Fundamentals of

Differential Calculus
Engr. Mark Dave B. Plaza
Lecture Objectives
Major Objectives: The Incoming Freshmen will be familiarized
with the fundamentals of differentiation.

Specific Objectives:
1. Get acquainted with the derivatives: formula and operations
2. Understand the concept of order in differentiation and
differentiation in higher order.
3. Understand the concept of chain rule in differentiation and its
application in complex functions.
4. Apply Implicit differentiation techniques in solving highly
complex equation
Lecture Outline
1. Differentiation Formulae
2. Higher Order Differentiation
3. Chain Rule
4. Implicit Differentiation
Differentiation Formulae
Fundamentals of Differential Calculus
Differentiation Formulae
• Differentiation of Polynomial Functions (Power Rule)
• Special Functions
▪ Exponential Functions
▪ Logarithmic Functions
▪ Trigonometric Functions
▪ Hyperbolic Functions
• Operational Rules
• Addition and Subtraction
• Product
• Division
Power Rule
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑎𝑥 (𝑛−1)

Where,
f(x) is the function of x being a polynomial function.
f‘(x) is the derivatives of the function
n is the constant exponent
a is the constant coefficient
Power Rule
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3
Solution:
𝑛 = 3; 𝑎 = 1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3(1)𝑥 3−1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
Power Rule
Example:
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 5
𝑥
Solution:
𝑛 = −5; a = 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −5(2)𝑥 −5−1
′ −6
10
𝑓 𝑥 = −10𝑥 = − 6
𝑥
Power Rule
Exercises:
In 5 minutes solve for the derivatives of the following
functions:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2x 2
1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 3
Answer:
1. 4𝑥
1
2. − 4
3𝑥
Derivatives of Special Functions
1. Exponential Functions
2. Logarithmic Functions
3. Trigonometric Functions
4. Hyperbolic Functions
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 ln(𝑏)

Where,
b is the base of the exponent
a is the coefficient of the exponent
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥
Solution:
𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 3
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 ln(𝑏)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = (1) 3𝑥 ln(3)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 ln(3)
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑒 𝑥
Solution:
𝑎 = 4; 𝑏 = 𝑒
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 ln(𝑏)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = (4) 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑒)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑒)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4 𝑒 𝑥 (1)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 4𝑒 𝑥
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 (𝑥)

1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 𝑎

Where,
b is the base of the exponent
a is the coefficient of the exponent
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = log 4 𝑥
Solution:
𝑎=4
′
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 𝑎

1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 4
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥
Solution:
𝑎 = 10
′
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 10

1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 10
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = l𝑛 𝑥
Solution:
𝑎=𝑒
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥 ln 𝑒
1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥(1)

1
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Basic Trigonometric Formula

F(x) F’(x) F(x) F’(x)

sin(x) cos(x) Cos(x) -sin(x)
tan(x) sec 2 𝑥 Cot(x) −csc 2 (𝑥)
sec(x) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 Csc(x) − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Basic Hyperbolic Formula

F(x) F’(x) F(x) F’(x)

sinh(x) cosh(x) Cosh(x) sinh(x)
tanh(x) secℎ2 𝑥 Coth(x) −csch2 (𝑥)
sech(x) -sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 Csch(x) − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥
Operational Rules
Addition and Subtration Rule:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 ± 𝑣(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑢′ 𝑥 ± 𝑣′ 𝑥
Where,
u(x) and v(x) are different functions added or subtracted
Operational Rules
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3
Solution:
𝑢 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 ; 𝑣 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3
𝑢′ 𝑥 = 18𝑥; 𝑣′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑢′ 𝑥 ± 𝑣′ 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 18𝑥 + 12𝑥 2
Operational Rules
Product Rule:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑣(𝑥)𝑢′ 𝑥
Where,
u(x) and v(x) are different functions multiplied
Operational Rules
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
Solution:
𝑢 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 ; 𝑣 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝑢′ 𝑥 = 18𝑥; 𝑣′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑣(𝑥)𝑢′ 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 (18𝑥)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 18𝑥 sin 𝑥
 Operational Rules
low
Quotient Rule:

