Multivariable in Momentum Transfer

Transport Phenomena – Week 5

March 2022
What we have learnt ?

• Solving problems in a quite simple flow/system e.g. steady, 1 dimensional.

• Solving simple problems using Generalized EOC

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What are we going to learn? More complex flow system

1. Time dependent flow of Newtonian fluids – Unsteady

2. Viscous flow in more than one direction – Stream function
3. Flow of inviscid fluids
4. Viscous flow in boundary layers – Near solid surface

Reference : Chapter 4 – BSL

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4.1. Time-Dependent Flow of Newtonian Fluids
• The final differential equation will be much more complex – partial
differential equation
• Mathematically complex to solve it analytically e.g. using combination
of variables, separation of variables, Laplace transform
• Model formulation is the main goals for bachelor students not the
final solution of the partial differential equations.

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1.
Let’s learn by doing !! Flow near a wall which suddenly set in motion

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1.
1. Let’s list the possible postulate(s)

𝑎. 𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑣 = 0

𝑏. 𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑣 = 0

𝑐. 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

: 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑑. 𝑁𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑒. 𝑁𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1.
8. I skipped step number 2 to 7 in previous work and jump to the final form
of EOC(s). Do step number 2 to 7 by your own for better understanding !!
Equation of continuity :
How to solve it ?
𝜕𝑣
=0
𝜕𝑥 1. Analytical
(+) Accurate
Equation of motion :
(-) Mathematically complex
𝜇 𝑚 Method of combination of
𝜈= 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ∶
𝜌 𝑠 variables

Time dependent partial differential equation. 2. Numerical

Define initial condition (I.C.) and boundary condition (B.C.) (+) Less complex
(-) Less accurate
Finite difference method

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 Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with analytical solution
9. Analytical solution – method of combination variables
a. Introduce a new dimensionless velocity (read : phi) d. Introduce a new dimensionless (read : eta)
𝑣 𝑦
𝜙= 𝜂= therefore 𝜙 = 𝑓(𝜂)
𝑣 4𝜈𝑡
b. Transform EOM to dimensionless form e. Let’s start the method of combination variables

Time derivative

c. Transform IC and BC to dimensionless form 1st derivative right side of EOM

2nd derivative right side of EOM

f. Substitute poin e. to EOM Partial differential  Ordinary differential

1 𝜂 𝑑𝜙 1 𝑑 𝜙
− =𝜈
2 𝑡 𝑑𝜂 4𝜈t 𝑑𝜂

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 Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with analytical solution
9. Analytical solution – method of combination variables
i. First derivative of psi
𝑑𝜓
= −2 𝜂 𝑑𝜂
𝜓
j. Second derivative of psi
g. Transform BC to 𝜂 dimensionless form

Integration variable

h. Do another substitution to reduce ODE order k. Insert BC to find C1 and C2

𝐵. 𝐶. 1. → 1 = 𝐶 exp −𝜂̅ 𝑑𝜂̅ + 𝐶 𝐶 =1
𝑑𝜓
+2𝜂𝜓 =0
𝑑𝜂 𝐵. 𝐶. 2. → 0 = 𝐶 exp −𝜂̅ 𝑑𝜂̅ + 1
1
𝐶 =−
∫ exp −𝜂̅ 𝑑𝜂̅
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 Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with analytical solution
9. Analytical solution – method of combination variables
l. Final form of phi form – can be converted into error function form – see Table C.6 Appendix

m. Final form of velocity profile – renormalized the phi form into velocity form

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with analytical solution
10. Evaluate further

𝜈 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 25 𝐶 = 8.93 × 10 𝑚 𝑠
𝑣 = 1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑦 = 1 𝑚𝑚 − 10 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 10 − 100 𝑠𝑒𝑐

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with numerical solution
Using MATLAB to solve the EOM with defined BC and IC

Equation of continuity :
𝜕𝑣
=0
𝜕𝑥

Equation of motion :
𝜇 𝑚
𝜈= 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ∶
𝜌 𝑠

Define initial condition (I.C.) and boundary condition (B.C.)

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 Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with numerical solution
Convert the PDE EOM into ODE EOM by using FDA
Equation of motion : • Unbounded PDE
• Visit MATLAB help to see the original
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 2𝑣 + 𝑣 formulation of the pdepe function
=𝜈
𝑑𝑡 Δ𝑦

2nd derivative of center differentiation scheme

Calculation grids : more grids more accurate

but higher computational effort

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with numerical solution
Result in MATLAB

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – with numerical solution
Comparison with analytical solution

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Case 1 - Example 4.1.1. – real example
US Millitary aircraft accident between WHALE-05 with KC-135 on 6th Feb 1991 in
Jeddah KSA due to turbulence wake

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4.2. Viscous Flow in More Than One Direction
• Higher level of complexity  velocity component(s) in the other
direction cannot be neglected e.g. for cartesian coordinate

• Where is this kind of flow usually applied ??

