Basic Calculus

Quarter 4 Module 13
The Antiderivative of a Function
Using Substitution Rule and
Application of Antidifferentiation
 What I Need to Know
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
• Compute the derivative of a function using substitution rule
(STEM_BC11I-IVa-b-1)
• Solve problems involving antidifferentiation
• Solve situational problems involving exponential growth and decay…

What I know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it onyour
activity sheet/notebook.

1. Which of the following is connected to the problem of obtaining the area of a plane region?
A. Differentiation C. Exponentiation
B. Integration D. None of these
2. Which of the following is the reverse process of differentiation?
A. Differentiation C. Exponentiation
B. Integration D. None of these
3. Which of the following is the reverse process of chain rule?
A. Addition Rule C. Substitution Rule
B. Product Rule D. Division Rule
4. Which of the following is the antiderivative of ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 ?
A. x+C C. 3x+C
B. 3+C D. 3x2+C
5. Which of the following is the antiderivative of ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥?
A. 2x+C C. x+C
B. 2+C D. 2x2+C
6. Which of the following denotes substitution rule?
A. ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
B. ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
C. ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
D. ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
7.

8.

9.

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 Lesson Computing the Antiderivative of a
1 Function Using Substitution Rule

A function F is called an antiderivative of f on the integral [a,b] if F’(x) = f(x) for all
x in [a,b]. If x is either a or b, then F’(x)need only to be a one-sided derivative. The general
antiderivative of f(x)is given by
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
where C is any constant.
The expression ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 means we are integrating the function f with respect to x. The
symbol ∫ is the integration symbol. The function f(x) is the integrand, x the integration variable,
and C is a constant.
Take note of the notation dx. It is called the differential of x. If we are looking for the
antiderivative of f(x), the integration sign must be finished with the symbol dx. Whenever you
see the integral sign ∫, always close it by the differential dx if the function whose antiderivative
you are looking for is a function of x. Consider the examples below.

’s New
Task 2
Study the given linear properties of the integral and antiderivative of basic functions. Then,
consider the examples given. After, answer the exercises that follow.
Linear Properties of the Integral
a. ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑘 is a constant

b. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

c. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Antiderivative of basic functions

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Examples.
We will apply the linear properties of the integral and antiderivative of basic functions.
1. ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥1+1 𝑥2 1
2. ∫(2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + + 𝐶 = 2𝑥 + + 𝐶 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶

3.

is It
We will now use substitution as a technique in integration.

Substitution rule is like applying chain rule in reverse. By making the substitution, we change the
appearance of the variable and integrands. One challenge which often perplexes students is
choosing which substitution to make. For example, let us consider the integral
∫(𝑥 + 7)9𝑑𝑥
If we should rely only on the rules we have introduced so far, to perform thisintegration,
first we must expand the binomial. After which, we integrate the polynomial function term by
term using the power rule. But to obtain the binomial expansion of (𝑥 + 7)9 is already, by itself,
an excruciating task. However, there is a way to obtain the antiderivative without performing
this expansion. This, we do, by making the appropriate substitution. Before we present
examples on the substitution rule, first we define the differential.

Differential

Given a function 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) which is differentiable on [a,b]. The differential 𝑑𝑢 is

defined as follows
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′(𝑥) ∙ 𝑑𝑥

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Example 1. Applying substitution rule to ∫(𝒙 + 𝟕)𝟗𝒅𝒙
Obtain the integral ∫(𝑥 + 7)9𝑑𝑥 using substitution rule.
Solution

Suppose 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 7, then 𝑔’(𝑥) = 1. If we let 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 7, by definition of the

differential 𝑢, we get
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥.

The original integral takes a new form.

∫(𝑥 + 7)9𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9𝑑𝑢
Using the power rule, this is
1
∫(𝑥 + 7)9𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢10 + 𝐶.
10

Substituting back 𝑥 + 7 for 𝑢, we get,

1
∫(𝑥 + 7)9 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 7)10 + 𝐶.
10

To check that this is the antiderivative indeed, find the derivative of the antiderivative.

We got it right.

Example 2. Applying substitution rule on ∫ 𝟑𝒙𝟐(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔)𝟓𝒅𝒙

Use substitution rule to integrate ∫ 𝟑𝒙𝟐(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔)𝟓𝒅𝒙.

Solution
Choose 𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 6, because obtaining the differential in 𝑢 gives us the form we are looking
for. Thus,
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥2𝑑𝑥.
Let us go back to the original expression and see where our substitution fits in.

∫ 3𝑥2(𝑥3 − 6)5𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥3 − 6)5(3𝑥2𝑑𝑥) = ∫ 𝑢5𝑑𝑢

1
= 1 𝑢6 + 𝐶 = (𝑥3 − 6)6 + 𝐶
6 6

Example 3. Applying substitution rule to ∫ 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Use substitution rule to find ∫ 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
Solution
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, then
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟺ −𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Make the substitution
∫ 𝑒cos𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑢(−𝑑𝑢) = − ∫ 𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑢
= −𝑒cos𝑥 + 𝐶.

If you want to check if this answer is right, all you have to do is obtain the derivative
of the antiderivative. Check it out yourself.
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 What’s More
Task 3
Direction: Find the antiderivatives of the following functions using substitution rule. Write your answer
with its corresponding solution on a separate sheet of paper.
1. ∫(5𝑥 + 4)5𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ 3𝑡2(𝑡3 + 4)5𝑑𝑡 3. ∫ √4𝑥 − 5𝑑𝑥

Lesson Application of Differential Equations

2 involving exponential growth and decay
A differential equation (DE) is an equation that involves x, y and the derivatives of y.
The following are examples of differential equations:

𝑥
1. 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 2. 𝑑𝑦 =− 3. 𝑦” + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦

The order of a differential equation pertains to the highest order of the derivative that
appears in the differential equation.
The first two examples above are fist-order DEs because they involve only the first
derivative, while the last example is a second order DE because 𝑦” appears in the equation.
A solution to a differential equation is a function y = f(x) or a relation f(x,y) = 0 that
satisfies the equation. (Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)

Example 1. The solution of 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 is y = x2 + 5x + 1 because if we are to

𝑑𝑥
differentiate the solution of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 1, we get

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦 ) = (𝑥2 + 5x + 1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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What’s In

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 What’s New
DECAY PROBLEM
Example:
The rate of decay of radium is said to be proportional to the amount of
radium present. If the half-life of radium is 1690 years and there are 200 grams
on hand now, how much radium will be present in 845 years?

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒𝑘𝑡 The exponential decay equation
𝑦 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 since there are 200 grams present at the start
100 = 200𝑒𝑘(1690) a half-life of 1690 years means that the initial
amount of 200 grams of radium will reduce
to half.
100 = 𝑒𝑘(1690) dividing both members by 200
200
1 = 𝑒𝑘(1690) by simplification
2
1 = 𝑒𝑘
1 ⁄1690
( )
2

is It
Bounded Growth

Example:

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What’s More

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 I Have Learned
Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following statements.
1. I have learned that

2. I have realized that

3. I will apply what I have learned