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Basic Cal Quarter 4 Week 1-2 Antiderivative of Functions

Mathematics in the Modern World (Our Lady of Fatima University)

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
TUY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Quarter 4 Week 1-2

SIMPLIFIED ACTIVITY SHEET IN BASIC CALCULUs

Reference: Carlene Perpetua P. Arceo, Ph.D.

I. Learning Competency/ies with code

a. Illustrate an antiderivative of a function
b. Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric functions
c. Compute the antiderivative of a function using substitution rule

II. Directions/ Instructions

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
2. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.
3. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
4. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
5. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies.
You can do it!

III. Objectives
a. Illustrate an antiderivative of a function
1. Cognitive:Differentiate differentiation from antidifferentiation.
2. Affective:Develop initiative in doing the task.
3. Psychomotor:Illustrate an antiderivative of a function.
b. Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric functions.
1. Cognitive: Know the different theorems involving antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential
and trigonometric functions.
2. Affective: Develop patience in doing their tasks.
3. Psychomotor: Find the antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric
functions.
c. Compute the antiderivative of a function using substitution rule
1. Cognitive: Use the different theorems in computing the antiderivative of a function using
substitution rule
2. Affective:
3. Psychomotor: Find the antiderivative of a function using substitution rule

IV. Discussion
Lesson 1:Illustration of an Antiderivative of a Function

In the previous lessons, we learned how to find the derivatives of different functions. Now we are going
to find the inverse of differentiation and we call this process as antidifferentiation.

Definition: 𝐴 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝐼 𝑖𝑓 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) =

𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝐼.

Terminologies and Notations:

• Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the antiderivative.

• The symbol ∫ , also called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidifferentiation.
• The function f is called the integrand.
• If F is an antiderivative of f, we write ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶.
• The symbols ∫ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 go hand-in-hand and dx help us identify the variable of integration.
• The expression 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑜𝑓 𝑓. Meanwhile, each antiderivative of
f is called a particular antiderivativeof f.

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Illustrative Examples:

EXAMPLE 1:

(a) Anantiderivativeof𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 . Aswecansee, thederivative of F is given by

𝐹 ′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥).
(b) An antiderivative of 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝐺(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 because 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = cos
Remark 1: The antiderivative F of a function f is not unique.

EXAMPLE 2:

(a) Other antiderivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐹1 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1. In fact, any function of
the form 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝜖𝑅is an antiderivative of f(x. Observe that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 0 = 12𝑥 2 +
2𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).
(b) Other antiderivatives of g(x) = cosx are G1(x) = sinx+𝜋 and G2(x) = sinx - 1. In fact, any function G(x) = sinx + C,
where C ∈ R is an antiderivative of g(x).

Theorem 10.If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then every antiderivative of f on I is given by F(x)+C, whereC is an
arbitrary constant.

Remark 2: Usingthetheoremabove, wecanconcludethatif F1and F2 areantiderivatives of f, then F2 (x)=F1 (x)+C. That is, F1
and F2 differ only by a constant.

Lesson 2: Antiderivatives of Polynomial, Radical, Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

In our previous discussion, we illustrate the process of antidifferentiation. It is just the inverse process of finding
the derivatives of functions. In this lesson, we will find the antiderivatives of polynomial functions and radical functions.
Basic Theorems on Antidifferentiation

Theorem 2.1 ∫𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 1. ∫100 𝑑𝑥 = 100𝑥 + 𝐶 Example

2. ∫3 5 𝑑𝑥 = 3 5 𝑥 + 𝐶

Theorem 2.2 If n is any real number and 𝑛 ≠ −1,ℎ𝑒𝑛

∫𝑥𝑛𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛+1 𝑛+1 + 𝐶.
Example 3. ∫𝑥5𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥5+1 5+1 + 𝐶 = 𝑥6 6 + 𝐶
Example 4. ∫𝑥−3𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−3+1 −3+1 + 𝐶 = 𝑥−2 −2 + 𝐶 = − 1 2𝑥2 + 𝐶

Theorem 2.3 If 𝑎 is any constant and 𝑓 is a function, then

∫𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
1 3 3
1 +1 3
6𝑥 2 6𝑥 2 12𝑥 2
Example 5. ∫ 6√𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 6∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 6∫ 𝑥√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1 +𝐶 = 3 +𝐶 = + 𝐶 = 4𝑥 2 + 𝐶
+1 3
2 2
1 1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥4
Example 6.∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ( )+ 𝐶= +𝐶
3 3 3+1 12

Theorem 2.4 If f and g are functions defined on the same interval,

∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
12𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
Example 7. ∫(12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝐶 = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 +𝐶
3 2
3𝑡 3 6𝑡 2
Example 8.∫ 𝑡(3𝑡 − 6)𝑑𝑡 = ∫(3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 6 ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 𝐶
3 2

Exponential and logarithmic functions are used to model population growth, cell growth, and financial growth,
as well as depreciation, radioactive decay, and resource consumption, to name only a few applications. In this section,
we explore integration involving exponential and logarithmic functions.
Theorems on Integrals yielding the Exponential and Logarithmic functions:

Theorem 3.1 ∫𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 1. ∫2𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2∫𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1 1
Example 2. ∫ 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2

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𝑎𝑥
Theorem 3.2 ∫𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒,𝑎> 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑎 ≠ 1.
𝐼𝑛 𝑎
4𝑥
Example 3. ∫4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝐼𝑛 4
4𝑥
Example 4. ∫4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4𝑥)(41)𝑑𝑥 = 4∫(4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4 +
𝐼𝑛 4

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Theorem 3.3 ∫𝑥−1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

1
Example 5. ∫3𝑥−1𝑑𝑥 = 3∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
5 1
Example 6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

In our previous lesson, we discussed how to differentiate the trigonometric functions. We all know that the
process of finding the antiderivatives of functions is the inverse of such a process. So, we will find the antiderivatives of
trigonometric functions. Here are the formulas for the antiderivatives of trigonometric functions.