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4.2. Viscous Flow in More Than One Direction
• What will happened with the EOC and EOM for two directional flow ?
Equation of continuity for cartesian system:
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
+ =0 • Much harder to solve than the
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
unsteady function
• Simultaneous PDE
Equation of motion for cartesian system:

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 4.2. Stream Function
Let’s make our life a little bit easier !!
Please welcome the stream function !! To denote two stream components in a single form !!
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓 Call me psi
𝑣 = 𝑣 =−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Equation of motion for cartesian system is transformed into single PDE

Solve one equation to

Limitation : get two flow component
Stream function is applied only for
2 dimensional flow

Check Table 4.2.1 BSL for more transformation of EOM for the other coordinate system

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4.2. What Stream Function can do? – Case 2
Case 2. Calculation of Stream Function for a Known Velocity Field
Consider a steady, two-dimensional, incompressible velocity field with 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and
𝑣 = −𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥 , where a, b, and c are constants: 𝑎 = 0.5 𝑠 ; 𝑏 = 1.5 ; 𝑐 = 0.35 𝑠 .
Generate an expression for the stream function and plot some streamlines of the flow in the
upper-right quadrant.

Assumptions : 1. The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in
the xy-plane, implying that 𝑣 = 0 and neither 𝑣 nor 𝑣 depend on z.
Solution : 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑣 = 𝑣 =− 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑣 = −𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝜓 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑣 =− = −𝑎𝑦 − 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑐 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑥
𝜓 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑐 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
2

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 4.2. What Stream Function can do? – Case 2
How to plot the streamline ??
𝑥 • Set 𝜓 to be constant e.g. 1, 2, 3, and etc
𝜓 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑐 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 • Calculate y for different value of x
2
• Plot to the graph y=f(x, 𝜓)

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 4.2. Let’s explore more and have a mini quiz again in next meeting 

Case 3. Calculation of the Velocity Field from the Stream Function

A steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow field in the xy-plane has a stream function given by 𝜓 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥
where 𝑎 = −0.5(𝑚. 𝑠) ; 𝑏 = −2.0 ; 𝑐 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 . (a) Obtain expressions for velocity components 𝑣 and 𝑣 . (b) Verify
that the flow field satisfies the incompressible continuity equation + = 0 . (c) Plot several streamlines of the flow in
the upper-right quadrant (explore for x=1 up to 5 ; and 𝜓 = -7.5, -5, 0, 5, 10, 20, 40)

Case 4. Stream Function in Cylindrical Coordinates

Consider a line vortex, defined as steady, planar, incompressible flow in which the
velocity components are 𝑣 = 0 and 𝑣 = 𝐾/𝑟, where K is 10 m2/s. (a) Derive an
expression for the stream function 𝜓 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃), (b) prove that the streamlines are
circles (𝜓 only function of r), (c) Plot streamline for 𝜓 = 0 𝑡𝑜 22 .
1 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑣 =− 𝑣 =−
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟

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4.3. Flow of
in Inviscid Fluids Inviscid Flow Region

• What is inviscid fluid ? Viscous force are negligible

• Non-viscous fluid
• Frictionless system
• “Inviscid Flow Region”

• Inviscid flow region is the simplification/assumption/approximation of

the complex fluid flow problem  solve the problem easier

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 4.3. Flow in Inviscid Flow Region
Where inviscid flow region happened ??

High Reynolds number Irrotational

vs

Inviscid flow region (High Re) Creeping flow (Low Re)

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 4.3. Flow in Inviscid Flow Region
• Navier-Stokes equation in inviscid flow region due to high Reynolds number

Viscous forces can be neglected Euler equation

• Navier-Stokes equation in inviscid flow region due to irrotational flow

For irrotational flow :
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∶ 𝜁 = ∇ × 𝑣 = 0 Vorticity = how strong the fluid element tend to rotate

Long story short : (will be explained later)

Due to irrotational flow

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4.3. Irrotational FlowFluids Inviscid Flow Region
Flow in Inviscid
Case 5. Is this flow profile is irrotational ?
𝒗𝒙 = −𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒚𝟒
𝒗𝒛 = 𝟎

Check vorticity ??
𝐼𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜁 = ∇ × 𝑣 = 0 → 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
∇×𝑣 = − = 0 − 0 + 0 − 0 + 0 − −3𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∇ × 𝑣 ≠ 0 → 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

