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BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 4 – Module 3
Application of Antidifferentiation
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Application of Antidifferentiation
Second Edition, 2021
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NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
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lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be
honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
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Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
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read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
i NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
I
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The module is intended for you to solve problems involving antidifferentiation; and
solve situational problems involving exponential growth and decay
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Answer the following problems and write the letter of the correct answer in
your activity sheet/notebook.
2
1. Evaluate ∫ 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
2 2 2 1
A. 3 𝑦 −1 + 𝐶 B. 3 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶 C. 3 𝑦 −2 + 𝐶 D. 3𝑦2 + 𝐶
1 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
Lesson Separable Differential Equations
1
’s In
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 5 2. = −𝑦 3. 𝑦” + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The order of a differential equation pertains to the highest order of the derivative that
appears in the differential equation.
The first two examples above are fist-order DEs because they involve only the first
derivative, while the last example is a second order DE because 𝑦” appears in the equation.
𝑑𝑦
Example 1. The solution of = 2𝑥 + 5 is y = x2 + 5x + 1 because if we are to
𝑑𝑥
differentiate the solution of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1, we get
𝑑 𝑑 2
(𝑦 ) = (𝑥 + 5x + 1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Example 2. The solution of = − 𝑦 is the relation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 because if we
𝑑𝑥
differentiate the relation implicitly, we get
2 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
’s New
Solving a differential equation means finding all possible solutions to the Differential
Equation (DE).
If it is possible to separate the variables, then we can find the solution of the differential
equation by simply integrating f(x) dx = g(y) dy written as
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
3 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶1 = 𝐺(𝑦) + 𝐶2
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝐺 (𝑦) + 𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝐺 (𝑦 ) + 𝐶 ; (C2 – C1 = C)
𝑦 = 𝐺 (𝑦 ) + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 2
Example 1. Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑦 2
Solution: = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 3
3𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 separating the variables
2𝑦 2
3𝑑𝑦
∫ 2𝑦2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 integrating both members
3𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 moving y2 to the numerator
2
3𝑦 −1
+ 𝐶1 = 𝑥 + 𝐶2 evaluating the integrals
2(−1)
3
− 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 by simplification
3
− 2(𝑥+𝐶) = 𝑦 expressing y in terms of x.
3
− 2𝑥+2𝐶 = 𝑦
3
𝑦 = 2𝑥+𝐶 2C = C
2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦
= cancelling common factors
𝑥 𝑦
2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ integrating both members
𝑥 𝑦
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶1 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶2
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶 (𝐶2 – 𝐶1 = 𝐶3 )
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | − 𝐶3 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦|
4 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶 = 3𝑙𝑛|𝑦| −𝐶3 = 𝐶
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 |2 + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑦|3 by the power rule of logarithm
2 +𝐶 3
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| introducing base e to each member
2
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| 𝑒 𝐶 = |𝑦|3 by e raised to the ln power
3
± √𝑥 2 𝐴 = 𝑦 where 𝑒 𝐶 = 𝐴 is any positive constant
For trivial solution y = 0 for 2ydx – 3xdy = 0
3
y = B √𝑥 2 where B is any real number.
2
Example 3. Solve the equation 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
2 + 2 =0 dividing both members by 𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥 to separate the variables
𝑦3𝑒𝑥 𝑦3𝑒𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 + 𝑦3 = 0 cancelling common factors
𝑒𝑥
2
𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 transforming to an integrable form
2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 integrating both members
1 2
− 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 2 𝑦 −2
− 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − +𝐶 =0 evaluating the integrals
2
𝑦 −2 1 2
− = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶
2 2
2
𝑦 −2 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐶 expressing y in terms of x. (-C = C)
1 2
= −𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐶 reciprocal of 𝑦 −2
𝑦2
1
2 = 𝑦2
−𝑒 −𝑥 +2𝐶
1
±√ 2 =𝑦 solving y in terms of x. (A = 2C)
−𝑒 −𝑥 +𝐴
5 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
is It
Notice that in the previous examples, a constant C is always present after integration. We
call this solution a family of curves meaning the solution of the DE forms infinite number of
𝑑𝑦
curves that satisfy the equation. Like the solution of = 2𝑥 + 5 is y = x2 + 5x + C
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
because the derivative of y is = 2𝑥 + 5 for any arbitrary constant C. The graphs below
𝑑𝑥
x2
satisfy the equation y = + 5x + C. They differ only with the value of the arbitrary constant
C with the same derivative and one of the graphs shown is the graph of y = x2 + 5x + 1 others
are y = x2 + 5x + 5, y = x2 + 5x + 10, and y = x2 + 5x – 8.
