Basic Calculus

Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Antiderivative of Polynomial, Radical,
Exponential, and Trigonometric
Functions
Basic Calculus
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Antiderivative of Polynomial, Radical, Exponential, and
Trigonometric Functions
First Edition, 2021

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 Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Antiderivative of Polynomial,
Radical, Exponential, and
Trigonometric Functions
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to monitor
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
be prepared in your chosen careers. The lessons are in follow up of the previous
topics in module 1. Your knowledge gained in that module will make you understand
these topics easily. This module has been divided into two lessons to make the topics
easier to understand, namely:
• Lesson 1: Antiderivative of Polynomial and Radical Functions
• Lesson 2: Antiderivative of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

At the end of the lessons, the students are expected to compute the
antiderivatives of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric functions
(STEM_BC11I-IVa-b1).

1
 What I Know

Solve for the antiderivatives of the following functions. Choose the answer from the
box below and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

. > 2 2@ 1 8 2
=
𝑡* + C − 6/ + C 6𝑥 + C 2𝑦 + C 6
𝑧4 + C − /4 + C −3 + C

8 /1
− A/ 1 + C 5𝑥 6 + C 3𝑥 + C 𝑥6 + C A
+ C 𝑥. + C 𝑥6 + C 𝑥A + C

1. ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ 9𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥
)
2. ∫ 𝑡 * 𝑑𝑡 10. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
.
3. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 11. ∫ / 01 𝑑𝑥
2 2
4. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑧 12. ∫ 04 𝑑𝑥
3 6/
2
5. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 13. ∫(3𝑥 8 ) 𝑑𝑥
6/

6. ∫ 5√𝑧 𝑑𝑧 14. ∫(3𝑥 8 + 2𝑥 8 ) 𝑑𝑥

.
7. ∫ / 1 𝑑𝑥 15. ∫(𝑥 8 + 2𝑥 8 ) 𝑑𝑥
8
8. ∫ 6/ * 𝑑𝑥

2
 Lesson
Antiderivative of Polynomial
1 and Radical Functions
In computing the integrals or antiderivative of a function, there are techniques
to be used depending on when or where they are applicable. So, in this lesson, we
are going to focus first on polynomial functions and radical functions.

What’s In

A. Choose the letter that contains polynomial functions. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.

A. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 E6 + 5 D. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 8 + /
6
G. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 10𝑥 6 − √𝑥

/
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3 E. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 H − 4𝑥 = + 1 H. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 8 − .

C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 8 + 𝑥 + 0 .
F. 𝑓(𝑥) = − 1 I. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 . + 5𝑥 6
/

B. Express the following radical expressions to exponential expressions Write your

answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1 8
1. √𝑥 8 4.
√/

2. >√𝑥 J
5. √𝑥 .
I
3. √𝑥 8

3
 Notes to the Teacher
This module aims to helps learners get the antiderivatives of
polynomial and radical functions. The lessons will make use of
their knowledge in laws of exponents and other knowledge in
algebra.

What’s New

Let’s Play!
Directions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If a number divided by itself is equal to 1, then what is zero divided by zero?

2. What is five divided by zero?

3. What is zero divided by 5.
4. What is 5 raised to zero exponent?
5. What is zero raised to 5?

On the next pages, read and study carefully the antiderivative of polynomial
and radical functions and how you are going to solve it. Let’s start!

1
 What is It

What is antiderivative of a function?

Antiderivative is the opposite of derivative. An antiderivative is a function that

reverses what the derivative does. But why do we add C in integration? It is because
the derivative of a constant is zero. So, when we reverse the operation (to find the
integral), there could have been a constant of any value. And we wrap up the idea by
just writing + C at the end.

Example: Given 2 functions y = 2x 8 + 5x + 4 and y = 2x 8 + 5x − 10

Derivatives are 𝑦 M = 4𝑥 + 5 + 0 and 𝑦 M = 4𝑥 + 5 − 0

(they have same derivatives)

To go back to the original function, we have to integrate.

