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◤
MATH 20063
Differential
Equations
Lecture 6
◤
5.1 Integrating Factors by Inspection
𝑥
Observing (3), we can deduce that 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑
𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥%𝑥𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦2
by product rule and quotient rule respectively , hence (3) , can now be written as
𝑥
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑 𝑥
𝑦 = 0 and integrating it will ∫ 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑 = ∫ 0 will give
𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 2 + 1 = 𝑐𝑦
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 or ⟶ general solution of (1)
◤
Example 5.1a. Solve the d.e. in Example 5.1 using a different method
𝑥𝑑𝑦
Rearranging and simplifying (1) will result to &%𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 &%𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 = and = 𝑑𝑦—(2)
𝑦 𝑦 2 '& 𝑥 𝑦 �
�2'&
𝑑𝑥
using separation of variables, integrating (2) (&%𝑦2)
∫ 𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑦 − − 3
𝑦 𝑦 2 '&
Using partial integration of the right hand side of (3), the results will be
𝑑𝑥
∫ & 2𝑦 ) − −(4) verify this!
𝑥 = ∫(𝑦 − 𝑦 2 '&
Exercise 5.1
(a) 2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 ' = 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 3 1 1
2 @ (-1,0) Ans. 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 ln 2𝑥 + 3
2
Exercise 5.1
(a) 2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 ' = 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 3 1 1
2 @ (-1,0) Ans. 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 ln 2𝑥 + 3
2
*(𝑢𝑀
) *(𝑢𝑁) hence 𝑢 must satisfy the partial d.e.
= *𝑥
*𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑢
𝑢 +𝑀 =𝑢 +𝑁 − −(4)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
*𝑀 *𝑁
Rearranging (4) , will result to 𝑢 −
*𝑢 *𝑢 --(5)
*𝑦 *𝑥 = 𝑁*𝑥 − M *𝑦
By reversing the argument above, if 𝑢 satisfies (5), then 𝑢 is an integrating factor of (1).
No method is developed to solve (5)
◤
(5) is reduced to
&
𝑢
*𝑀
−
*𝑁 𝑑𝑢 or *𝑀 *𝑁 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 − −(6) , now if
*𝑦 * = 𝑁 𝑑𝑥 𝑁 *𝑦 − *𝑥 𝑢
𝑥
& *𝑀 *𝑁
− = 𝑓 𝑥 , then, the integrating factor for (1) is 𝑢 = 𝑒 % ∫ / 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
, in the
𝑁 *𝑦 *𝑥
same argument , if 𝑢 = f y , then
𝑀 *𝑦 − *𝑥
In summ◤ary:
1
(a) If
𝑁 #𝑀 #𝑁 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then 𝑢 = 𝑒 ' ∫ ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
is the integrating
#𝑦 − #𝑥
factor of
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1)
1 #𝑀
(a) (b) If #𝑁 = 𝑔 𝑦 , then 𝑢 = 𝑒 ' ∫ + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
is the integrating
𝑀 #𝑦 − #𝑥
factor of
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1)
Example 5.2 Solve the following d.e.
(a) 𝑦 8𝑥 −◤9𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(c) 𝑦 2𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solutions:
𝑀 = 8𝑥1𝑦 − 9𝑥 2𝑦 2 and N = 2𝑥2 − 6𝑥1𝑦 for exact d.e. such as (2) the solution is 𝐹 = 𝑐
while *𝐹
*𝑥 = 𝑀 = 8𝑥1𝑦 − 9𝑥 2𝑦 2 − −(3) and *𝐹
= 𝑁 = 2𝑥2 − 6𝑥1𝑦 − −(4)
*𝑦
*
𝐹 = 2𝑥2 − 6𝑥1𝑦 + 𝑇 4 𝑥 = 2𝑥2 − 6𝑥1𝑦 − −(6) , solving for 𝑇 4 𝑥 in (6) , 𝑇 4 𝑥 = 0, hence
*𝑦
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑐 , hence the solution of (1) is 2𝑥2𝑦 − 3𝑥 1𝑦 2 = 𝑐 or 𝑥 1𝑦 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑐
(b) Solve 𝑦 8𝑥 − 9𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 using other method.
◤
Solutions: Let the given d.e. 𝑦 8𝑥 − 9𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − 1 be equation (1)
Now, (1) is simplified to 8𝑦𝑥 − 9𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥2 − 6𝑥𝑦 dy = 0 − − 2 and (2) is
expressed in the form 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) which resulted to (3)
𝑑𝑦
*𝑦2$+𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = − − 3 , now (3) is to be tested for homogeneity
2𝑥2$6𝑥𝑦
2
*𝑦 $+𝑥𝑦 2
Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = , hence 𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 5𝑦
%6𝑥𝑦
= 𝑘8𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), therefore the given d.e
2𝑥2 $6𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 2%7𝑥𝑦
is a homogenous d.e. of degree “0”.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 , substituting 𝑦 and 𝑑𝑦 into (2) and simplify will result to
Note: which method do you prefer and why? Can you solve this in any other
method?
(c) Given the d.e. 𝑦 2𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1)
◤
Simplifying (1) will result to 2𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(2)
*𝑀
Now
= 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 and *𝑁
= 1 , it follows that &
*𝑀 *𝑁 = 2𝑥 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠)
*𝑦 *𝑥 𝑁 *𝑦 − *𝑥
Hence the integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 2 , now multiplying (2) by the integrating factor
𝑒 𝑥 2 2𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(3)
Now, rewriting (4) in this form 𝜕𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 and integrating (4) wrt 𝑦, holding 𝑥
2
constant as shown. ∫ 𝜕𝐹 = ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 will results to
Also , since *𝐹
*𝑥 = M , finding *𝐹 in (5), differentiating wrt 𝑥 while holding 𝑦 constant will
*𝑥
results to 𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑇 4 𝑥 − − 6 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠)
𝑇 4 𝑥 = 0, which when integrated will give 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑐 , hence the general solution of (1) is
𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒%𝑥2 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠)
Exercise◤s 5.2 Solve each of the following d.e.
(a) 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Ans. 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑦R − 2𝑦 = 𝑐
(a) 𝑦 R𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 R + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Ans. 𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
Ans. 𝑥 T 𝑦 R + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 2 = 𝑐
(a) 3 𝑥 R + 𝑦 R 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 R + 3𝑦R + 6𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Ans. 𝑥 𝑥 R + 3𝑦R = 𝑐𝑒 –𝑦