SELF LEARNING MODULE

BASIC CALCULUS
FOURTH QUARTER – WEEK 2

Integration by Substitution
Basic Calculus 11

BASIC CALCULUS 11
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Integration by Substitution

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 1

Dear Parents,
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The current situation we are experiencing right now has caused immediate changes in our
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Dear Learner,
Welcome to a brand-new year of learning! We hope you are doing fine, although we
understand that you already miss going to school and spending fun, learning moments with your
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Lesson 2 Integration by Substitution

I What I need to Know?

In this lesson, when the general formula cannot be directly used in the given integrand, we will use
a technique called integration by substitution. This technique simplifies and makes the solution to
problems using the basic formulas and properties easier. Before using any formula found in the list of
general formulas in the previous lesson, examine first if it can be directly applied, if not, certain algebraic
manipulation is to be done, and then this technique follows.

The main thrust of this learning material is for learners to:

1. compute the antiderivative of a function using substitution rule in algebraic functions;
2. apply substitution rule in solving antiderivative of other polynomials and trigonometric functions;
and
3. reinforce learners to have mastery of using integration by substitution involving algebraic
manipulations of transcendental functions.

Learning Task 1: Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫ 6𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑒 4 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
5. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

D What is in?
Learning Task 2: Complete the table by identifying 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢 for the derivatives.

GIVEN FUNCTION 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2)3
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6)7
5
3. 𝑦 = √4𝑥 − 5
2
4. 𝑦 = 53𝑥 −1
5. 𝑦 = csc(3𝑥 2 + 1)

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DISCUSSION

Integration by Substitution

In this section we reverse the Chain rule of differentiation and derive a method for solving integrals
called integration by substitution (“integration” is the act of finding an integral). Recall the chain rule of
differentiation says that,

Reversing this rule tells us that,

When applying the method, we substitute u = g(x), integrate with respect to the variable u and then reverse
the substitution in the resulting antiderivative. We illustrate with an example:

𝟑
Example 1: Evaluate ∫(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑥 2 + 5)3 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4
𝟑 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)𝟒
∫(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟒

In example 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5 is represented by 𝑢. The differential of 𝑢 is formed by finding the derivative

of 𝑥 2 + 5. The value of 𝑑𝑢 can be seen in the problem. It is 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 which is written right after (𝑥 2 + 5)3 . The
integration variable 𝑥 2 + 5 is replaced by 𝑢. The derivative of 𝑥 2 + 5 which is 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 is replaced by 𝑑𝑢. ∫ 𝑢3
is integrated, and then 𝑢 is replaced by 𝑥 2 + 5.

Example 2: Evaluate ∫ 12𝑥 2 √4𝑥 3 + 7 𝑑𝑥

Solution: ∫ 12𝑥 2 √4𝑥 3 + 7 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √4𝑥 3 + 7 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 + 7, 𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

∫ √4𝑥 3 + 7 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢
3
𝑢2
= 3 +𝐶
2

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 4

𝟑
2
= 𝒖𝟐+𝑪
3
𝟑
𝟐
∫ 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 √𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 (𝟒𝒙 𝟑
+ 𝟕)𝟐 +𝑪
Strategy

For integration by substitution to work, one needs to make an appropriate choice for the u substitution:

Strategy for choosing u.

Identify a composition of functions in the integrand. If a rule is known for integrating the
outside function, then let u equal the inside function.

Example 3: Evaluate ∫ √𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 + 7,
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
6
1
∫ √2𝑥 3 + 7 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6
1
= ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6
1
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢
6
3
1 𝑢2
= ∙ 3 +𝐶
6
2
1 𝟑
= 𝒖𝟐+𝑪
9
𝟏 𝟑
∫ √𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟗
𝟒
Example 4: Evaluate ∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)𝒅𝒙
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2,
𝑑𝑢 = (6𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 But in the problem, it is (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2(3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 Factor 6𝑥 − 4; 6𝑥 − 4 = 2(3𝑥 − 2)
1
𝑑𝑢 = (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
2
1
∫(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2)4 (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
2
1 4
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑢5
= ( )+𝐶
2 5
1 5
+𝐶 = 𝑢
10
𝟒 𝟏 𝟓
∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)𝒅𝒙 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑪
𝟏𝟎

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Example 5: Evaluate ∫ 𝒆𝟕𝒙+𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥 + 2,
𝑑𝑢 = 7𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
7
1
∫ 𝑒 7𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
7
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
7
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
7
1
= 𝑒 7𝑥+2 + 𝐶
7
𝟕𝒙+𝟐 𝒆𝟕𝒙+𝟐
∫𝒆 𝒅𝒙=
𝟕
+𝑪

