CHAPTER 1

THE INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

In this chapter, we shall start our study of the inverse of differentiation and its various
applications. We have learned that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative
or differential of a given function. Clearly, we expect its inverse to be the process of
finding the function wh ose derivative or differential is given. The inverse of
differentiation is called integration. Many of the important applications of calculus
depends on this operation.
I. The Indefinite Integral
We know that by differentiation, a derivative or differential is obtained from a
given function. Suppose the derivative (or differential) of a function is given, how can the
function be found? For instance, what function has for its derivative 3𝑥2 or for its
differential 3𝑥2𝑑𝑥? From our experience with differentiation, we know that 𝑑
(𝑥3) =
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Hence, our answer to the question above is 𝑥 . But that is not only
2 3 2 3

possible answer. Recalling that the derivative or differential of a constant is zero, we

may also give the following functions as valid answers.
𝑥3 + 4

𝑥3 − 15

𝑥
Thus, we see that there is no unique answer to the question above. However,
one thing quite noticeable from the possible answers above is that, pairwise, the
functions differ by a constant. In fact, it can be proved that if two functions have the
same derivative, their difference is a constant. Thus, if we let C be any constant, then
we may write 𝑥3 + 𝐶 as our general answer.
The function 𝑥3 + 𝐶 is called the antiderivative or the integral of 3𝑥2. The process
of finding the antiderivative is called antidifferentiation. To denote the process of
integration, the symbol ʃ is used. Since 𝑑(𝑥3 + 𝑐) = 3𝑥2𝑑𝑥, then the statement “the
integral of 3𝑥2 is 𝑥3 + 𝐶” can be expressed symbolically as ∫ 3𝑥2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝐶.

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 Since C has np known value, the expression ∫ 3𝑥2𝑑𝑥 is called an indefinite
integral. In general, the indefinite integral of a function f(x) is denoted by ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and
defined symbolically as follows

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 if 𝑑𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

We call the symbol ʃ the integral sign, *f(x) the integrand, C the constant of
integration and F(x) + C the value of the indefinite integral ʃ f(x)dx. The differential dx
indicates that x is the variable of integration.
II. Basic Integration Formulas

The following are the basic integration formulas:

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

5. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

EXAMPLE NO. 1. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1.𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝑥1+1 𝑥

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 𝐶
𝟓

𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
=𝒙
𝟓

2. ∫(5𝑥4 + 3𝑥2 + 6)𝑑𝑥 Solution:

=5 ∫ 𝑥4𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥2𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4+1 𝑥2+1

III. Integration by Substitution

Some integrals can not be evaluated by direct application of the standard

integration formulas. The technique for evaluation such integrals heavily on what is
known as the method of integration. This method involves a change of variable, say
from x to another variable u. The purpose of substituting a new variable is to bring the
problem to a form for which a standard formula can be applied. This integration by
substitution is justified by the so-called Chain Rule for Integration which we shall briefly
state below.

Four Steps of Substitution Method

1. Set 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥 ). Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥. Get the neutralizing factor (NF).

𝑑𝑥
2. Substitute these values of u and du to convert original integral into integral for
the new variable u.
3. Compute integral in the new variable u.
4. Replace u by g(x), i.e., express result in the original variable.

Example No. 2. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
1. .
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2. Then 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 or
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

Nee:𝑥𝑑𝑥. We get 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢. 𝑁𝐹 = −

𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢

𝐶
𝑪
𝟑

2. 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥2 + 1. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥. NF=1/8

𝑑𝑢

𝐶
𝑪
𝟐𝟎

3. 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
This one clearly fits no recognizable formula. The motivation in introducing a
substitution is to change its form with the hope that something recognizable will
emerge.
Try 𝑢 as a first guess. Notice, however, that in this form the correct
substitution for dx is not apparent. You can overcome this difficulty by solving for
x:

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 𝑢 Squaring both sides.
Transpose and equate to .
𝑥 = (𝑢 − 1)
2 2
Squaring both sides.

Now,
𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑢2 − 1)(2𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑢(𝑢2 − 1)𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢
= 4 ∫ 𝑢2(𝑢2 − 1)𝑑𝑢

= 4 ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2)𝑑𝑢

𝑢5 𝑢3
=4[ − ]+𝐶
5 3
3𝑢 − 5𝑢3
5

=4[ ]+𝐶
15

=4 𝑢3 [3𝑢2 − 5] + 𝐶
15

From the original substitution,

𝑢
𝑢 Square both sides.

𝑢 Cube both sides.

