Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Sampling and Sampling Distribution

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 Table of Contents
Introductory Message

What I Need to Know 1

Lesson 1 Random Sampling
What I Know 2
What’s In 3
What’s New 3
What Is It 3
What’s More 6
What I Have Learned 7
What I Can Do 7
Assessment 8
Additional Activities 8

Lesson 2 Parameter and Statistic

What I Know 9
What’s In 9
What’s New 9
What Is It 10
What’s More 10
What I Have Learned 11
What I Can Do 11
Assessment 11
Additional Activities 12

Lesson 3 Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

What I Know 13
What’s In 13
What’s New 13
What Is It 14
What’s More 21
What I Have Learned 22
What I Can Do 23
Assessment 23
Additional Activities 24

Lesson 4 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means using

the Central Limit Theorem
What I Know 25
What’s New 26
What Is It 28
What I Have Learned 28

Lesson 5 Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the

Sample Means
What’s New 30
What I Know 30
What’s New 31
 What Is It 33
What I Have Learned 33

Answer Key 34
Reference 36
Module Writers’ Profile 37
 Introductory Message

This learning module in Statistics and Probability is designed for you Grade 11
learners. It is aligned to the K to 12 Curriculum of the Department of Education which
focuses on the most essential learning competencies. The lessons, activities and
assessments in this module are organized, developed, and made simple to allow
students to exercise independent learning.

Researches from different fields want to learn about a population and describe its
properties and characteristics. The problem is, it may be impossible, impractical, and
inconvenient to obtain data from a very large population. Thus, unbiased samples
are chosen randomly to represent the total population. In this module, we will
consider another type of distribution which is sampling distribution.
This module is all about the sampling and sampling distribution. It is consist of
the following lessons:

 Lesson 1: Random Sampling

 Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic
 Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
 Lesson 4: The Central Limit Theorem and the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean using the Central Limit Theorem
 Lesson 5: Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

This module starts with the presentation of the learning competencies to be

achieved in the entire learning experience. The sections in this module are organized
to provide learners with a smooth but challenging learning experience. Each lesson
starts with What I Know to assess what the learner knows about the lesson to take.
The section, What’s In, provides a connection of the current lesson with the previous
lesson by going over points that were taught or learned previously. What’s New
introduces learners to the new lesson through a story, an activity, a poem, song,
situation, or activity. What is It guides and helps learners discover and understand
the concept through asking questions in a logical manner that lead to formative
assessment. A brief discussion of the lesson is also included in this section. What’s
More provides an opportunity to practice what they have learned through
guided/controlled practice, guided/controlled assessment, independent practice, or
independent assessment. What I Have Learned provides an avenue for learners to
process what they learned from the lesson. What I Can Do contains an activity that
challenges learners to transfer the skills/knowledge gained or learned into real-life
concerns/situations. Assessment contains exercises and problems to evaluate the
learner’s level of mastery in achieving the learning objectives. Additional Activities
contains activity or activities in any form that can increase the strength of the
response and tends to induce repetitions of actions/learning.
It is hoped that the module has achieved its purpose in producing a concise
learning material useful to you in enriching your knowledge and by applying the
concepts and skills in Statistics and Probability.
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling;
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic;
3. identify sampling distributions of statistic (sample mean);
4. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean;
5. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is: (a) known; (b) unknown;
6. illustrate the Central Limit Theorem;
7. define sampling distribution of the sample mean using the central limit
theorem; and
8. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.

To achieve the objectives of this module, here are a few reminders:

1. Take your time in reading the lessons.
2. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
3. Perform all activities. The activities are designed to enhance your
understanding of the ideas and concepts being discussed.
4. DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON ANY PART OF THIS MODULE. Write your
answers to activities in a separate notebook.

1
Lesson Random Sampling
1

What I Know

Let us see how much you know about random sampling before we tackle the
lesson. Below is a 5-item multiple choice test. Write the letter of your choice on the
space provided before each number.

1. Which of the following refers to the subset of a population?

A. statistic C. variable
B. parameter D. sample

2. Which of the following is a sampling method in which every element of

the population has the same probability of being selected for inclusion in
the sample?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

3. Which of the following is a sampling method in which the population is

first divided into strata and then samples are randomly selected from each
stratum?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

4. Which of the following is a sampling methodin which the whole

population is subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are
then collected from each group or take all the selected groups?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

5. Which of the following sampling technique is done by selecting every k

th element in your population list?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling
 What’s In
Some researches aim to study, describe and infer patterns of behaviour,
properties, and characteristics about a population; sometimes, they intent to study in
a very large scale and because of the fact that we cannot study a very large
population due to feasibility, impracticality, and inconvenience, that is why we must
select a representative sample from the population. In this lesson, sampling
techniques that will help researches select samples that would represent true
inferences about the population where these samples came from.