If the solution passes through a point and the coordinates are known, then we solve C
and get a particular solution to the DE.
𝑑𝑦 1
Example 1. Find the particular solution that passes through (0,100) of = 4 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Solution: = 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 4 𝑑𝑥 separating the variables
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
∫ = 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 integrating both sides
𝑦
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| + 𝐶1 = 4 𝑥 + 𝐶2 evaluating the integrals
1
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 4 𝑥 + C C2 – C1 = C
1
( )𝑥+𝐶
𝑦=𝑒 4
1
𝑦 = 𝑒 (4)𝑥 𝑒 𝐶
Solution:
2ydx – 3xdy = 0
3
± √𝑥 2 𝐴 = 𝑦 the solution to example 2 of What’s New
Solving for A,
3
± √1𝐴 = 1 by substitution
A=1
So,
3
± √𝑥 2 = 𝑦 is the particular solution
’s More
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
1. Find the general solution to the differential equation = 𝑦+3.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Find the particular solution of 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑒 3𝑥 + 1, and f(0) = 0.
7 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
Lesson Application of Differential Equations
2 involving exponential growth and decay
’s In
Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at time t, and let the birth and death rates be
𝑑𝑦
the positive constants b and d, respectively. The rate of change in the population y with
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
respect to time t is given by = 𝑘𝑦, where k = b – d.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
If k is positive, that is when b > d, then there are more births than deaths and denotes
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
growth. If k is negative, that is b < d, then there are more deaths than births and denotes
𝑑𝑡
decay.
Example 1: Suppose that a colony of lice grows exponentially. After 1 day, 50 lice are
counted. After 3 days, 200 were counted. How many are there originally? What is the
exponential growth equation for the colony?
Solution:
Recall the exponential growth equation 𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 and identify the information given in the
problem that will help answer the question.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡 separating the variables
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡 integrating the DE
𝑦
8 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
Solving these two equations by substitution will give us the values for the two unknowns, yo
and ek
50 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙1 equation 1
50
= 𝑦𝑜 equation 3 (other form of equation 1)
𝑒𝑘
4 = 𝑒 2𝑘 by simplification
4 = (𝑒 𝑘 )2 power rule
2= 𝑒 𝑘 by simplification
Substituting this in equation 1
50 = 𝑦𝑜 𝑒 𝑘∙1
50 = 𝑦𝑜 (2)
25 = 𝑦𝑜
Thus, there were originally 25 lice in the colony.
The exponential growth equation for the given problem is y = 25(2t).
(Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)
9 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
’s New
DECAY PROBLEM
Example:
The rate of decay of radium is said to be proportional to the amount of radium present. If
the half-life of radium is 1690 years and there are 200 grams on hand now, how much radium
will be present in 845 years?
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 The exponential decay equation
𝑦 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 since there are 200 grams present at the start
100 = 200𝑒 𝑘(1690) a half-life of 1690 years means that the initial
amount of 200 grams of radium will reduce
to half.
100
= 𝑒 𝑘(1690) dividing both members by 200
200
1
= 𝑒 𝑘(1690) by simplification
2
1⁄
1 1690
(2) = 𝑒𝑘
𝑡⁄
1 1690
𝑦 = 200 (2)
845⁄
1 1690
𝑦 = 200 (2) in 845 years
1⁄
1 2
𝑦 = 200 (2)
y ≈ 141.4
there will be 141.4 grams of radium left after 845 years.
(Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)
10 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
is It
BOUNDED GROWTH
Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at time t. We say that the type of growth
𝑑𝑦
y has is called bounded growth if y satisfies the differential equation = 𝑘 (𝐾 − 𝑦), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑡
K > 0 is the carrying capacity (limiting quality).
Example:
A certain pawikan breeding site is said to be able to sustain 5000 pawikans. One
thousand pawikans are brought there initially. After a year, this increased to 1100 pawikans.
How many pawikans will there be after 5 years? Assume that pawikans follow the limited
growth model.
Solution:
Given: K = 5000
yo = 1000
C = K – yo = 5000 – 1000 = 4000
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘 (𝐾 − 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(𝐾−𝑦)
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡 separating the variables d and t
𝑑𝑦
− ∫ (𝐾−𝑦) = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡 integrating both sides
-ln (K – y) = kt + C evaluating the integrals
ln (K – y) = - kt + C multiplying both sides by -1 and -C = C
ln (K – y) − kt + C
𝑒 = 𝑒 introducing e to both sides
− kt 𝐶
(K – y) = 𝑒 𝑒 by law of exponent
− kt
K–y= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒𝐶 = 𝐶
y = K – C𝑒 − kt transposition
− kt
y = 5000 – 4000𝑒 by substitution
The population after 1 year, y1 = 1100, means we can substitute y with 1100 and t with 1
to obtain 𝑒 − k .
11 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
From y = 5000 – 4000𝑒 − kt
y = 5000 – 4000(0.975)𝑡 by substitution
after 5 years, t = 5
y = 5000 – 4000(0.975)5
y = 5000 – 4000(0.881)
y = 1476
Therefore, there will be approximately 1475 pawikans in the breeding site.
(Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)
’s More
aa
I Have Learned
In a farm, there were initially 10 rabbits. After three months, there are already 20
rabbits. Assuming that the growth is exponential and no rabbit dies in the process, at what
time will there be 100 rabbits?
12 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
I Can Do
Logistic Growth
Let y = f(t) be the size of a certain population at time t. We say that the type of growth y
𝑑𝑦
has is called logistic growth if y satisfies the differential equation = 𝑘𝑦(𝐾 − 𝑦), where y is
𝑑𝑡
the size of the population. (Balmaceda J.M.P, et al.)
Problem:
Ten Philippine eagles were introduced to a national park 10 years ago. There are now
23 eagles in the park. The park can support a maximum of 100 eagles. Assuming a logistic
growth model, when will the eagle population reach 50?
Activity 5
I. Determine whether each of the following differential equations is separable or not, if it is
separable, rewrite the equation in the form g(y)dy = f(x)dx.
𝑑𝑦
1) =𝑦+3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
III. Find the particular solution of the differential equation = 𝑦−4 and f(3) = 7.
𝑑𝑥
13 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2 14
Pretest
1. b
2. b
3. c
What’s More
Activity 1.
𝑦2 𝑥3
1. 2 + 3𝑦 = 3 + 𝐶
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
Activity 2.
After 30 minutes, the cupcakes’ temperature will be approximately 33.33 degrees.
References
Arceo, C., Lemence, R. 2016. Basic Calculus Teaching Guide for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR).
Balmaceda, J. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Basic Calculus. Quezon City, Philippines:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR).
Gordon, B., Yunker L., et al. 1994. Advanced Mathematics Concepts. Westville Ohio: Merill Publishing
Company.
Ortega, O., Arceo, P. 2016. Teaching GUide in Basic Calculus. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of
Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd- BLR).
15 NegOr_Q4_Basic Calculus11_Module3_v2
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