Example 6: Evaluate ∫ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟕𝒙)𝒅𝒙

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥,
𝑑𝑢 = 7𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
7
∫ 2 cos(7𝑥)𝑑𝑥=2 ∫ cos(7𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ cos(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
7
2
= ∫ cos(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
7
2
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
7
2
= sin(7𝑥) + 𝐶
7
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟕𝒙)
∫ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟕𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟕

Example 7: Evaluate ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 6𝑥 3 ,
𝑑𝑢 = 18𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
18
∫ 𝑥 2 cos(6𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥=∫ cos(6𝑥 3 )𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ cos(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
18
1
= ∫ cos(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
18
1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
18
𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟔𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝑪
𝟏𝟖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Example 8: Evaluate ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟓+𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 5 + sin(𝑥) , 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 + sin(𝑥) 5 + sin(𝑥)
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝟓 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)| + 𝑪
𝟓 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)

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Example 9: Evaluate ∫(𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒙) + 𝟐)𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒙

Solution: Let 𝑢 = sin(3𝑥) + 2,
𝑑𝑢 = cos(3𝑥)(3) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3cos(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = cos(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
1
∫(sin(3𝑥) + 2)4 cos(3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
3
1
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
3
1 𝑢5
= ( )+𝐶
3 5
1 5
= 𝑢 +𝐶
15
1
= (sin(3𝑥) + 2)5 + 𝐶
15
[𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒙) + 𝟐]𝟓
∫(𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒙) + 𝟐)𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟏𝟓
𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙
Example 10: Evaluate ∫
√𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 + 5,
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 1
∫ =∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
√2𝑥 + 5 √2𝑥 2 + 5
1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√u 2
1 1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑢
√u
1 1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢2
1
1 −2
= ∫𝑢
2
1
− +1
1 𝑢 2
= ∙ +𝐶
2 −1+1
2
1
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟏
∫ = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)𝟐 + 𝑪
√𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓

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E What is more?
Learning Task 3: Complete the table by identifying 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢 for the integrals. Note: Make sure your 𝒖
and 𝒅𝒖 are in the given integral.

Integrals 𝒖 = 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒈′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙

1. ∫ 5𝑥√1 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 6 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 3𝑥 2 √4𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥

1
4. ∫ (2𝑥−3)4 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2)2 (4𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

6. ∫(4𝑥 2 − 5)2 8𝑥𝑑𝑥

7. ∫ 2𝑥(4𝑥 2 − 3)5 𝑑𝑥

8. ∫(3𝑥 2 − 1)2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

9. ∫ 10𝑥(5𝑥 2 + 3)6 𝑑𝑥

(2𝑥_3)
10. ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1)3

Learning Task 4: Evaluate the indefinite integrals using appropriate substitution. BOX your final answer.

1. ∫ 3𝑒 3−7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 7𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 42𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ 𝑥 3 cos(5𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 2𝑥 3 sin(3𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4𝑑𝑥
4. ∫(2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 9. ∫
sec 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥

sin(2𝑥)
5. ∫ 8+cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ cot 4𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Learning Task 5: Solve each problem.

𝑑𝑦
a. Consider 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥. Find .
𝑑𝑥
b. Using the result of (a), find ∫(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥.
c. Using the result of (b), find ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
√ln 𝑥
d. Find the indefinite integral: ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥
e. Determine the indefinite integral of ∫|𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥.

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A
blem
What I have learned?
Learning Task 6:
Directions: Reflect the learning that you gained after taking up the two lessons in this
module by completing the given statements below. Do this on your activity notebook. Do
not write anything on this module.

What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that __________________________________________________________________

What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?
I learned that (write as many as you can) ____________________________________________

How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?
I will apply ____________________________________________________________________

Learning Task 7:

Part 1 Prove the antiderivative of the following inverse trigonometric functions using derivative of inverse
functions:

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ = Arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎2 −𝑢2 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ 2 2 = Arctan + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3. ∫ = Arcsec + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

Part 2 Give 2 examples for each formula in Part 1.

References
Books
Canlapan, R.B., (2017), Basic Calculus, DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
Lim, Y.F. et al (2016), Basic Calculus Math for Engaged Learning, Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
Mercado, J.P., (2016), Basic Calculus Next Century Mathematics, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Chua, S.L. (2016), Basic Calculus Soaring 21st Century Mathematics, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Websites

(2014), Substitution Method, https://www.math.ksu.edu/~gerald/math220d/hand24.pdf

Integration by Substitution pdf, https://www3.nd.edu/
Integration by Substitution pdf, http://www.teaching.martahidegkuti.com/

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