What’s New
Analyze and compare the following cases:

1. Mrs. Cruz wants to do an analysis on students' final examination scores in her

40 Grade 11-Baguio Mathematics class for the semester. Should she
consider her all the students’ scores or only some of the students’ scores?
2. A group of researchers want to determine the average Mathematics grade for
the semester of Grade 11 students in the Philippines. Should the group
consider conducting a survey to all the Grade 11 students in the Philippines or
random students of selected places?
Analysis: For case number 1, this task is only dealing with the students' final
examination scores in one specific class with 40 students. The intent is not to the
students' final examination scores of students in a much bigger population. Since the
teacher has the entire population available for this situation, she should use the all of
them. In case number 2, the population is extremely large. There is actually an
impractical and an inconvenient way of obtaining all of the data in the population.
You simply will not have all of the data available for your use especially if you only
have a limited time. You will need to use a sample of the population.

What is It

Population is the group you want to generalize. It consists of all the members
of the group you are interested in. Sample is the subset from the population you
want to examine. A population commonly contains too many individuals to study
conveniently and practically, so an investigation is often restricted to one or more
samples drawn from it. A well-chosen sample will contain most of the information
about a particular population parameter but the relation between the sample and the
population must be such as to allow true inferences to be made about a population
from that sample.
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined
number of observations are taken from a larger population. There are various
sampling methods that allow all the units in the population to have an equal chance
of being selected. These sampling methods are discussed below.

1. Simple Random Sampling

Each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected. There are
no rules that dictate where and how you will start the selection process, as long
as you do not intentionally look for a specific number. In this method, the samples
can be selected through:

a. Lottery Method
Every member is assigned a unique number. These numbers are put in a jar
and thoroughly mixed. After that, the researcher picks some numbers without
looking at it and those people are included in the study.

b. Use of Table of Random Numbers

This table consists of a series of digits (0-9) that are generated randomly. The
numbers are arranged in rows and columns and can be read in any direction.
All the digits are equally probable.

To determine the desired number of samples needed given a certain number of

population, there are different formulas can be used, one of which is Slovin’s
Formula.
N
Slovin’s Formula: n=
N e2

where: n=¿ sample size

e=¿ margin of error,
N=¿ population size

Example:n=; e=¿ 0.05; N=¿ 1000

N
n =N e2

1000
n = 1000
(0.05)2

1000
n = 1000 (0.0025)

1000
n= 2.5
n=400 (sample size)
2. Systematic Random Sampling
This can be done by listing all the elements in the population and selecting every
kth element in your population list. This is equally precise as the simple random
sampling. It is often used on long population lists. To determine the interval to be
used in identifying the samples to who will participate in the study, use the
N
formula K = (population/sample size).
n

Example:
N
If Population (N) = 2000, sample size (n) = 500, K = , so k = 2000/500 = 4th. Use a
n
table of random numbers to determine the starting point for selecting every 4th
subject. With list of the 2000 subjects in the sampling frame, go to the starting point,
and select every 4th name on the list until the sample size is reached. Probably will
have to return to the beginning of the list to complete the selection of the sample.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

This can be done by first dividing the elements in the population into strata
and then samples are randomly selected from each stratum ensuring that each
selected element is proportionately represented in the total population. Sampling
fraction: n/N (desired sample size divided by the population size)

Example: Assume you have a population of 1000 students with 500 from grade
school, 300 from high school, and 200 from senior high school. Determine the how
many samples you need or you can use the Slovin’s Formula or any other formula
for computing the sample size. In this example, Slovin’s Formula is used and a
sample size of 400 is computed. To get the samples from each stratum, divide 400
by 1000 and the answer is 0.4. Multiply 0.4 to each of the number of students per
stratum (e.g. 0.4 x 500 grade school is 200).

Stratum Populatio Sample

n
Grade school 500 200
Junior High School 300 120
Senior High School 200 80
Total 1000 400

4. Clustered Sampling
A multistage sampling method adopted when it is either impossible or
impractical to compile an exhaustive list of elements found in the target
population. The whole population is subdivided into clusters, or groups, and
random samples are then collected from each group.

Example: A researcher wants to survey about academic performance of high

school students in the municipality of Alubijid. He can divide the entire population
into different clusters (barangays). Then, the researcher selects a number
of barangays depending on his research through simple or systematic
 random sampling. The researcher could draw random samples from the selected
barangay through simple random sampling or take them all.
More examples are given below.

Simple Random Sampling

In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of the study
were selected using the Table of Random Numbers.

Stratified Sampling
A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using mobile phones in
teaching English decided to divide her students into male and female and then she
selected students from each gender group.

Systematic Sampling
The school office personnel gave the researcher a list of 2000 Grade 10 students.
The researcher selected every 25th name on the list.

Cluster Sampling
A researcher surveyed all dengue patients in each of the 10 randomly selected
hospitals in Misamis Oriental.

What’s More

Give one research situation where each of the sampling methods is being
applied. Refer to the previous examples.