4𝑥2O2 5𝑥 @O2
N(4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
1+1 0+1

./ 4
= 8
+ 5𝑥 + 𝐶

= 2𝑥 8 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶

The + C stands for the constants +4 or -10.

In getting the derivatives of polynomial functions and radical functions, the
following theorems and laws of exponent play vital roles.

Theorems on Antidifferentiation

𝐴. N 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

B. If n is any real number and n ≠ 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

/ YZ)
∫ 𝑥 X = XO2 + 𝐶 (Power Rule)

C. If k is any constant and f is a function, then

∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (Constant Rule)

2
D. If f and g are functions defined on the same interval,

∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (Sum Rule)

2
E. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 E2 = ln |x| + C (here, there is a special rule when the exponent is -1, we
/
use natural logarithm)

Laws of exponent

𝑥2 = 𝑥 (𝑥 ` )X = 𝑥 `X

𝑥@ = 1 (𝑥𝑦)X = 𝑥 X ∙ 𝑦 X

1 𝑥 X 𝑥X
𝑥 E2
= b c = X
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

1
𝑥 ` ∙ 𝑥 X = 𝑥 `OX 𝑥 EX =
𝑥X

`
𝑥` Y
𝑥 X d √/
e
= 𝑥 `EX
𝑥X

Integrals of Polynomial Functions

Using the given theorems we can solve for the integrals or antiderivatives of
polynomial functions.
Examples:

1. ∫(𝑥3 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 (using theorem D)

/ 1Z)
= 6O2
+ 4𝑥 + 𝐶 (using theorems B and A)

/*
= .
+ 4𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫(𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 8 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 (theorems D and C)

/ 1Z) / 4Z)
= 6O2
+ (2) 8O2 + 𝐶 (theorems B and C)

/* /1 2 8 /* 8/ 1
= .
+2 6
+ 𝐶 = . 𝑥 . + 6 𝑥 6 + 𝐶 or .
+ 6
+𝐶

3
3. ∫(4𝑥 = − 2𝑥 6 + 9) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 9𝑑𝑥 (theorems C and D)
/ >Z) / 1Z)
= 4 =O2 − 2 6O2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶 (theorems B and A)

/I /*
=4 −2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶 (simplify)
f .

/I /*
=4 −2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
f .

8/ I /*
= − + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
6 8

Integrals of Radical Functions

If we can write the function using the Laws of Exponents, then we most
likely can apply the power rule.

Let’s solve these problems:

Note: Rewrite radical expressions into fractional exponents to easily apply the power
rule.

1.∫g√𝑥 + 4h 𝑑𝑥
)
∫g√𝑥 + 4h 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ i𝑥 4 + 4j 𝑑𝑥;

/ YZ)
Applying now the power rule: ∫ 𝑥 X = XO2 + 𝐶
2
Our n or exponent is now 8.
) 1
Z)
/4 /4
= ) + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 = 1 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 (simplify)
O2
4 4

1
8
= 6 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶

(8/E2)
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√/
8/E2
=∫ ) 𝑑𝑥 (express square root as exponent)
/4
)
= ∫ 𝑥 E4 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 (rewrite the denominator as a term with negative exponent and
distribute it through the quantity (2x-1)
) )
=∫(2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 E4 )𝑑𝑥

4
 ) )
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 E4 𝑑𝑥
) )
Z) 0 Z)
/4 / 4
=2 ) − ) + 𝐶 (simplify)
O2 E O2
4 4

1 )
/4 /4
=2 1 − ) +𝐶
4 4

1 )
8
= (2) 6 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 4 + 𝐶
1 )
.
= 6 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 4 + 𝐶 (the final answer can be written with exponents)
.
= 6 √𝑥 6 − 2√𝑥 + 𝐶 (or with roots)

We are done discussing the antiderivative of polynomial and radical functions and
how to compute them.

On the next page, there are different activities that you need to do and
answer. Are you ready?