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4.3. Irrotational FlowFluids
Flow in Inviscid  Velocity
InviscidPotential
Flow Region
• In irrotational flow : velocity vector can be expressed as the gradient
of scalar function called the velocity potential ( called phi)
• Velocity potential can be used to express velocity components in
three dimensional flow
For cartesian coordinate For cylindrical coordinate
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 1 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑣 = ;𝑣 = ;𝑣 = 𝑣 = ;𝑣 = ;𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

• Continuity equation for incompressible fluid become :

∇. 𝑣 = 0 ∇. ∇𝜙 = 0

For cartesian coordinate For cylindrical coordinate

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 4.3. Irrotational Flow  Velocity Potential
• Equation of motion therefore become :
Recalling the final form of EOM : Called a vector identity : (you might search it by yourself)
∇ × ∇𝜙 = 0
While for irrotational flow :
∇×𝑣 =0
Due to irrotational flow. How this can be done?
Viscous term Then :
𝜇∇ 𝑣 = 𝜇∇ ∇𝜙 = 𝜇∇ ∇ 𝜙 = 0 ∇ × ∇𝜙 = ∇ × 𝑣

Equal to 0, based on continuity equation

General 3D incompressible flow :
• Unknown 𝑣 , 𝑣 , 𝑣 , 𝑃
Finally : Euler equation • 4 equations required
Approximation
Called another vector identity : 𝑣. ∇𝑣 = ∇ 𝑣 − [𝑣 × (∇ × 𝑣)]
Irrotational flow region :
• Unknown 𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃
• 2 equations required
Bernoulli equation
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4.3. Stream Function vs Velocity Potential

Stream Function (𝜓) Velocity Potential (𝜙)

2D flow 2D and 3D flow
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑣 = ;𝑣 = − 𝑣 = ;𝑣 = ;𝑣 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Applied in all flow region : inviscid, Only applied in irrotational flow
viscous, rotational, irrotational

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 4.3. Stream Function vs Velocity Potential
Let’s try an example
Case 6. Plot the streamline and velocity potential profile from this velocity profile
Stream function :
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑣 = 𝑣 =−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
− = 𝑣 = −2𝑎𝑥𝑦 𝜓 = 𝑎𝑦𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑣 = = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1
𝑔 𝑦 = −𝑎𝑦 𝑔 𝑦 = − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐶 𝜓 = 𝑎𝑦𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐶
3 3
Velocity potential : Check vorticity first to ensure irrotational 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝜙 𝑣 = ;𝑣 = ;𝑣 =
= 𝑣 = −2𝑎𝑥𝑦 𝜙 = −𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜙 1 1
𝑣 = = −𝑎𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 𝜙 = −𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜕𝑥 3 3
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t Stream Function vs Velocity Potential
4.3.
1
𝜓 = 𝑎𝑦𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐶
3
1
𝜙 = −𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
3

How about pressure ??

Can you find pressure difference
between point 1 (x1,y1) and point 2 (x2,y2) ?
Hint : use Bernoulli equation

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4.4. Viscous Flow in Boundary Layer
• Ludwig Prandtl (1904)
• Introduce new approximation near
to the solid layer while kept Euler
equation to be used far from the
solid surface
• Apply at certain distance from solid
surface i.e. boundary layer
• How far ??
• When fluid velocity = 99% of the fluid
velocity far from solid surface

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4.4. Viscous Flow in Boundary Layer

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4.4. Viscous Flow in Boundary Layer

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4.4. Viscous Flow in Boundary Layer
• Transition zone is
avoided due to
uncertain
characteristics and
physics. Hard to be
predict.
• Modified using trip
wires or vortex
generator

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4.4. Viscous Flow in Boundary Layer
Case 7. Laminar or Turbulent Boundary Layer ?
A wooden canoe moves horizontally along the surface of a lake at 4.0 mi/h. The temperature of the lake water is
60°F. The bottom of the canoe is 20 ft long and is flat. Is the boundary layer on the canoe bottom laminar or
turbulent?

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Thanks and see you in the next meeting

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 Week 5 – Mini Quiz
• Prepare your notes (homework and lecture notes) and
any kind of necessary books
• Write your full name
• Hint :
• If you have already worked on the homework given by
your own and examined some questions addressed in
the last session, you must be able to pass this quiz easily
• There will be 14 questions
• There is no time limit for each question but the quiz will
be closed at 1.00 PM. Use your time wisely.
• There will be multiple choice, checkboxes (multiple right
answers), and open ended questions

https://quizizz.com/join?gc=50503493

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