𝑢 𝑥 hi
𝑓 𝑥 = low
𝑣 𝑥
low d-hi minus hi d-low
𝑣 𝑥 𝑢′ 𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣′(𝑥)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2
over
𝑣 𝑥
Where, Low-squared

u(x) and v(x) are different functions added or subtracted

Operational Rules
Example:
9𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 3
4𝑥
Solution:
𝑢 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 ; 𝑣 𝑥 = 4𝑥 3
𝑢′ 𝑥 = 18𝑥; 𝑣′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2

′
𝑣 𝑥 𝑢′ 𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣′(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑣 𝑥
′
(4𝑥 3 )(18𝑥) − 9𝑥 2 (12𝑥 2 )
𝑓 𝑥 =
4𝑥 3 2
72𝑥 4 − 108𝑥 4 36𝑥 4 9 4−6 9
′
𝑓 𝑥 = =− =− 𝑥 =− 2
16𝑥 6 16𝑥 6 4 4𝑥
5-minutes Break
Higher Order Derivatives
Fundamentals of Differential Calculus
Higher Order Derivatives
Order of Differentiation- refers to the number that the
function is differentiated.

Example:
Find the 2nd order derivatives of f(x)=cos(x) or f’’(x)
“You have to take the derivatives of the function twice.”
Higher Order Derivatives
Example:
Find the 2nd order derivatives of f(x)=cos(x) or f’’(x).
“You have to take the derivatives of the function twice.”

First derivatives: f’(x)=-sinx

Second derivatives: f’’(x)=(f’(x))=(-sinx)’=-cosx

𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥
Higher Order Derivatives
Exercises:
Find the third order derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4

Answer: 72x
Chain Rule
Fundamentals of Differential Calculus
Chain Rule
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑣 𝑢 𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑣 ′ 𝑢 𝑢′(𝑥)
Where,
v‘(u) is the derivatives of v with respect to u.
u‘(x) is the derivatives of u with respect to x.
Chain Rule
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 4𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 ; 𝑢′ 𝑥 = 8𝑥
𝑓 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 = 𝑣(𝑢)
𝑣 ′ 𝑢 = −sin 𝑢
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑣 ′ 𝑢 𝑢′ 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = − sin 𝑢 8𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = − sin 4𝑥 2 8𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = − 8x sin 4𝑥 2
Chain Rule
Exercise:
4𝑥 6
Find the derivatives of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒

5 4𝑥 6
Answer: 24𝑥 𝑒
Implicit Differentiation
Fundamentals of Differential Calculus
Implicit Differentiation
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑦

Other notation of derivatives:

′
dy
𝑓 𝑥 =
dx
Implicit Differentiation
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5

How will you solve for the dy/dx?

Implicit Differentiation
Steps in Solving Implicit differentiation.
1. Take the derivative of both sides of the equation. Keep in
mind that y is a function of x.
2. Rewrite the equation so that all terms containing dy/dx
are on the left and all terms that do not contain dy/dx
are on the right.
3. Factor out dy/dx on the left.
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing both sides of the equation by
an appropriate algebraic expression.
Implicit Differentiation
Steps in Solving Implicit 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5
differentiation.
1. Take the derivative of both 𝑑 𝑥 2 + y2 d 5
sides of the equation. Keep in =
mind that y is a function of x. dx dx
2. Rewrite the equation so that 𝑑𝑦
all terms containing dy/dx 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
are on the left and all terms 𝑑𝑥
that do not contain dy/dx are
on the right. 𝑑𝑦
3. Factor out dy/dx on the left. 2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing
both sides of the equation by 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 x
an appropriate algebraic =− =−
expression. 𝑑𝑥 2y y
Implicit Differentiation
Exercise:
Find dy/dx in the equation ln 𝑦 = 𝑥

Answer: 𝑒 𝑥
 aSCEAsment
Fundamentals of Differential Calculus
aSCEAsment
Solve for dy/dx of the following equation or functions
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 6
1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 𝑥3 −
8𝑥 2
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 4x
cos 𝑥
4. 𝑓 𝑥 =
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin x 5 cos 𝑥
6. sin 2𝑦 = 4𝑥
7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 3