5
 What’s More

Match Column A with its antiderivative in Column B. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B
*
6/ 1
1. ∫(3𝑥 − 10) 𝑑𝑥 a. .
+ 4𝑥 + 𝐶

l
2@
2. ∫(𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 + 7) 𝑑𝑥 b. 82
𝑥> + 𝐶

2 f 2
3. ∫ i6 𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 8 − = 𝑥 + 3j 𝑑𝑥 c. − 8/ I − 2𝑥 8 + 𝐶

6/ 4
4. ∫(2𝑥 − 3)8 𝑑𝑥 d. 8
− 10𝑥 + 𝐶

2
5. ∫(3𝑥 EH − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 e. 6 𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 8 + 7𝑥 + 𝐶

)
8 /* ./ 1 6/ 4
6. ∫ i𝑥 4 + /j 𝑑𝑥 f. 28
+ 6
− =
+ 3𝑥 + 𝐶

./ 1
7. ∫(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 g. 6
− 6𝑥 8 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶

1
8> 8
8. ∫ i6 √𝑥 8 j 𝑑𝑥 h. 6 𝑥 4 + 2ln|𝑥| + 𝐶

/1
9. ∫(𝑥 + 2)8 𝑑𝑥 i. 6
+ 2𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶

/1 6/ 4
10.∫g 1√𝑥 + 4h 𝑑𝑥 j. + − 10𝑥 + 𝐶
6 8

6/ 1
k. .
− 6𝑥 8 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶

6
 What I Have Learned

We can use the power rule to integrate any polynomial. Consider the
integration of 5𝑥 A .
/ pZ) / )q / )q
∫ 5𝑥 A = 5 i AO2 j + 𝐶 = 5 2@
+𝐶 =
8
+𝐶

We can also use the power rule to integrate radical function with the use of
1
Laws of Exponents. Consider the integration of √𝑥 8 .
4
1
∫ √𝑥 8 = ∫ 𝑥 1 (express first in exponential form)
4
Z)
/1
= 4 +𝐶
O2
1

>
/1
= > +𝐶
1

>
6
= = 𝑥 1 + 𝐶

Apply what have you learned in these exercises. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
8
1. ∫ i𝑥 6 − / j 𝑑𝑥
.
2. ∫(√𝑠 − ) 𝑑𝑠
√s

3. ∫(3𝑥 8 − 2) 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(𝑥√4𝑥 6 ) 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥

7
 What I Can Do

MENTAL MATH ACTIVITY

Find the antiderivatives of the following items. Write your answers in mind in a
separate sheet of paper.

1. ∫ 6𝑥22
l
2. ∫ √𝑥 =

3. ∫(5𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(5𝑢 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

5. ∫ 𝑥(2 − 𝑥 8 )𝑑𝑥

8
 Assessment

Solve for the antiderivatives. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. ∫(5𝑥 6 − 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
6
2. ∫ i6√𝑥 − 5 + / 4j 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(3𝑥 + 1)8 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 3(3𝑥 + 1)8 𝑑𝑥
(/E2)(8/O2)
6. ∫
√/

√/
7. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
v/ 4

1
8. ∫g √𝑥 8 + 4𝑥h𝑑𝑥

9. ∫(√𝑧 + 4) 𝑑𝑧
8
10. ∫( + 5) 𝑑𝑥
√/

6
11. ∫ (6/O2)04 𝑑𝑥

6
12. ∫ i√𝑥 + / 4j 𝑑𝑥
)
13. ∫ i𝑥 1 − 8𝑥j 𝑑𝑥

14. ∫(√𝑥 6 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

15. ∫[(2𝑥 + 1)8 + 5𝑥]𝑑𝑥

9
 Additional Activities

Complete the table below. Write the different theorems on Antidifferentiation and
Laws of Exponent. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