And so,

𝑪
𝟏𝟓

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 IV. Integration of Transcendental Functions
The following are the formulas for integration of transcendental functions.
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1. ∫ 𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢
+ 𝐶 ln𝑎
3. ∫ ln 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 ln 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝐶

Trigonometric Functions
4. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
5. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
6. ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶
7. ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
8. ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
9. ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
10. ∫ sec2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
11. ∫ csc2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
12. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶

13. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶

Hyperbolic Functions

14. ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶

15. ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
16. ∫ tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|cosh 𝑢| + 𝐶
17. ∫ coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sinh 𝑢| + 𝐶
18. ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶
19. ∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝐶
20. ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶
21. ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶
Example No. 3. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1. ∫ 1 +sin2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos2𝑥 Solution:

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 1 + sin 2𝑥 1 sin 2
𝑑𝑥
cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 2
sin 2𝑥
= ∫ sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 2𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 then 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑣 = cos 2𝑥, then 𝑑𝑣 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 − dv = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢∫
2𝑣

𝐶
𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙
= 𝐥𝐧 | |+𝑪
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

2. ∫ −4𝑥3𝑒−𝑥 𝑑𝑥4

Let 𝑢 = −𝑥4, then 𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥3𝑑𝑥

Then,
∫ −4𝑥3𝑒−𝑥4𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝒆−𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪

3. ∫ 𝑒2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
(1+𝑒 𝑥 )3

Let 𝑢 ,
So,
𝑢3 = 1 + 𝑒𝑥 Cube both sides.

Then,
3𝑢2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥

Substituting,
(𝑒𝑥)(𝑒𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑢3 − 1)(3𝑢2)𝑑𝑢
∫ 1 = ∫
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )3 𝑢

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 = 3 ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑢5 𝑢2

Returning to x’s .

𝐶
𝑪
𝟏𝟎

4. 𝑑𝑥 cosh
Note: cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 1, then, cosh2 𝑥 − 1 = sinh2 𝑥
2 2

cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 1

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∙
2
𝑥−1 sinh2 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cosh
= ∫ coth 𝑥 csch 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒖 + 𝑪

csc
5. ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cot𝑥
tan 𝑥+

Notice that we cannot apply substitution method in the above example, nor no
direct integration. So, we will simplify it first.

csc 𝑥

tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
1

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 sin 𝑥
=
sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
1
=
sin𝑥

1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= ∙
sin 𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
csc𝑥
So, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
tan𝑥+cot𝑥

6. ∫
csc𝑥cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan𝑥+cot𝑥
Notice that we cannot apply substitution method in the above example, nor no
direct integration. So, we will simplify it first.

csc 𝑥 cos 𝑥

tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
𝑥
= sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥
=

sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥

𝑥
=
∙ cos2 𝑥
=
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

So, . tan𝑥+cot𝑥
2 2 2

Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 then, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 .

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝐶
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒

V. INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
The following are the formulas for the integrals involving inverse trigonometric
and inverse hyperbolic functions.

1. 𝐶
2. 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

3. 𝐶
4. 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝐶

5. 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝐶
6. 𝐶
𝑎 −𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

7. 𝐶

8. 𝐶

Example No. 4. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

𝑑𝑥
1.
Let 𝑎2 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 = 81𝑥2. Then 𝑎 = 10, 𝑢 = 9𝑥, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 9𝑑𝑥. NF = 1/9.
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 𝟏 𝟗𝒙
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 +𝑪
𝟏𝟎
2.

By division, we get 𝑥 𝑥 2
2 + 49 =1−𝑥 2
49
+49 , or we have:

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 𝑥2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒙
∫𝑥 2 + 49 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 49 ∫ 𝑥 2 + 49 = 𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟕 +𝑪

𝑑𝑦
3.
By completing the square, the denominator,
9𝑦2 + 6𝑦 + 17 = (9𝑦2 + 6𝑦 + 1) + 16 = (3𝑦 + 1)2 + 16

Let 𝑎2 = 16 and 𝑢2 = (3𝑦 + 1)2. Then 𝑎 = 4, 𝑢 = 3𝑦 + 1, and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦.

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 𝟏 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏
∫ + 4 = 3 arctan 4 = 𝟑 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(
2 2
𝟒)+𝑪
3 𝑢

(𝑥+9)

4. ∫ 𝑥
2+6𝑥+25 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 25
2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 25
2
𝑥 + 6 + 25
2

➢ For ∫ 2 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥,

𝑥 +6𝑥+25

Let 𝑢 .
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
3 𝑢
6
∫ 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+25
➢ For 𝑑𝑥,
By completing the square, the denominator,

𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 25 = (𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 16 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 42

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥.

𝑑𝑣
=6∫𝑣 2 + 42

Combining the two terms.

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=3∫𝑢+6∫𝑣 2 + 42

𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝒙+𝟑
= + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓) + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝐥𝐧(𝒙
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒

1. THE
INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL