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Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE
BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter III – Module 1-d:
Week 1
Limits of Polynomial, rational
and Radical Functions
MELC: Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and radical
(STEM_BC11LCIIIa-4)
Author:
RAMSES M. LAMPITOC
Catagtaguen National High School
Lesson Limits of Polynomial,
4 Rational and Radical
Function
What I Know
Pre - Assessment
Find out how much you already know about the topics in this module. Choose
the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you were not able to
answer correctly and find the right answer as you go through this module.
1. Evaluate lim 5
𝑥→−1
A. 1 B. 5 C. −1 D. −5
2. Evaluate lim5 −𝑥 + 2
𝑥→−2
7 9
A. 2 C. 2
−7 −9
B. D.
2 2
3. Evaluate lim (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑥→2
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4
𝑥2
4. Evaluate lim (− + 2𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→1 2
−5 −11
A. C.
2 2
5 11
B. 2 D. 2
A. −√6 B. √6 C. −√3 D. √3
𝑥−4
7. Evaluate lim − 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8
𝑥→1
A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1
−𝑥−3
8. Evaluate lim3 − 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑥→2
18 −6
A. 19 C. 7
18 6
B. − 19 D. 7
10. Which of the following limits of a quadratic function where the limit
evaluates to 8?
A. lim 𝑥 2 C. lim 𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→2
2 𝑥2
B. lim 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 8 D. lim (− + 2𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→3 2
𝑥→4
What’s In
Previously, you have learned how to illustrate limit theorems. Do you still recall
how to od it? To find out, do the first activity below.
Activity 1: Finding the Father of Calculus
Directions: To find father of calculus, evaluate the following limits. Write the
corresponding letter above the correct answer.
Note: Assume f(x) = x
E lim 𝑓(𝑥) G lim √3. (𝑓(𝑥 ))2 + 4. 𝑓(𝑥) W lim √9. 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4
Z 1 B (𝑓(𝑥))2 − 4𝑓(𝑥)
lim lim
𝑥→4 (𝑓 (𝑥 ))2 𝑥→4 (𝑓 (𝑥 ))2 + 4𝑓(𝑥)
Answer:
8 6 12 4 82 0 1 82 1
4 16
1. lim 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
4. lim 𝑥2 +2𝑥−3
𝑥→2
𝑥→1
2. lim 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 3
𝑥→0 5. lim √2𝑥 + 1
𝑥→2
𝑥−5
3. lim 𝑥2 +4
𝑥→2
What is It
Now I will show you step by step on how to apply limit theorem in
evaluating algebraic function.
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, then it is unique. That is, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L and
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = M, then L = M.
𝑥→𝑐
2. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
a) Suppose lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L and lim 𝑔(𝑥)= M.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
b) (Constant Multiple) lim[𝑘. 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑘. 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
c) (Addition) lim[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝐿 ± 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
d) (Multiplication) lim[𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝐿𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
e) (Division) lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀, provide M ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑐
f) (Power) lim[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑝 = 𝐿𝑝 for p, a positive integer.
𝑥→𝑐
𝑛
g) (Root/Radical) lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = √𝐿 for positive integers n, and
𝑥→𝑐
provided that L > 0 when n is even.
Solution: First, note that lim 1 = 1. Since the limit of the denominator is
𝑥→1
nonzero, we can apply the Division Rule. Thus,
1 lim( 1)
lim( 𝑥) = lim( lim
𝑥→1
) (Division)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1( 𝑋)
1
=1
=1
𝑥 3 −5𝑥+4
Example 2: Apply the rules of limits to evaluate lim( ).