LAWS OF EXPONENT THEOREMS ON

ANTIDIFFERENTIATION

10
 11
What I Know What’ s In What's More
1. 6𝑥 + C A) B, C, E, H, I 1. D
. > 2. E
2. 𝑡 * + C 4
= B) 1. 𝑥 1 3. F
3. 2𝑦 + C 4. G
2 )
4. − + C
3 2. 𝑥 > 5. C
2 6. H
5. − + C )
6/ 7. J
2@ 1 3. 𝑥 1
6. 6
𝑧4 + C 8. B
)
8 9. I
7. − +C 4. 2𝑥 E4
/4 10.A
8
8. − A/ 1 + C )
5. 𝑥 4
9. 𝑥 A + C
10. 3𝑥 + C What’ s New
11. 𝑥 . + C
/1
1. Indeterminate
12. + C
A
2. Undefined
13. 𝑥 6 + C
3. Zero
14. 5𝑥 6 + C
4. One
15. 𝑥 6 + C
5. Zero
Answer Key
 12
Answers in What I
Have Learned in
Lesson 1
𝒙𝟒
1. 𝟒
− 𝟐 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪
𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
𝟐. 𝟑 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝑪
3. 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟕
𝟒
4. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟕
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
5. 𝟑
− 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
Assessment What I Can Do
= / )4
1. 𝑥 . − 4𝑥 8 + 𝐶 1. +𝐶
.
1 8
6 )4
2.4𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 − / + 𝐶 H
2. 28
𝑥l +𝐶
3 3𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 8 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 =/ 4
6/ 4 3. −𝑥+𝐶
4. 8 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 8
.w 4
5.9𝑥 6 + 9𝑥 8 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶 4. 8
+𝐶
> 1
./ 4 8/ 4 2
6. =
− 6
− 2√𝑥 + 𝐶 5. 𝑥 8 − . 𝑥 . + 𝐶
f >
7. 𝑥 I + 𝐶
=
>
6
8. 𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 8 + 𝐶
=
8 1
9.6 𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 + 𝐶
10.4√𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
11.9𝑥 6 + 9𝑥 8 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
1
8 6
12.6 𝑥 4 − / + 𝐶
*
6
13. 𝑥 1 − 4𝑥 8 + 𝐶
.
>
8 /4
14. 𝑥 4 −
= 8
+𝐶
./ 1 A/ 4
15. 6
+ 8
+𝑥+𝐶

 Lesson Antiderivative of
2 Exponential and
Trigonometric Functions

In this lesson, we will introduce the antiderivatives of another two important

functions, the exponential function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 / , and trigonometric function. We will
present first the basic formulas, then their examples.

What’s In

Illustration
2 ‡ 2
• ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑥 = + 𝐶 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ‡/ i= 𝑥 = j = 𝑥 .
‡
• ∫ 𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 / + 𝐶 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ‡/ (𝑒 / ) = 𝑒 /
2 ‡ 2
• ∫ 𝑒 =/ 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑒 =/ + 𝐶 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ‡/ i= 𝑒 =/ j = 𝑒 =/
‡
• ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ‡/ (𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Note that, in general,

‡ ‡
∫ ‡/ (𝑓(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓 M 𝑥 = ‡/ (𝑓(𝑥))

Notes to the Teacher

This module will make use of the basic knowledge of the students
in algebra and trigonometry specifically trigonometric identities.

13
 What’s New

Let us find the words that will complete the missing word. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the reciprocal of the trigonometric function sine.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. It is the reverse of differentiation.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. It is the number which has a value of 2.71828

___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. It is the adjacent side over the hypotenuse.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. When you divide a number by zero, the answer is;

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. It is a function wherein the variable is the exponent.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. Sign to be used in dealing with the constant of the antiderivative of a function

___ ___ ___ ___

8. What do you call the symbol ∑?

___ ___ ___ ___ ___

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

14
 What is It

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING ONLY EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Rules:

(A) ∫ 𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 / + 𝐶

where 𝑒 is the exponential constant with approximate value of 2.718

Υ
(B) ∫ 𝑎 / 𝑑𝑥 = Ž• Œ + 𝐶

‘ ’•
(C) ∫ 𝑒 •/ 𝑑𝑥 = •
+ 𝐶, where k is not equal to 0

Πե
(D) ∫ 𝑎•/ 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, where k is not equal to 0
• (Ž• Œ)

