SHS

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3: Week 2 - Module 2
Limit Laws
Basic Calculus
Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 2 - Module 2: Limit Laws
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Cathrina P. Roberonta

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Erlinda M. Dela Peña, EdD, EPS in Charge of Mathematics

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 TARGET

Lesson in module 1 showed us how limits ca be determined through either a

table of values or the graph of a function. But are we going to always construct a
table or graph the function to determine a limit? Filling in a table of values sometimes
requires very tedious calculations. Likewise, a graph may be difficult to sketch.
However, these should not be the reasons for a student to fail to determine a limit.

In this module, we will learn how to compute the limit of a function using
Limit Theorems. You will be provided with information and activities that will help
you learn the different limits theorems, how to apply the limit laws in evaluating the
limit of algebraic functions.

Time Allotment
1 week

This module targets that you are to gain the following most essential learning
competencies. After finishing the module, you should be able to:
1. Illustrate the laws of limit; (STEM_BC11IIa- 3); and
2. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions ( polynomial,
rational, and radical. (STEM_BC11-IIIa-4)
3. Compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions
using tables of values and graphs of the functions ( STEM_BC11-IIIb-1 )

Begin your module by answering the pre- test which will

help you recall concepts you have learned that are
necessary for you to perform the activities of the module. Get
at least 7 correct answer, otherwise review the previous
module.
Pretest
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided before
the number.
______ 1. Which of the following represent the limit of a constant is itself?
A. lim 2 = 3 B. lim 4 = 4 C. lim −4 = 4 D. lim 5 = 4
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
______ 2. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. What is lim 𝑥?
𝑥→9
A. 0 B. 6 C. 9 D. 10
______ 3. What is lim 3𝑥?
𝑥→−2
A. -6 B. -2 C. 2 D. 6
𝑥 2 −1
______ 4. What is lim ?
𝑥→4 𝑥+1
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
______ 5. What is lim ( 2𝑥 + 1 )( 𝑥 + 5)?
𝑥→−2
A. -11 B. -10 C. -9 D. -8
______ 6. What is the lim 3𝑥 4 + 9𝑥 2 ?
𝑥→−3
A. 320 B. 321 C. 323 D. 324
3
______ 7. What is the lim 3𝑥 √𝑥 ?
𝑥→27
A. 243 B. 244 C. 245 D. 246
______ 8. Find the lim 3𝑥 2
1
− 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥→3

A. 14/5 B. 14/3 D. 19/3 D. 20/5

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10
______ 9. Evaluate the limit lim
𝑥→−5 𝑥+5
A. -9 B. -8 C. -7 D. limit does not exist
𝑥−3
_____ 10. Evaluate the limit lim 2 .
𝑥→−3 𝑥 +4𝑥−21
A. 4/5 B. 5/4 C. ½ D. ¼

For numbers 11-15. Assume the following:

3
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ; lim 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 12 ; lim ℎ (𝑥 ) = −3
𝑥→𝑐 4 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Compute the following:

_____ 11. lim ( −4 ∗ 𝑓 (𝑥 ))

𝑥→𝑐
A. – 3 B. 3 C. 12 D. 15

_____ 12. . lim √12 ∗ 𝑓 (𝑥 )

𝑥→𝑐
A. – 3 B. 3 C. 12 D. 15

_____ 13. . lim( 𝑔 (𝑥 ) − ℎ ( 𝑥 ))

𝑥→𝑐
A. 1 B. 3 C. 12 D. 15

𝑔 ( 𝑥 )+ℎ ( 𝑥 )
_____ 14. . lim
𝑥→𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)
A. 1 B. 3 C. 12 D. 15
 𝑔(𝑥)
_____ 15. . lim 2 ∗𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 ( ℎ ( 𝑥 ))
A. 1 B. 3 C. 12 D. 15

Module
4
Limit Theorems

JUMPSTART

Activity 1: Complete me.

Complete the following table.

c lim 2021 lim 𝑥

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

-2
-1/2
0
3.1416
10
√3

Activity 2. Give my limits.

Assume the following:

3
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ; lim 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 12 ; lim ℎ (𝑥 ) = −3
𝑥→𝑐 4 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Compute the following:

1. lim( 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∗ 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ))
𝑥→𝑐
2. lim(8 ∗ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) − 2 ∗ ℎ( 𝑥 ))
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim( 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∗ 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ∗ ℎ (𝑥 ))
𝑥→𝑐
4. lim √− 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ∗ ℎ ( 𝑥 )
𝑥→𝑐
𝑔(𝑥)
5. lim( ℎ ( 𝑥 )2 * f ( x )
𝑥→𝑐
 DISCOVER

Lesson 1. Illustration of Limit Theorem

In the definition of each theorem, let c be any constant and f and g are
functions which may or may not have c in their domains.

The limit of a constant is itself. If 𝑘 is any constant, then

lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑐

Examples
1. lim 5 = 5
𝑥→𝑐
2. lim 3.14 = 3.14
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim 789 = 789
𝑥→𝑐

The limit of x as x appr 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐. This may be thought of as a substitution

law, because 𝑥 is simply substituted by 𝑐.

lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐

Examples
1. lim 𝑥 = 6
𝑥→6
1
2. lim1 𝑥 =
𝑥→2 2

3. lim 𝑥 = −10
𝑥→−10

For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of 𝑓 and 𝑔 both exist as
𝑥 approaches 𝑐 and that they are 𝐿 and 𝑀, respectively. In other words,

lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿, and lim 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑀

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

The constant multiple Theorem. This says that the limit of a multiple of a function
is simply that multiple of the limit of the function.
lim 𝑘 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘 ∗ lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 ∗ 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Examples:
If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4, then
𝑥→𝑐
1. lim 8 ∗ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 8 ∗ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 8 ∗ 4 = 32
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. lim −11 ∗ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = −11 ∗ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = −11 ∗ 4 = −44
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3 3 3
3. lim ∗ 𝑓(𝑥)= ∗ lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = ∗4=6
𝑥→𝑐 2 2 𝑥→𝑐 2

The Addition Theorem: this says that the limit of a sum of function is the sum of
the limits of the individual functions. Subtraction is also included in this law, that
is, the limit of a difference of functions is the difference of their limits.
lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ) = lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) + lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿 + 𝑀.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 ) = lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) − lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿 − 𝑀.

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Examples:

If lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4 and lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −5, then

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

1. lim (𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 4 + ( −5 ) = −1

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

2. lim (𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 4 − ( −5 ) = 9

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

The Multiplication Theorem: This is similar to the Addition Theorem, with

multiplication replacing addition as the operation involved. Thus, limit of a product
of functions is equal to the product of their limits.

lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) ∗ lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑀.

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Example: Again, let

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔( 𝑥 ) = −5. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = lim 𝑓( 𝑥 ) ∗ lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 4 ∗ ( −5 ) = −20

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Remark 1 : The Addition and Multiplication Theorems may be applied to sums,

differences , and products of more than two functions.

Remark 2: The Constant Multiple Theorem is a special case of the Multiplication

Theorem. Indeed, in the Multiplication Theorem, if the first function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is
replaced by a constant, the result is the Constant Multiple Theorem.

The Division Theorem: This says that the limit of a quotient of a function is equal to
the quotient of the limits of the individual functions, provided the denominator is not
equal to 0.

𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝐿
lim = 𝑥→𝑐 = , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑀 ≠ 0.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 4 and lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = -5,
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )
4 4
lim = 𝑥→𝑐 = = −
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) −5 5
𝑥→𝑐

2. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 0 and lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = -5,

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )
0
lim = 𝑥→𝑐 = = 0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) −5
𝑥→𝑐

3. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 4 and lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 0, it is not possible to evaluate

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)
lim , 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝐷𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 ( 𝐷𝑁𝐸 )
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )

The Power Theorem: This theorem states that the limit of an integer power 𝑝 of a
function is just that power of the limit of the function.
Examples 𝑝
lim ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ))𝑝 = lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝐿𝑝
1. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
3
lim ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ))3 = lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 43 = 64
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

2. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥→𝑐
−2 1 1
lim( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ))−2 = lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 4−2 = 2 =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 4 16

The Radical/ Root Theorem: This theorem states that if 𝑛 is a positive integer, the
limit of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a function is just the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit of the function,
provided the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit is a real number. Thus, it is important to keep in
mind that if 𝑛 is even, the limit of the function must be positive.
𝑛 𝑛
lim √𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = √𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑛→𝑐

Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 4, then √ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= √4 = 2
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

2. If lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = − 4, then it is not possible to evaluate lim √𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) because

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = √−4, and this is not a real number.

√𝑥→𝑐
Lesson 1. Limits of Algebraic Functions

A. Polynomial functions:
1. Determine lim ( 2 𝑥 + 1 )
𝑥→1
Solution: = lim 2𝑥 + lim 21
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= ( 2 lim 𝑥 ) + 1
𝑥→1
=2(1)+1
=2+1
=3
2. Determine lim ( 2 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥→−1
Solution: = lim 2𝑥 3 − lim 4𝑥 2 + lim 1
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
= 2 lim 𝑥 3 − 4 lim 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
= 2 ( −1 − 4 ( −1 )2 + 1 )3
= -2 -4 + 1
= -5
B. Rational functions:
𝑥
1. Evaluate lim
𝑥→2 𝑥+1
Solution: we start checking the limit of the polynomial function in the
denominator.
= lim 𝑥 + lim 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Since the limit of the denominator is not zero, it follows that it follows that
𝑥 lim 𝑥 2
lim = 𝑥→2
=
𝑥→2 𝑥+1 lim ( 𝑥+1 ) 3
𝑥→2

( 𝑥−3 )( 𝑥 2 −2 )
2. Evaluate lim . First , note that
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +1
lim ( 𝑥2 + 1 ) = 1 + 1 = 2≠0
𝑛→∞
( 𝑥−3 )( 𝑥 2 −2 ) ( 1−3 )( 12 −2 )
Thus, lim = =1
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +1 2

C. Radical function
1. Evaluate lim √𝑥
𝑥→1
Solution: Note that lim ( 𝑥 + 4 ) = 4 > 0. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒,
𝑥→0

lim √𝑥 + 4 = √ lim (𝑥 + 4 ) = √4 = 2.
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
3
2. Evaluate lim √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6
𝑥→−2
Solution: since the index of the radical sign is odd, we do not have to
worry that the limit of the radicand is negative. Therefore, the Radical/
Root Rule implies that

3 3 3
lim √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 = 3√ lim ( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 ) = √4 − 6 − 6 = √−8 = −2
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
 EXPLORE

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work

on to master and strengthen the basic concepts you
have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1. Evaluate the following limits by applying the Limit of Sum and
Difference of Functions.

1. lim 2𝑥 − 15
𝑥→−1
2. lim 3𝑥 + 5
𝑥→−2
3. lim1 4𝑥 − 10
𝑥→4

4. lim1 6𝑥 + 12
𝑥→−2

5. lim −8𝑥 + 4
𝑥→8

Activity 2. Evaluate the following limits by applying the different Limit Theorems
discussed.

1. lim ( 3𝑥 − 2 )( 𝑥 + 7 )
𝑥→5
2. lim1(𝑥 − 10)( 2𝑥 − 5 )
𝑥→2

3. lim1(−6𝑥)( 4𝑥 )
𝑥→3

4. lim1( 5 )( −10𝑥 )
𝑥→5

5. lim ( 13𝑥 − 2 )( 𝑥 + 1 )
𝑥→7
 DEEPEN

Enrichment Activity. Solve for the limit of the following given

functions. Match column B with column A. Every answer has its corresponding
letter to solve the puzzle below (clue: it really hurts). Show your solution if needed.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. lim 𝑥 4 E. 16
𝑥→2
2. lim 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 O. 9
𝑥→2
3. lim 3 𝑥 4 + 9𝑥 2 T. 324
𝑥→−3
1
4. lim1 𝑥 5 N. −
𝑥→−2 32

5. lim √𝑥 I. 2√2
𝑥→8
6. lim 3𝑥 √𝑥 H. 243√3
𝑥→27
7. lim √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 A. 4
𝑥→2
8. lim √𝑥 (2𝑥 ) R. 80 √5
𝑥→20
𝑥+5
9. lim √ L. √10
𝑥→15 2
10. lim 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 3
4 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 S. 3
𝑥→1
11. lim 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 D. 8
𝑥→1
17
12. lim1 2𝑥 3 + 4 G.
𝑥→2 4

13. lim 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 F. -2
𝑥→ −2
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+5
14. lim Y. 6
𝑥→1 𝑥+1

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____
2 4 1 2 13 3 6 1 6 7 8 11 1 10 3

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3 6 5 4 12 10 5 4 9 5 13 1 5 10

W __ ___ C ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ P ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ U
7 3 6 5 4 12 3 6 1 1 8 10 2 4 14 2

___ ___ V ___ ___ ___ V ___ ___ ___ M ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9 2 1 9 2 1 10 2 1 2 4 1 1 9 10 1
 GAUGE
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank
provided before the number.

______ 1. What is lim 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1?

𝑥→−9
A. 64 B. 66 C. 84 D. 86
______ 2. What is lim 3𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 ?
4
𝑥→−3
A. 314 B. 324 C. 334 D. 344
______ 3. What is lim 3𝑥?
𝑥→−2
A. -6 B. -2 C. 2 D. 6
______ 4. What is lim1 𝑥 5 ?
𝑥→−2

A. -1/62 B. – 1/42 C. – 1/32 D. -1/22

______ 5. What is lim ( 2𝑥 + 1 )( 𝑥 + 5)?
𝑥→−2
A. -11 B. -10 C. -9 D. -8
______ 6. What is the lim3 3𝑥 4 + 9𝑥 2 ?
𝑥→−2

A. 243/16 B. 321/16 C. 323/16 D. 324/19

3
______ 7. What is the lim 3𝑥 √𝑥 ?
𝑥→27
A. 243 B. 244 C. 245 D. 246
______ 8. Find the lim1 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥→3

A. 14/5 B. 14/3 C. 19/3 D. 20/5

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10
______ 9. Evaluate the limit lim
𝑥→−5 𝑥+5
A. -9 B. -8 C. -7 D. limit does not exist
√4𝑥 2 −𝑥+7
_____ 10. Evaluate the limit lim .
𝑥→−3 𝑥+9
A. 4/5 B. 5/4 C. ½ D. 5/7

_____ 11. What is the lim √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8?

𝑥→2
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
_____12. Evaluate the lim 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 1.
4 2
𝑥→2
A. 56 B. 57 C. 58 D. 59
____ 13. Evaluate the lim1 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 5 ?
𝑥→3

A. 43/9 B. 44/9 C. 47/9 D. 46/9

____ 14. Evaluate the lim √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8
𝑥→2
A. 1 B. 2 C.4 D. 5
𝑥−3
_____15. Evaluate the lim .
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 +4𝑥−21
A. 1/10 B. 3/10 C. 1/10 D. ¼