1. Simple Random Sampling:

2. Systematic Random Sampling:

3. Stratified Sampling

4. Cluster Sampling

6
 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

 Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine.

 There are various sampling methods. These are simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
 Simple random sampling is a sampling method where each element of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. This can be done through the
Table of Random Numbers or lottery method.
 Systematic sampling is done by selecting every k th element in your population
list. The sampling interval, k, is calculated by dividing the population size by the
desired sample size.
 Stratified sampling is done by grouping the elements in the population according
to shared characteristic/s. Then, the researcher selects the appropriate number
of samples from each group.
 Cluster sampling is a sampling method used when the whole population is
subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are then collected from
each group.

What I Can Do

Imagine yourself as a researcher and answer the following questions.

1. If you were to conduct a research, what would be your research topic?

2. Who are your target population? What sampling technique would be

appropriate in the selection of your samples?
 Assessment

Identify the type of sampling method used by the researcher in each situation:
simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster
sampling.
1. A researcher chose the participants of his study by selecting
every 8th member of the population.
2. A researcher interviewed all the teachers in each of 15
randomly selected private schools in Cagayan de Oro City.
3. A researcher interviewed people from each barangay in the
municipality of Alubijid for his research on population.
4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction
to the newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and
interviewed every 5th student entering the gate of the school.
5. A researcher randomly selected 15 barangays in a town for her
study. She did this by writing the names of each barangay on a
piece of paper which she folded and put in a bowl then she
draw 15 pieces of paper from the bowl.
6. A researcher selected a sample of n=300 from a population of
900 by using the Table of Random Numbers.
7. A researcher interviewed all the nurses in each of the 5
randomly selected private hospitals in Northern Mindanao.
8. A statistician selected a sample of n=500 high school students
from a private school with 2,500 students. He randomly
selected the students from each grade level.
9. A Statistics student did a research on the time spent by Grade
11 and 12 students in playing mobile legends. He randomly
selected his subjects by using the Table of Random Numbers.
10. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who
were better in mathematics: the males or the females.

Additional Activities

Study the case below. Then, identify and illustrate the sampling method that is
appropriate to the given situation.

Situation:
You are given the task to conduct a survey on the average household size in
your municipality with 16 barangays and a population of 30,000.

8
Lesson Parameter and Statistic
2

What I Know

Determine whether the statement is true or false. Write T if the statement is true
and F if false on the blank provided before each item.
1. Parameter is a measure that describes a population.
2. Statistic is a measure that describes a sample.
3. An example of a parameter is ´x.
4. An example of a statistic is μ .
5. The given value in, “50% of the Philippine senators agreed to support a
specific bill.” is a statistic.

What’s In

In the previous lessons, you learned about random sampling, a process done
in selecting an unbiased representative sample from a population. This time, you will
be introduced to the measures involved in the population and sample. Measures
from a very large population are impossible to obtain especially if your resources are
limited. This brings us to other measures which are from the representative samples.
This lesson will help you identify measures about population and sample.

What’s New

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a
population and a sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1600 people in Cagayan de Oro City
and asked if they use a certain detergent brand and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the members of the Mathematics department with 10
female teachers, 15 male teachers and 1 department head. He wants to know
the average hours per day they spend in training students for competitions and
found out that they spend an average of 2 hours per day for training.

Analysis: The first case contains a measure for a sample. It indicated that 40% of
the 1600 samples said yes. On the other hand, the second case contains a measure
from a population because an average of 2 hours per day spend in training is from
all of the people in the Mathematics department.
 What is It
A measure that describes a population is called parameter. A measure that
describes a sample is called statistic. In population parameter, mean is represented
by μ, σ 2 represents variance, and σ represents standard deviation. In
sample
statistics, mean is represented by x´ , s2 represents variance, and srepresents standard
deviation. Data from the sample are used to calculate statistics. Statistics are
estimates of the corresponding parameters.

Examples:
Parameter: 50% of the 24 Philippine senators agreed to support a certain measure.
Statistic: A researcher found out that 25% of the students in the Philippines
reported to have internet connection at home.

Explanation:
1. The example indicates a parameter since there are only 24 senators in the
Philippines.
2. Researchers cannot ask millions of students if they have internet connection
at home, so they take samples from the target population and calculate.

What’s More

Read each statistical study below. For each study, identify both the parameter
and the statistic. Refer to an example given.

Example: A researcher wants to estimate the average monthly allowance of the

Grade 11 female students. From a random sample of 50 female students, the
researcher obtains a sample mean monthly allowance of 75 pesos.

Parameter: The average monthly allowance of all Grade 11 female students.

Statistic: The average monthly allowance of 75 pesos from a sample of 50 Grade 11
female students.

1. A teacher wants to determine the average score in the first periodic examination
in General Mathematics of his 5 classes. From a random sample of 120 students.
The teacher obtains an average score of 84.
Parameter:
Statistic:

2. A teacher wants to know the average hours spend on social media of his
advisory class. He randomly selected and asked 35 students and found out that
they spend an average of 3 hours per day on social media.
Parameter:
Statistic:
 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!
 Parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameter includes
population mean μ, population variance σ 2, and population standard deviation σ .
 Statistic is a measure that describes a sample. Statistics include sample mean x
´

What I Can Do

Explain the usefulness of parameters and statistics in conducting a research.

Assessment

Identify whether the given value is a parameter or a statistic.

1. The researcher found out that the 29 senior high school teachers of
a certain school spend an average of 2 hours preparing their
lessons.
2. Based on a sample of 900 elementary students, it was found out
30% of them do not know multiplication facts.
3. Based on sample of 1,200 surveyed students, it was found out that
20% of them needed financial assistance.
4. A teacher surveyed all 50 students under his advisory class about
their learning styles and found out that most them are visual
learners.
5. The Statistics teacher wants to know the average score of the
students in the final exam. He randomly selected 35 students and
obtained an average score of 43.
 Additional Activities

Give your own example of a statistical study involving parameter and sample.

1. Parameter

2. Statistic
Lesson Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
3

What I Know

Compute for the mean of the set of numbers below. Write your answer on the
space provided in each item. Round off your answers to two decimal places.
1) 2, 5, 7, 3, 9
2) 12, 15, 7, 9, 10, 17
3) 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 19, 21
4) 20, 32, 26, 22, 27, 30, 28, 21
5) 30, 35, 29, 34, 37, 40, 43, 36, 38

What’s In

You learned in your previous chapters about discrete probability distribution

and continuous probability distribution. In this lesson you will learn how to identify
and construct sampling distribution of sample means. You will also learn on how to
find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

What’s New

Activity
1. A population consists of 2, 3, and 4. List all possible samples of size 3 which can
be drawn with replacement from this population and compute the mean of each
sample. One possible sample is given as your guide.
Sample Mean
2, 3 2.5
 What is It

If you list all the possible samples of size 3 drawn from a population of 4 with
elements 2, 3, and 4 you will have 9 samples. The table below shows the 9 samples
and their corresponding means.
Sample Sample Mean
2, 2 2.0
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3.0
3, 2 2.5
3, 3 3.0
3, 4 3.5
4, 2 3.0
4, 3 3.5
4, 4 4.0

This let us learn how to make a probability distribution of the sample means.
We shall call this distribution, the sampling distribution of sample means.

Sample Mean Probability

´x Frequency
P(x´ ¿
1
2 1
9
2
2.5 2
9
1
3 3
3
2
3.5 2
9
1
4 1
9
Total n=9 1.00

A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution that

describes the probability for each mean of all samples with the same sample size n .
Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
The following are formulae needed to compute the mean, variance and
standard deviation of a population and mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of sample means.

Sampling Distribution of
Population
Sample Means
∑x
Mean μ=
μ´x=
∑ x´
N 2 n 2

Variance 2 ∑ ( x−μ ) 2 ∑ ( ´x−μ ´x )

σ = N σ ´x=
n

√ √
∑ ( ´x−μ
´x )
2
Standard
Deviation
∑ ( x−μ )2 σ =
σ= ´x
n
N
Sampling with Replacement

Example 1:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, and 8.
a. Compute the population mean.
b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all the possible samples of size n=¿2 with replacement and their
corresponding means.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.

Solution:
a. Compute the population mean.
∑x
μ=
N
2+5+8
μ= 3
15
μ= 3
μ=5

Hence, the population mean is 5.

b. Compute the population variance.

x x−μ ( x−μ )2
2 −¿3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9 2
∑ (x−μ ) =18
 2

2
σ =
∑ ( x− μ )
N
2 18
σ =3

σ 2=6
Hence, the population variance is 6.

c. Find the population standard deviation.

σ=
∑ ( x− μ )
N

√
2

σ =√ 6
σ =2.45
Hence, the population standard deviation is 2.45.

d. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement and their
corresponding means.
Observation Samples ´x
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0

e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ´x
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0
∑ x´
=45
 μx´=
∑ x´
n
45
μ x´=
9
μ ´x =5

Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is 5.

f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.

2
Observation Samples ´x x´ −μ ´x ( ´x−μ ´x )
1 2, 2 2.0 −¿3 9
2 2, 5 3.5 −¿1.5 2.25
3 2, 8 5.0 0 0
4 5, 2 3.5 −¿1.5 2.25
5 5, 5 5.0 0 0
6 5, 8 6.5 1.5 2.25
7 8, 2 5.0 0 0
8 8, 5 6.5 1.5 2.25
9 8, 8 8.0 3 9 2
∑ x´ ∑ ( ´x−μx´ ) =27
=45

σ=
2 ∑ ( x´ −μ ) ´
2

´x
n
2 27
σ =
x´
9
σ 2´ =3

Hence, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 3.

g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

√
´
σ x= ∑ ( nx´ −μ )
2
x

σ ´x=√ 3
σ ´x =1.73

Hence, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means is

1.73.
Sampling without Replacement

Example 2: Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, and 5.

a. Compute the population mean.
b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all the possible samples of size n=¿2 without replacement and their
corresponding means.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.

Solution:
a. Compute the population mean.
∑x
μ=
N
1+3+5
μ= 3
9
μ=
3
μ=3

Hence, the population mean is 3.

b. Compute the population variance.

x x−μ ( x−μ )2
1 −¿2 4
3 0 0
5 2 4 2
∑ (x−μ ) =8
2

σ =
2 ∑ ( x− μ )
N
2 8
σ =
3
σ =2.67
2

Hence, the population variance is 2.67.

c. Find the population standard deviation.

σ=
∑ ( x− μ )
N

√
2

=√ 2.67
σ =1.63
Hence, the population standard deviation is 1.63.
d. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement and their
corresponding means.
Observation Samples ´x
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4

e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples x´
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4
∑ x´
=18

μx´=
∑ x´
n
18
μ x´=
6
μ ´x =3

Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is 3.

f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.

2
Observation Samples ´x x´ ( ´x−μ ´x )
−μ ´x
1 1, 3 2 −¿1 1
2 1, 5 3 0 0
3 3, 1 2 −¿1 1
4 3, 5 4 1 1
5 5, 1 3 0 0
6 5, 3 4 1 1 2
∑ x´ ∑ ( ´x−μx´ ) =4
=18

σ=
2 ∑ ( x´ −μ ) ´
2

x´
n
4
σ2=
x´
6
σ 2
´x =0.67
 Hence, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.67.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

√
=
∑ ( ´x − μ2´x )
σ
´x
n
σ ´x=√ 0.67
σ ´x =0.82

Hence, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means is

0.82.

Try to think about the answers to these questions:

1. What do you notice about the population mean and the mean of the sampling
distribution of sample means? How do you compare them?
2. How do you compare the population variance and the variance of
the sampling distribution of sample means?
Let us summarize the example above by comparing the means and variances of
population and the sampling distribution of the sample means.

With Replacement Without Replacement

Sampling Sampling
Population Distribution of Population Distribution of
Sample Means Sample Means
Mean μ=5 μ ´x =5 μ=3 μ ´x =3
Variance σ =6
2 σ 2
x´
=3 σ =2.67
2 2
σ ´x=0.67
Standard σ ´x =1.73 σ x´ =0.82
σ =2.45 σ =1.63
Deviation

We can summarize the properties of the sampling distribution below.

t can be drawn from the population of size N with mean μ and variance σ 2, then the sampling distribution of the sample m

tion of means is equal to the mean of the population.

bution of means is equal to the population variance divided by the size of n of the samples. That is,

2 σ2
σ´x= n
he sampling distribution of means is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample si
 σ=σ
´x
√n
Without Replacement
The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the population
μ ´x =μ
The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population variance

σ2 N −n
( )
2
σ´x=
nN −1
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population standard deviation

√(
σ = σ N −n
´x

√n
N −1 )

What’s More
Independent Practice
Solve the following problems. Use the properties of the sampling distribution of
sample means.

1. If a population has a mean of 5.7, what is the mean of the sampling

distribution of its means?

2. If a population has a variance of 7.4, what is the variance of the sampling

distribution of its means? The sampling distribution has a sample size of 2
and all possible samples are drawn with replacements.

3. If a population has a standard deviation of 3.2, what is the standard deviation

of the sampling distribution of its means? The sampling distribution has a
sample size of 4 and all possible samples are drawn with replacements.

4. If a population with size of 4 has a variance of 6.8, what is the variance of the
sampling distribution of its means? The sampling distribution has a sample
size of 3 and all possible samples are drawn without replacements.

5. If a population with size 3 has a standard deviation of 2.4, what is the

standard deviation of the sampling distribution of its means? The sampling
distribution has a sample size of 2 and all possible samples are drawn without
replacements.
 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

 The probability distribution of the sample means is called the sampling

distribution of sample means.
 A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution that
describes the probability for each mean of all samples with the same sample size
n.
 If all possible samples of size n that can be drawn from the population of size N
with mean μ and variance σ 2, then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties.

If all possible samples of size n that can be drawn from the population of size
N with mean μ and variance σ 2, then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties.

With Replacement
 The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
μ ´x =μ
 The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance divided by the size of n of the samples. That is,
2 σ2
σ ´x=
n
 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size of
n of the samples. That is,
σ ´x σ
=
√n
Without Replacement
 The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
μ ´x =μ
 The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population
σ2 N −nvariance divided by the size of n of the samples. That is,

( )
2
σ x´ =
n N −1
 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
of n of the samples. That is,

√ √ N −1
( N−n
σ ´x = σ
n
 What I Can Do

Solve the problem below.

