Solutions of First Order, First Degree Ordinary Differential Equation

Homogeneous Differential Equation

Lecture
 Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lecture you’ll be able to

• Recognize first order, first degree differential equations that

can be solved by homogeneous differential method.
• Demonstrate the integration of variable separable method
in solving homogeneous differential equation.
• Use an initial condition to find a particular solution of a
differential equation, given a general solution

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Maria Cristina Macawile 2

 Method 2: Homogeneous Differential Equation

Standard Form

M (x, y) dx + N (x,y) dy = 0

where M (x,y) and N(x,y) dy are homogeneous functions in the same

degree

The equations can be reduced to variable separable by using the

following substitutions

Let

𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 3

Definition of a homogeneous function

F (x,y) is said to homogeneous if ,

F (x , y) = F k (x,y)

That is if x and y are simultaneously replaced by x

and y , the original function multiplied by k results.

k – being the degree of homogeneity

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 4

 Direction: Determine if the function is homogeneous. Determine the
degree of homogeneity

Sample 1 : F (x, y) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

Step 1: Replace all ‘x’ by x and ‘y’ by y

F (x , y) = 2(x)2 +3(x)(y) + (y)2

= 22 x 2 + 32 y 2 + 2 y 2

Step 2: Factor out the ‘ ‘

F (x , y) = 2 (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

F k (x,y) = 2 (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

Step 3: Identify the value of k. F (x,y) is said to homogeneous if ,

F (x , y) = F k (x,y)

k = 2 , the function is homogeneous , 2nd degree

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 5

Sample 2. F (x, y) = 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦

Step 1: Replace all ‘x’ by x and ‘y’ by y

F (x , y) = 5(x) 2 (y)2 +10(x)(y)3 − 3(x)3 (y)

= 5(2 x 2 2 𝑦 2 + 10(x)(3 y 3 ) − 3(3 x)3 (y)

Step 2: Factor out the 

F k (x,y) = 4 (5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦)

Step 3: Identify the value of k. F (x,y) is said to homogeneous if ,

F (x , y) = F k (x,y)

k = 4 , the function is homogeneous , 4th degree

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 6

Determine if homogeneous or nonhomogeneous. If homogeneous,
determine the degree.
𝑥
𝑥2
1. F (x, y) = sin − 𝑒 𝑦
𝑦2

2. F (x,y) = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦

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Homogeneous Differential Equation

Sample 1: Solve for general solution

5 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1: Check if homogeneous, if yes proceed.

Homogeneous, degree 2

Step 2: Replace x = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 or

y = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣

(5 𝑦 2 − 𝑣𝑦 2 ) (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + (4𝑦 2 − 3𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 8

 Step 3: Simplify and combine similar terms.

(5 𝑦 2 − 𝑣𝑦 2 ) (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + (4𝑦 2 − 3𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

[ 5𝑦 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 5 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 ] + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

5𝑦 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 5 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = 0

4𝑦 2 + 2𝑣𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 5𝑦 3 − 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣=0

2𝑦 2 2 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 5 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 9

Step 4: Perform variable separable method. Multiply the equation by
1
.
2+𝑣 𝑦 3

2𝑦 2 2 + 𝑣 𝑦3 5 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑣 = 0
2 + 𝑣 𝑦3 2 + 𝑣 𝑦3

2 5−𝑣
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑦 2+𝑣

2 (−𝑣 + 5)
න 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝑑𝑣 = න 0
𝑦 𝑣+2

7
7 −1 +
2 ln 𝑦 + න −𝑑𝑣 + න 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐 𝑣+2
𝑣+2 𝑣 + 2 ȁ −𝑣 + 5
(−𝑣 − 2 ) . −1
2 ln 𝑦 − 𝑣 + 7 ln 𝑣 + 2 = 𝑐
7

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 10

 𝑥
Step 5: Back substitute the 𝑣 = . Write the general solution
𝑦

This is from the previous representation, x = 𝑣𝑦.

𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒚 − + 𝟕 𝒍𝒏 +𝟐 =𝒄 General Solution
𝒚 𝒚

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 11

Sample 2: Solve for general solution and particular solution.
𝒚
𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎


x = 1, y = 4

Step 1: Check if homogeneous, if yes proceed.

Homogeneous, degree 1

Step 2: Replace y = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 or

x = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣

For this example we choose, y = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣

𝑣𝑥
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 12

 Step 3: Simplify and combine similar terms.

𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0

𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0

Step 4: Perform variable separable method. Multiply the equation by

1
.
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 ) (𝑥 2 )
2

𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣) 𝑥2
න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑣 = 0
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 ) (𝑥 2 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 ) (𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
න + න = න0
(𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 )

ln 𝑥 + tan 𝑣 = 𝑐

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 13

 𝑦
Step 5: Back substitute the 𝑣 = 𝑥 to solve for general solution . This is from
the previous representation, y = 𝑣𝑥. Write the general solution

ln 𝑥 + tan 𝑣 = 𝑐

𝒚
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =𝒄 General Solution
𝒙

Step 6: Substitute values of x and y to solve for particular solution


ln(1) + tan = 𝑐
4

𝑐=1

𝒚
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =𝟏 Particular Solution
𝒙

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma. Cristina Macawile 14

 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 15

The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

17 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Ma Cristina Macawile 16