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −2
Solution: We get
𝑥 2 −1 lim(𝑥 2 −1)
lim( 1−𝑥 ) = lim( lim(1−𝑥) )
𝑥→1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
since the limit of the denominator is zero. (Recall that the limit of a
quotient is the quotients of the limits only when both limit exist and the
limit in the denominator is not zero.) We can resolve this problem by
observing that
𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
lim( 1−𝑥 ) = lim (Factoring)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 −(𝑥−1)
(𝑥+1)
= lim (Simplify)
𝑥→1 −1
= lim(−𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→1
= (lim(−𝑥 ) − lim 1) (Addition)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
= -1 – 1
= -2
= √0 + 4
= √4
=2
5
Example 2: Evaluate lim √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑥→2
5
lim √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = lim 5√lim 3𝑥 2 − lim 2𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
Solution: First, notice that both the numerator (√𝑥 + 2 − √2) and the
denominator (x) approaches 0 as x approaches 0. However,
we can rationalize the numerator, as follows:
√𝑥+2−√2 (√𝑥+2−√2)(√𝑥+2+√2)
=
𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥+2+√2)
𝑥+2−2
= 𝑥(√𝑥+2+√2)
𝑥
= 𝑥(√𝑥+2+√2)
1
= (√𝑥+2+√2)
√𝑥+2−√2 1
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 (√𝑥+2+√2)
1
= (√0+2+√2)
1
= (√2+√2)
1
= 2√2
(𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 −2)
2. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +1
2𝑥
5. lim 3−
𝑥→0 √𝑥+9
3
3. lim √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6
𝑥→−2
What’s More
How do find the previous activity? I hope you learned a lot. Now, let
us try to answer more challenging set of problems and activities
about applying theorems of limits in evaluating algebraic function.
1 2 ℎ2
1. lim 𝑥−1 − 𝑥2 −1 4. lim
𝑥→1 ℎ→0 √ℎ 2 +ℎ+3−√ℎ+3
(2+ℎ)2 −4 1 1
2. lim 5. lim
+
2 𝑡
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑡→−2 2+𝑡
√𝑥 2 +𝑥+4−2
3. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 +𝑥
What I have learned
Directions: Fill-in the blanks with the Theorem used in applying limits of
theorem in evaluating algebraic function.
𝑥 lim (𝑥)
2. lim (𝑥+1) = lim lim
𝑥→2
__________________
𝑥→2 (𝑥+1)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim (𝑥)
= lim lim (𝑥)+
𝑥→2
____________________
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 lim (1)
𝑥→2
2
= 2+1
2
= 3
√𝑥+4−2 1
3. lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 √𝑥+4+2
lim 1
= lim lim𝑥→0 __________________
Note that the 𝑥+4+2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 √
denominator (x) lim 1
approaches 0 as x = lim lim 𝑥→0
____________________
approaches 0. Therefore, 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 √𝑥+4+lim
𝑥→0
2
we rationalize the lim 1
numerator as follows: = lim 𝑥→0
____________________
𝑥→0 lim √lim 𝑥+lim 4+lim 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
√𝑥+4−2 (√𝑥+4−2)(√𝑥+4+2)
= 1
𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥+4+2)
=
√0+4+2
𝑥+4−4 1
= 𝑥(√𝑥+4+2)
=
√4+2
𝑥 1
= 𝑥(√𝑥+4+2) = 2+2
1
=
1
=
√𝑥+4+2 4
What I can do
But before we solve the activity note that “an object moving
straight line, whose position at time t is given by the function f(t) ,
the instantaneous velocity of the object at time t = 1 is given by the
𝑓(1+ℎ)−𝑓(1)
limit lim .”
ℎ→0 ℎ
Directions: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Answer the given
questions in the space provided.
Thumbs up for the job well done! I hope But for now, I want you to read the
you had a good time going over this instruction and answer each number
module. correctly
𝑥 2 −4
1. Evaluate lim 𝑥2 +4
𝑥→2
A. 1 B. 0 C. -1 D. ∞
𝑥−3
2. Evaluate lim 𝑥2 −2𝑥−3
𝑥→3
A. 0 B. 1 C.
1 D. ∞
4
𝑥
3. Evaluate lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
A. 1 B. 0 C. ∞ D. -1
𝑥 3 −8
4. Evaluate lim 𝑥2 −4
𝑥→2
A. 4 B. 0 C. 1 D. 3
4−𝑥 2
5. Evaluate lim 4𝑥2 −𝑋−2
𝑥→1
A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1
𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2−5𝑥
7. Determine the limits of lim
𝑥→0 5𝑥
A. 0 C. -1
B. Does not exist D. 5
A. 97 ft/sec C. 96 ft/sec
B. 48 ft/sec D. 192 ft/sec
A. -1 B. 7 C. 2.6 D. 49
−4𝑥 2 +𝑥
10. Verify that the function F(x) = is continuous. Indicate which
√𝑥
theorems are needed.