Theorem 4. Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

a. ∫sin𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cos𝑥 + 𝐶 d. ∫csc2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot𝑥 + 𝐶

b. ∫cos𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin𝑥 + 𝐶 e. ∫sec𝑥 tan𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec𝑥 + 𝐶
c. ∫𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan𝑥 + 𝐶 f. ∫csc𝑥cot𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −csc𝑥 + 𝐶
We will use the given theorem on antiderivatives of trigonometric functions in the following examples.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫(cos x + sin𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:∫(cos x + sin𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫cos𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫sin𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sin𝑥 + (−cos𝑥) + 𝐶
= sin𝑥 − cos𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, ∫(cos x + sin𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin𝑥 − cos𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 2. Evaluate ∫𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 − 1, we have

∫𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑑𝑥
= tan𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, ∫𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
Solution: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
Since = tan 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
∫ . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Therefore, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

Lesson 3: Computing the Antiderivative of a Function Using Substitution Rule

There are occasions when it is possible to perform a difficult piece of integration by first making a substitution.
This has the effect of changing the variable and the integrand.

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Example 1:Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥

Solution: let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, and so 𝑑𝑢 = 1

∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢

𝑢6
= +𝐶
6
(𝑢+4)6
= +𝐶
6

Example 2:Evaluate ∫(𝑥 5 + 2)9 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

Solution: let 𝑢 = 𝑥 5 + 2, then 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥 5 + 2)9 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9 𝑑𝑢 where 𝑢 = 𝑥 5 + 2
𝑢10
= +𝐶
10
(𝑥 5 +2)10
= +𝐶
10

𝑥
Example 3: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −1
1
Solution: let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1, then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. This implies that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢, so we have
2
𝑥 1 1
∫ √𝑥 2−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 . 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢2
1
1
= ∫ 𝑢− 2 𝑑𝑢
2
1
1 𝑢2
= [ ]+ 𝐶
2 1
2

1
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
1
= (𝑥 2 − 1)2 + 𝐶

𝑥2
Example 4:Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑧
√1+ 𝑧 3
𝑥2 1 1
Solution: let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑧 3 ∫ √1+ 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢 3
1
𝑑𝑢 1
= 3𝑧 2 = ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 3
1
1 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = ( 1 + 𝐶1 )
3
2

1
1 2 𝐶1
𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢2 +
3 3 3
1
2 𝐶1
= (1 + 𝑧 3 )2 + 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 =
3 3

Example 4: Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Solution: let 𝑢 = 3𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 3. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑑𝑥 =
3
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 3
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑢
3
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
3
1
= 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3

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V. Activities/Instructions

A. Activity1: Illustration of an Antiderivative of a Function

Directions: Match the functions in Column A with their corresponding antiderivatives in Column B. Write the
letter of the correct answer on separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 a. 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 1 b. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
2 1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 c. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1
3
Directions: Determine the general antiderivatives of the following functions. Write your solutions and answers on
the separate sheets of paper.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
3. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
4. ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

B. Activity 2: Antiderivatives of Polynomial, Radical, Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Directions: Evaluate the following. Write your solutions and answers on the separate sheets of paper.

1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ √𝑥(𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥

Directions: Solve the following integrals. Write your solutions and answers on the separate sheets of paper.

1. ∫ 7𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 12𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
−4
2. ∫(5𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 3 (5𝑥 ) 6. ∫ −3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

Directions: Evaluate the following integrals. Write your solutions and answers on the separate sheets of paper.

1. ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(sin 𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
4. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

C. Activity 3: Computing the Antiderivative of a Function Using Substitution Rule

Directions: Evaluate the followingintegrals using substitution rule. Write your solutions and answers on the
separate sheets of paper.

1. ∫(𝑥 + 7)9
2. ∫(𝑦 4 − 3)6 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑥5
3. ∫ √1− 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
4. ∫ √𝑥 3+2 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 𝑒10𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Advanced (5) Proficient (4) Developing (3) Emerging (2)

Demonstrates deep Demonstrates Demonstrates partial Demonstrates little
understanding of the thorough understanding of the understanding of the
mathematical understanding of the mathematical mathematical
concepts and mathematical concepts and concepts and
Understands the
related procedures concepts and related procedures. related procedures.
mathematical
and uses them related procedures.
concepts and/or
correctly. Calculations are Calculations are
procedures
Calculations may mostly correct. incorrect.
All calculations are have a small error.
correct.

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Selects or devises an Selects or devises a Selects or devises a Shows little evidence

efficient or plan or strategy that plan or strategy but it of a plan or strategy.
Thinks critically- sophisticated solves the problem is partially incorrect, May have
chooses a plan or strategy to solve the but may not be unworkable or attempted to use a
strategy and uses problem. efficient. incomplete. completely
reasoning and proof inappropriate plan or
that accomplishes strategy – there is no
the purpose of the solution, or the
task solution has no
relationship to the
task.

PREPARED:

ELSIE M. DE LOS REYES NOTED:

Math Teacher
MA. VERLA AFRICA ALVARAN
Principal II

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