Examples:

1. ∫ 9𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥 ( Rule A)

= 9 ∫ 𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥

= 9𝑒 / + 𝐶

2.∫ 𝑒 A/ 𝑑𝑥 ( Rule C)
‘ p•
= A
+𝐶
>
i jw
3. ∫ 3𝑒 * 𝑑𝑢 ( Rule C)

= 3 ∫ 𝑒 (=/.)w 𝑑𝑢
‘ (>/*)”
=3 > +𝐶
*

28 (=/.)w
=
𝑒 +𝐶

4. ∫ 2E=/ 𝑑𝑥 (Rule B)
80>•
= E=(Ž• 8) + 𝐶

80>•
= − =(Ž• 8) + 𝐶

5. ∫(𝑒 / + 2/ )𝑑𝑥 (Combination of Rules A and B)

∫ 𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2/ 𝑑𝑥
8•
= 𝑒 / + Ž• 8 + 𝐶

15
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Basic Trigonometric Integrals

(A) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 (F) ∫ csc 𝑥 = −ln | csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

(B) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 (G) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

(C) ∫ tan 𝑥 = −ln | cos 𝑥| + 𝐶 (H) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

(D) ∫ cot 𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥| +C (I) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

(E) ∫ sec 𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| (J) ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Trigonometric Identities

Pythagorean Identities Quotient Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 = 1 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

= tan 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 8 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥

Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

1 1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
csc 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥

Double-Angle Identities

sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 − 1
2 tan 𝑥
tan 2𝑥 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥
Examples:

1. ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶 (Rule B) and (Rule A)

= sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (since there is no direct antiderivative of the given function, we will

make use of trigonometric identities to simplify it)

𝑐𝑜𝑡 8 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥 − 1 (Pythagorean Identity)

∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= − cot(𝑥) − 𝑥 + 𝐶 (Rule H)

3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

16
 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥 − 1 (Pythagorean Identity)

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= tan(𝑥) − 𝑥 + 𝐶 (Rule G)
œ•• /
4. ∫ žŸs4 / 𝑑𝑥

2 œ•• /
∫ ¡œ /
∙ ¡œ /
𝑑𝑥 (Reciprocal Identity and Quotient Identity)

∫ sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Rule E)

= sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
¡œ 8/
5.∫ ¡œ /E œ•• /
𝑑𝑥

cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 (Double-Angle Identity)

žŸs 4 /Es¢X4/
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (Recall difference of two squares (𝑎8 − 𝑏8 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
¡œ /Eœ•• /

( ¡œ /Eœ•• /)( ¡œ /Oœ•• /)

∫ ( ¡œ / Eœ•• /)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶

= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

To form an exponential function, we let the independent variable be the exponent.

A simple example is the function

𝑓 (𝑥) = 2/

In integrating exponential functions, it is important that you have the mastery in

dealing with exponential functions. Laws of exponents are again vital in this lesson.
Avoid mistakes like;

𝑦 = 2 ∙ 9/ does not become 𝑦 = 18/

As you can see in our examples of integrating trigonometric functions, we

encounter function which has no direct integration. And notice that we make use of
trigonometric identities to arrive at a function which has direct integration.

Thus, we must rewrite the integrand in an equivalent way. In other words, use
trigonometric identity before integrating. Other methods of integrating will be
discussed in succeeding modules.

17
 What’s More

Directions: Compute the antiderivatives of the following trigonometric functions and

exponential functions. Write your answers and solutions on a separate sheet of
paper.
2Es¢X4/
1. ∫ 6žŸs 4 /
𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 78/ 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 𝑒 =/ 𝑑𝑥

18
 What I Have Learned

Directions: In computing the antiderivatives of exponential and trigonometric

function, we must be very familiar with the basic rules. Fill in the missing data in
the table. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Function Integral

𝑒 .w 𝑑𝑢

sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑠𝑒𝑐 8 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

58w 𝑑𝑢

𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

19
 What I Can Do

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answers and
solutions on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 8 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 A. sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