Consider all samples of size of 5 from this population:

2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12

a. Compute the population mean.

b. Compute the population variance.
c. Compute the population standard deviation.
d. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means and
compare it the mean of the population.
e. Compute the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
f. Compute the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
means.

Assessment

Solve the given problems.

1. A population consists of the four numbers 1, 2, 4 and 5. List all the possible
samples of size n=¿3 which can be drawn with replacement from the population.
Find the following:
a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation.
d. Mean of the sampling distribution of sample means
e. Variance of the sampling distribution of sample means
f. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means

2. A population consists of the four numbers 1, 2, 8, and 9. List all the possible
samples of size n=¿2 which can be drawn without replacement from the
population. Find the following:
a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation
d. Mean of the sampling distribution of sample means
e. Variance of the sampling distribution of sample means
f. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means
3. A random sample of n=65measurements is obtained from a population with μ=20
and σ 2=400. Describe the sampling distribution for the sample means by
computing μ ´x∧σ2 . Consider a sampling without replacement.
Additional Activities

Form a group of five students. Get the height (in cm) of each member of the
group. Use the properties in solving for the mean, variance and standard deviation of
sampling distribution of the sample means.

a. Compute the population mean.

b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement and
their corresponding means.
e. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
f. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
g. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
h. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
Sampling
LessonDistribution of the Sample Means using the Central Limit The
4

What I Know
Let’s see how much you know before we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. Which of the following states that the sampling distribution of the sample
means approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger?
A. Central Limit Theorem C. Law of Large Numbers
B. Limit Theorem D. Bayes Theorem

2. How large is the minimum sample size needed of a certain population in

order to obtain a close approximation of a normal distribution?
A. 15 C. 30
B. 20 D. 60

3. What happens to the sampling distribution of the mean when a population

is already normally distributed?
A. skewed to the left C. skewed to the right
B. normal D. Cannot be determined

For numbers 4 and 5, refer your answers from the picture below.

4. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3

5. What is suggested in the histogram of the sampling distribution?

A. curve C. skewed to the right
B. skewed to the left D. normality
 What’s New

The Central Limit Theorem

The Central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean
approximates a normal distribution with a mean of µ and a standard deviation of σ

e be?”, statisticians do differ on it as some would suggest 30 and others suggest it as large as 50 or more. This usually happe

Illustrating Central Limit Theorem

Given a die, it has 6 faces in which each face has either dot/s of x= 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6. Given it as the population, consider the samples of size n=1 and 2.
If n= 1,

Mean:
1+ 2+ 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
x´ = =3.5 (Note: Computation for population mean and
6
sampling distribution mean is the same for n=1)
Variance:

σ 2=¿ (1−3.5) +(2−3.5) +(3−3.5) +(4−3.5) +(5−3.5) +(6−3.5) 17.5

2 2 2 2 2 2
≈ 2.92
= 6
6

Standard Deviation:

√
17.5
n=1 √ σ2=σ= 6 ≈ 1.71
Percentage

0.18 Sa e P
0.16 mplx´ abi
roblity
0.14 1 1 = 1/6
0.12
2 2 = 1/6
0.1
0.08 3 3 = 1/6
0.06 4 4 = 1/6
0.04 5 5 = 1/6
0.02 16 6
0 2 3 = 14/6 5 6
X

Interpretations:
The population mean and sampling distribution means are both equal which is
3.5. It has a variance of approximately 2.92 and a standard deviation of
approximately 1.71. Since all samples have the same probability of 1/6 or 16.6´ , the
trend of the histogram is like a flat line horizontally.
If n= 2,
Population Mean:

X´ = 1+ 2+ 36+ 4 + 5 + 6 =3.5

Sampling Distribution Mean:

1+2(1.5 )+3 (2)+ 4 (2.5)+5 (3)+6 (3.5)+5 (4 )+4 ( 4.5)+3 (5)+2 (5.5 )+1( 6) 126
´x = 36 36= =3.5

Variance:
σ (1−3.5)2+2(1.5−3.5)2+3(2−3.5)2+ 4(2.5−3.5)2+ 5(3−3.5)2 +6(3.5−3.5)2+5 (4−3.5)2+ 4 (4.5−3.5)2+
2
= 36
52.5
¿ ≈ 1.46
36

Standard Deviation:
52.5

√
σ2=σ= ≈ 1.21
√ 36

Sampl ´x Sample ´x Sample x´ Sample ´x Sample ´x Sample ´x

e
1,1 1 2,1 1.5 3,1 2 4,1 2.5 5,1 3 6,1 3.5
1,2 1.5 2,2 2 3,2 2.5 4,2 3 5,2 3.5 6,2 4
1,3 2 2,3 2.5 3,3 3 4,3 3.5 5,3 4 6,3 4.5
1,4 2.5 2,4 3 3,4 3.5 4,4 4 5,4 4.5 6,4 5
1,5 3 2,5 3.5 3,5 4 4,5 4.5 5,5 5 6,5 5.5
1,6 3.5 2,6 4 3,6 4.5 4,6 5 5,6 5.5 6,6 6

