ) Thus,

∫ ( ) ∫ ∫( ) ( )

Verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( ( ) ) ( ).

Illustration 2. Evaluate

Solution:
Using the previously given identity, Thus,
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

∫ ∫( ) ∫( )

We again use an identity for , i.e., . Hence,

∫ ∫( )

∫ ∫ ∫( )

16
 It is left as an exercise to show that
∫

Moreover, verify that the answer is correct by showing that ( ) .

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following:

 cos 3xdx  sin  2  dx  cos 3x sin 3xdx

2 4 x 2 4
1. 2. 3.

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia
Pte. Ltd., p556

2.5 Improper Integrals

REVIEW!!! Evaluating definite integrals.

b
If f is continuous on  a , b  and
 f x dx  F x   C , then
 a
f x dx  F b   F a .

MUST REMEMBER!!!
For integrals over unbounded intervals: , or
Assume that is continuous within the interval of integration,

If the respective limit(s) exists and is finite, the improper integral is said to be convergent.
Else, it is divergent.




dx
Illustration 1. Determine if is convergent or divergent.
1 1  2 x 3

Solution:
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

By the given rule above,

∫ ∫
( ) ( )


dx
Consider first . Let so that . Thus,
(1  2 x)3

∫ ∫ ( )
( ) ( )

17
 Hence,

∫ |
( ) ( ) ( )
Therefore,
∫ ∫ [ ]( )
( ) ( ) ( )

 dx
Hence,  1  2 x 
1 3
is convergent.


0
dx
Illustration 2. Determine if is convergent or divergent.

3
x 1
Solution:

By the given rule above,

∫ ∫
√ √

It is left as an exercise to show that

∫ ( )
√

Therefore,
∫ ∫ [ ( ) ]( ( ))
√ √

0 dx
Hence, 
 3
x 1
is divergent.




dx
Illustration 3. Determine if is convergent or divergent.
 1  x2
Solution:

By the given rule above,

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Using the fact that and , show that

∫ ∫
Thus,
∫ ∫ ∫
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

Therefore, the given improper integral is convergent.

TRY THIS!
Determine whether the given improper integral diverges or converges.

 

  
0
dx 1
1. xe2x dx 2. 3. dx
 4 x(ln x)3 0 e  e x
x

 

 
2 dx
4. xe  x dx 5.
  9  x2
18
 Another form of improper integrals is the case where infinite discontinuity occurs over bounded
intervals. Here you may observe that the integrand is undefined in the given upper limit or lower limit of
integration or in between the given limit of integration.

MUST REMEMBER!!!

For integrals of functions with infinite discontinuity over bounded intervals:

Assume that is continuous on and ,

Assume that is continuous on and , .

Assume that is continuous on except at , ,

If the respective limit(s) exists and is finite, the improper integral is said to be convergent.
Else, it is divergent.


2
dx
Illustration 4. Determine if is convergent or divergent.
0 4  x2
Solution:

Note that on the interval [ ], the integrand has a discontinuity at . Thus, using the rule above,

∫ ∫ * + [ ]
√ √

[ ]

Hence, the given improper integral is convergent.


0
dx
Illustration 5. Determine if is convergent or divergent.
2 x  2

Solution:

Note that on the interval [ ], the integrand has a discontinuity at . Thus, using the rule
above,
∫ ∫
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

The rest of the solution is left as an exercise and it can be shown that the given improper integral
is divergent.

19
  ( x  1)
3
dx
Illustration 6. Determine if 2
is convergent or divergent.
0 3

Solution:

Note that on the interval [ ], the integrand has a discontinuity at , which is in between the
upper and the lower limits of integration. Thus, using the rule above,
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Using the fact that

∫ ( )
( )
show that
∫ ∫ √
( ) ( )

Thus,
∫ √
( )

Therefore, the given improper integral is convergent.

TRY THIS. Establish convergence/divergence.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., p. 575

END OF UNIT 2 Lecture Guide

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 (IMSP,UPLB)

20