£ŒX4/
2. ∫ s¢X4 / 𝑑𝑥 B. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

žŸs 4 /
3. ¡œ /Oœ•• /
𝑑𝑥 C. 𝑥 + 𝐶

¡œ 8/
4. 𝑑𝑥 D. tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
s¢X4/

¡œ / O ¡œ / £ŒX4/
5. s‘ž 4 /
𝑑𝑥 E. − cot 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶

F. tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

20
 Assessment

Directions: Solve for the following integrals. Write your answers and solutions on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. ∫ 2𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(2𝑒 / + 4/ ) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 2(5/ ) 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 5/O8 𝑑𝑥
8
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
/

6. ∫ 3𝑥 E2 𝑑𝑥

7. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
¡œ /
9. ∫ s¢X4 / 𝑑𝑥
¡œ /
10. ∫[s¢X4 / + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

œ•• /
11. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
žŸs /

12. ∫(sin 𝑢 + 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

13. ∫(1 − cos 𝑣) 𝑑𝑣

2
14. ∫ œ•• / ¥¦• / 𝑑𝑥
Ϥ /
15. ∫ i ¡œ /
j 𝑑𝑥

21
 Additional Activities

Directions: Compute the antiderivatives of the following exponential functions and

trigonometric functions. Write your answers and solutions on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. ∫ 5𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(2 − 3𝑒 / ) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 14𝑒 H/ 𝑑𝑥
2Os¢X4/
4. ∫ s¢X4 /
𝑑𝑥

œ•• 8/
5. ∫ . ¡œ /

Good job! We have successfully accomplished our mission for this module!

I will see you on our next module!!

22
 23

What I Have Additional Assessment
Learned Activity 1. 2𝑒 / + 𝐶
.•
𝒙𝟒 1. 5𝑒 / + 𝐶
1. − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪 2. 2𝑒 / + Ž• . + 𝐶
𝟒
𝟏 =•
𝟐 𝟑 3. 2 +𝐶
𝟐. 𝟑 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟖𝒔𝟐 + 𝑪 2. 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 / + 𝐶 Ž• =
=•
3. 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪 3. 2𝑒 H/ + 𝐶
4. 25 Ž• = + 𝐶
𝟕
𝟒 5. 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
4. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟕 6. 3 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
4. – 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
5. 𝟑
− 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪 7. tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
¡œ /
5. − +𝐶 8. − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
8
9. − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
/4
10. − csc 𝑥 + +𝐶
8
11. sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
w4
12.− cos 𝑢 + 8
+𝐶
13. 𝑣 − sin 𝑣 + 𝐶
14. − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
15. tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
What’ s New What's More What I Can Do
1. COSECANT / 1. C
1. 6
+𝐶
2. INTEGRATION 2. D
2. 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3. EULER 3. B
3. tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
4. E
4. COSINE H4•
4. 8 Ž• |H|
+𝐶 5. A
5. UNDEFINEDD
‘ >•
6. EXPONENTIAL 5. +𝐶
=
7. PLUS
8. SIGMA
CA L CUL US
Answer Key
References
Calculus and Its Applications, 4th edition, Chapter 6 Integration by Larry J.
Goldstein/David C. Clay/David Schneider
@1987, 1984, 1980, 1977 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Division of Simon and Schuster,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07623

Basic Calculus with Applications,Chapter 6 Integration by Burton Rodin, University of

California, San Diego
@1978 by Goodyear Publishing Company Inc. Santa Monica, California 90401

Calculus with Applications, 8th edition, Chapter 7 Integration by Margaret L. Lial,

Raymond N. Greenwell, Nathan P. Ritchey
@2005 Pearson Education, Inc. United State of America

Calculus, 6th edition, by Earl W. Swokowski, Michael Olinick, Dennis Fence, Jeffery
A. Cole
@1994 by PWS Publishing Company, 20 Park Plaza, Boston, MA

Basic Calculus Teacher’s Guide, First Edition 2016 .com/60-minutes-of-what-

activity/

24
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Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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