The table shows a total of 36 samples and the probability of each are as follow:

1 = 1/36 3 = 5/36 5 = 3/36 or 1/12

1. = 2/36 or 1/ 18 3.5 = 6/36 or 1/6 5.5 = 2/36 or 1/18
5
2 = 3/36 or 1/12 4 = 5/36 6 = 1/36
2. = 4/36 or 1/9 4.5 = 4/36 or 1/9
5
n=2
0.18
0.16
Percentage

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
X

Interpretations:
The population mean and sampling mean is just the same which is 3.5 and it
shows a variance of approximately 1.46 and a standard deviation of 1.21,
approximately. Most of the data are concentrated at the middle values of the sample
means. As observe in the graph, the data gathered resembles that of normal curve
which supports the idea of a central limit theorem which strongly suggests normality.

What Is It

Activity 1
Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem and Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means

Read the content properly. Write the needed answers.

Given a die, it has 6 faces in which each face has either dot/s of x= 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6. Given it as the population, illustrate the central limit theorem and sampling
distribution of the sample mean of n=3. Interpret results.

What I Have Learned

Let’s see how much you know after we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. Which of the following states that the sampling distribution of the sample
means approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger?
A. Sampling Distribution Theorem C. Limit Theorem
 B. Sample Mean Theorem D. Central Limit Theorem

2. How large is the minimum sample size needed of a certain population in

order to obtain a close approximation of a normal distribution?
A. 50 C. 30
B. 30 D. 60

3. What happens to the sampling distribution of the mean when a population

is already normally distributed?
A. skewed to the left C. normal
B. skewed to the right D. Cannot be determined

For numbers 4 and 5, refer your answers from the picture below.

4. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?

A. 3 C. 2
B. 1 D. 0

5. What is suggested in the histogram of the sampling distribution?

A. normality C. skewed to the right
B. skewed to the left D. curve
 Lesson
Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample M
5

What’s New

In the first lesson, you learn about sampling distribution of the sample mean
using the central limit theorem and illustrating it. You know the concept of central
limit theorem.
For this lesson, you are expected to know the importance of central limit
theorem in order to make probability statements on sample mean in relation to the
value in comparison to the population mean. In addition, you will learn to solve
problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean (M11SP-IIIe-f-1).

What I Know?

Let’s see how much you know before we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
For numbers 1-5. A motorcycle company claims that their latest type of motorcycle
has a mean life of 10 years with a standard deviation of 2 years. Suppose the
distribution of motorcycle lives is approximately normal.

1. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will last less than 8 years.
A. 0.1587 C. 0.3174
B. 0.1915 D. 0.3413

2. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 9 years but less than 12 years.
A. 0.1498 C. 0.5328
B. 0.1915 D. 0.3413

3. On the same assumption, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 11 years but less than 14 years.
A. 0.1957 C. 0.4772
B. 0.2857 D. 0.6687

4. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random
sample of 5 such motorcycles will be less than 8 years.
 A. 0.1915 C. 0.4772
B. 0.3413 D. 0.4875

5. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random
sample of 9 such motorcycles will be less than 11 years.
A. 0.2257 C. 0.4192
B. 0.3413 D. 0.4332

What’s New

As sample size n increases from a given population, the shape of sampling

distribution becomes smoother and more bell-shaped as previously discussed.
However, we need to realize that there are two separate random variables which
are:
1. x, the measurement of a single element selected at random from the population;
the distribution of x is the distribution of the population, with mean the population
mean µ and standard deviation the population standard deviation σ;
2. ´x, the mean of the measurements in a sample of size n; the distribution of ´x is its

sampling distribution, with mean μ x´ =μ and standard deviation σ

σ =
√n
x´

Examples:
A school principal claims that grade 11 students has mean grade of 86 with a
standard deviation of 4. Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal;
A. what is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84?
B. what is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90?
C. what is the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be less
than 88?

A. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84?
Given: σ =4 μ ´x =84❑
μ=86

OSrtiagnindaalrDdaiztea

7-347-828-21860901 942 983

( )
84 − μ
Solution: P ( x< 84)=P z> σ
 ( −2 )
844−86
= P z>

= P( z > 4 )
= P( z >−0.5)
= 0.5-0.1915
= 0.3085
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84
is 0.3085.

B. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than
82 but less than 90?
Given: σ =4 μ ´x =82 μ ´x =90
1
μ=86 1

( )
82− μ 90− μ
Solution: P ( X <84 )=P σ <z<σ

( 4 <z< )
82− 86 90 −86
=P 4

= P ( 4 < z<4 )
−4 4

= P(−1< z <1)
= 0.3413 + 0.3413
= 0.6826
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90 is 0.6826.

C. What is the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be
less than 88?
Given: σ =4 μ ´x =88 μ=86
❑
n=9

Solution: σ

(
P ( X´ <88 )=P z > n
√

(
88−86
= Pz> 4
√9

(
2
Pz>
= 4
3
= P( z >1.5)
= 0.5+0.4332
 = 0.9332
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that the mean random sample of 9
students will be less than 88 is 0.9332
What Is It?

Read, understand and solve each of the following problems.

1. As studied, the average number of hours spent by senior high school students for
their online classes a week is 25 hours with a standard deviation of 4 hours.
Assuming that the study is true and the data is normally distributed.
A. Find the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student
spends more than 26 hours but less than 29 hours.
B. Find the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student
spends less than 21 hours or greater than 30 hours.
C. Find the probability that a random sample of 12 senior high school students
spends more than 24 hours.

What I Have Learned

Let’s see how much you learn after we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

For numbers 1-5. A motorcycle company claims that their latest type of motorcycle
has a mean life of 10 years with a standard deviation of 2 years. Suppose the
distribution of motorcycle lives is approximately normal.
1. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will last less than 8 years.
A. 0.2958 C. 0.3174
B. 0.1915 D. 0.1587
2. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 9 years but less than 12 years.
A. 0.1498 C. 0.1915
B. 0.5328 D. 0.3413
3. On the same assumption, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 11 years but less than 14 years.
A. 0.1957 C. 0.2857
B. 0.4772 D. 0.6687
4. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random
sample of 5 such motorcycles will be less than 8 years.
A. 0.4875 C. 0.4772
B. 0.3413 D. 0.1915
 5. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random
sample of 9 such motorcycles will be less than 11 years.
A. 0.4332 C. 0.4192
B. 0.3413 D. 0.2257
ANSWER KEY

Lesson 1: Random Sampling

What I Know Assessment
1. D 1. Systematic Sampling
2. A 2. Cluster Sampling
3. C 3. Stratified Sampling
4. D 4. Systematic Sampling
5. B 5. Simple Random Sampling
6. Simple Random Sampling
7. Cluster Sampling
8. Stratified Sampling
9. Simple Random Sampling
10. Stratified Sampling

Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic

What I Know What’s More Assessment
1. T 1. Parameter: The average score in 1. Parameter
2. T the first periodic examination in 2. Statistic
3. F General Mathematics of all 5 3. Statistic
4. F classes. 4. Parameter
5. F 5. Statistic
Statistic: The average score of 84
in the first periodic examination in
General Mathematics of the 120
randomly selected students.

2. Parameter: The average hours

spend on social media of all the
students of his advisory class.

Statistic: The average 3 hours

spend on social media of the 35
randomly selected students.

Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

What I Know What ‘s More
1. 5.2 1. μ ´x =5.7
2. 11.67
3. 12.43 2. σ 2´x=3.7
4. 25.75 3. σ ´x =1.6
5. 35.78 4.σ 2´x=0.76
5. σ ´x =1.2
What I Can Do Assessment
1. μ=8 1.
2. σ 2=10.86 a. μ=3
3. σ =3.30 b. σ 2=2.5
4. μ ´x =8 c. σ =1.58
5.σ 2´x=0.72 d. μ x´ =3
e.σ 2´x=0.83
6. σ x´ =0.85
f. σ ´x =0.91

2.
a. μ=5
b. σ 2=12.5
c. σ =3.54
d. μ ´x =5
e.σ 2 =4.17
f. σ x´ =2.04

3.
1. μ ´x =20
2. σ 2 =6.15
References

Belecina, R., Baccay, E., & Mateo, E. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.
Mercado, J. & Orines, F. (2016).Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and
Probability. Manila: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling-distribution.asp

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/sampling-
distributions/

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/556417baab63a7752c006f37/curriculum#c
urriculum

http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~bpower6/stat101/Sampling%20Distributions.pdf

https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book
%3A_Introductory_Statistics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/06%3A_Sampling_Distributions/6
.02%3A_The_Sampling_Distribution_of_the_Sample_Mean
 MODULE WRITERS’ PROFILE

Name: CHERRY ANN B. MUÑEZ

Position: Teacher II
Educational Attainment:
Master of Arts in Education (MAEd) - Teaching Mathematics (CAR)
BSED Mathematics
Module Title: Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Division: Misamis Oriental
School: Alubijid National Comprehensive High School
District: Alubijid

Name: IRL JOHN M. CERVANTES

Position: Teacher II
Educational Attainment:
Master of Arts in Education (MAEd) - Teaching Mathematics (24 units)
BSED Mathematics
Module Title: Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Division: Misamis Oriental
School: Danao National High School
District: Jasaan
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education (Bureau/Office): (Office Address)

Telefax

Email Address: