Mathematics

Quarter 3 – Module:
Week 1 – Week 5
11

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module: Week 1- 5
Second Edition, 2022

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Authors: Myra T. Antiller, Dennis R. Arguelles, Celeste P.Teruňez,

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 11

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Week 1-5:

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This module is designed to provide the facilitator with background knowledge and
understanding with these four basic components : (1) an appreciation of the
discipline of mathematics itself – what it means to “do mathematics” , (2) an
understanding on how students learn and construct ideas, (3) an ability to design
and select tasks so that students learn mathematics in a problem solving
environment, and (4) the ability to integrate assessment with the teaching process
in order to enhance learning and improve daily instruction. This gives an
instruction for you to orient the learners and support the parents, elder sibling etc.
of the learners on how to use the module. Furthermore, this also instructs you to
remind the learners to use separate sheets in answering the pre-test, self-check
exercises, and post-test.).

For the learner:

To get the most out of this module, here are a few reminders:

1. Take your time in reading the lessons

2. Write down points for clarification. You may discuss these points with your
teacher or mentor.
3. Perform all activities and answer all exercises. The activities and/or exercises
here are designed to enhance your understanding of the ideas and concepts
being discussed.
4. Answer all tests in this module, including the assessment and check your
answers in the answer key. These tests will give you idea, how well you
understand the lessons.
5. As a courtesy to the next user, PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING on any
part of this module. Write all your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
These shall be part of your formative evaluation.

This module is self- instructional and allows you to learn in your own space and
pace. So, relax and enjoy!

2
 What I Need to Know

CONTENT STANDARDS: The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of

tests of hypotheses on the population mean and population proportion.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: The learner is able to perform appropriate tests of

hypotheses involving the population mean and population proportion to make inferences
in real-life problems in different disciplines.

The module is divided into four-week lessons, namely:

● Lesson Week 1 – The Random Variable (discrete and continuous).
● Lesson Week 2 – The Mean and the Variance of Discrete Random Variable
● Lesson Week 3 – The Normal Random Variable and its Characteristics
● Lesson Week 4 – The Probabilities and the Percentiles
● Lesson Week 5 – The Parameter and the Statistic

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its

properties.
• Interprets the mean and the variance of discrete random variable.
• Converts a normal random variables to a standard normal variable and vice
versa.
• Computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.
• Distinguishes between parameter and statistic and identifies sampling
distribution of statistics (sample mean)

3
 WHAT I KNOW
Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your answer sheet.

1. What term is referred to a function that associates a real number to each element
in the sample space and whose values are determined by chance?
A. Counting variable C. Extraneous variable
B. Sample variable D. Random variable

2. What are the elements in the random variable X representing the number of girls
in a family with 3 children?
A. X: {1, 3} B. X: {0, 2, 3} C. X: {1, 2, 3} D. X: {0, 1, 2, 3}

3. From the given data below, which is/are discrete random variable?
i. no. of car accidents ii. amount of milk in a cup iii. outcome in a roll of die
A. i only B. iii only C. i and iii only D. i, ii, iii

4. Which of the following random variables is continuous?

A. The number of defective cellular phones in a box.
B. The number of tickets sold for a webinar event.
C. The number of correct answers in a multiple-choice test.
D. The time required to finish in painting the walls of the living room.

5. What is the possible values in a random variable X number of heads in two tosses
of coin.
A. {0, 1, 2} B. {1, 2, 3} C. {0, 2, 4} D. {1, 3, 5}
6. What is the sum of the probabilities of a random variable X in a probability mass
function?
A. 1/2 B. 3/4 C. 1 D. cannot be determined
7. Applying the properties of a Discrete Probability Distribution, which of the
following distribution DOES NOT SUGGEST a Discrete Probability Distribution?
X 1 2 3 4 5 X 1 2 3 4 5
A. C.
P(X) 1/13 1/13 4/13 5/13 2/13 P(X) 45 20 15 35 18

X 1 2 3 4 5 X 1 2 3 4 5
B. D.
P(X) 10% 15% 11% 29% 35% P(X) 0.13 0.26 0.34 0.17 0.10

8. Suppose that there are four colored T-shirt in a box, two white and two red, what is
the probability that you will get a red T-shirt in one random picking?
A. B. C. D. 8A 6. C 2. D 4. D
7C 5. A 1. D 3.C
Answer Key

4
 Week 1 - Day 1
Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous).
Lesson 1 (M11/12SP-IIIa-1)

WHAT’S IN
In some experiments such as tossing a coin three times, rolling a dice twice, drawing
two balls from an urn and the like, we are not oftentimes concerned with the details of
the outcomes. If you are ask to write the possible outcomes of tossing a coin, can you
do it? Of course yes, it has only 2 results, its just a Head or a Tail, thus, S= {H,T}. Its
very simple, right? How about you toss it twice? Yes, its also very easy. We have TT,
TH, HT or HH, thus tossing a coin twice has outcomes S= {TT, TH, HT, HH}.
Now, if we are interested in the number of tails that came out in the experiment,
then we can assign numbers 0, 1, and 2 for each of the possible outcomes. Thus, we
can write:

Sample Space Number of Tails

TT 2
TH 1
HT 1
HH 0

From the table above, instead of writing number of tails, we can denote it as set X
whose elements (x1, x2, and x3) are 0, 1, and 2. In symbol, X= {0, 1, 2}.
Then X is called a random variable.

A random variable is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to the
outcomes of an experiment. It is usually denoted by uppercase letters such as X, whose
elements are denoted by lower case letters, x1, x2, x3, and so on. There are 2 types of
random variable, the first one is countable (discrete) while the other is measurable
(continuous).

WHAT IS IT

Identify if the given random variable is countable or measurable.

1. The time it takes a student selected at random to register for the first semester
2. Your weight before breakfast each morning 5. nt
3. The amount of gasoline needed to drive your car 200 miles 4. discrete
4. The number of traffic fatalities per year in EDSA 3. discrete

5. The distance a golf ball travels after being hit with a driver
2. not
1. not
What’s More
5. measurable

WHAT’S MORE
4. countable
3. measurable
2. measurable
Which of the following are discrete random variables? 1. measurable

1. The heights of students in a Year 12 class.

What Is It
Answer Key
2. The weights, to the nearest kg, of students in a Year 12 class.
3.. The number of pregnant women per year in the Philippines.
4. The number of consecutive heads obtained when repeatedly tossing a coin.
5. The price, per liter of petrol, in randomly selected stations in Queensland.

5
 Week 1 - Day 2
Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous
Lesson 2 random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIa-2)

WHAT’S IN
Activity 1. Examine the given random variable if it is countable or measurable. Write C if
it is countable and M if it is measurable.
a. The number of boys in a randomly selected three-child family.
b. The temperature of a cup of coffee served at a restaurant.
c. The number of no-shows for every 100 reservations made with a commercial airline.
d. The number of vehicles owned by a randomly selected household.
e. The average amount spent on electricity each August by a randomly selected
household in a certain city.

WHAT IS IT
Activity 2. Complete the table to classify each given random variable.

Given Is it countable or Classification

measurable?

Example: Scores are Discrete random

X: scores of students in a 50-item test countable variable
Y:Average temperature (in ̊C) in Baguio Continuous random
City for the past 5 days measurable variable
1. X: Number of female among 10 grade
11 students
2. Y: Height in inches of a randomly
selected ABM students
3. Z: Amount of rainfall (in mm) in
different barangays in Las Piñas City
4. A:Number of covid positive in Las
Piñas City
5. B: enrollment rate of Senior High
School in Las Piñas

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 3:
Classify each random variable as discrete or continuous.
1. The number of defective computers produced by a
manufacturer
2. The amount of paint utilized in a building project
3. The average amount of water consumed in
households in a barangay
4. The number of female athletes
5. The speed of a car

6
Week 1- Day 3
Finds the possible values of a random variable.
Lesson 3
(M11/12SP-IIIa-3)

3. S = {TTT,TTH,THT,HTT,HHT,HTH,THH,HHH}
2. S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
1. S = {TT, TH,HT,HH}
Answer Key
WHAT’S IN

Activity 1
List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. Tossing two coins
2. Rolling a die
3. Tossing three coins

WHAT IS IT

A random variable is a function that associates a real number to each element in

the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.
A discrete random variable is a random variable which set of possible outcome is
countable. A continuous random variable Y has infinite number of elements and cannot
be represented by whole numbers. These values usually arise from measurements.

Activity 2.
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 3:
Write all the possible values of each random variable
Example:
A: Number of female among 6 teachers Answer: A= { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
1. B: Scores of GAS students in a 10-item
quiz
2. C: Product of 2 numbers taken from 2
boxes containing numbers 0 through 5
3. D: Probability (in%) of raining today
4. E: Length in cm of a shoelace that is not
longer than 1 meter
5. G: Number of even number outcomes in a
roll of a die

7
 Week 1 Day 4
Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete
Lesson 4 random variable and its properties. (M11/12SP-IIIa-4)

WHAT’S IN
When you heard the word “probability”, what comes into your mind? We may say it is
a chance that something may occur or not. Try to do the following by completing the table
to write the sample space of each experiment, the first one is done for you.

Experiment Sample Space

Example: Tossing a coin S={Head, Tail}
1. Rolling a die once
2. Tossing three coins
3. Drawing an ace in a deck of card
4. Rolling a die and tossing a coin
simultaneously
5. Getting a defective item when two items are
randomly selected from a box of two defective
and three non-defective items

WHAT IS IT
Now, if you are ask to toss a coin once, what is the probability that a head will occur?
Since there are two possible outcomes, we may use 2 as the denominator and 1 as the
numerator for there is only one event that a head will occur. So, the probability that a
head will occur in tossing a coin once is 1/2, while the probability that it will not occur is
also ½.
If we will write a probability distribution using a table, it will look like the following:
x 0 1
P(x) 1/2 1/2

Activity 1. Complete the table to find the probability of the following event.
Event(E) Probability P(E)
1. Getting the number of tails from three tossed
y
abilit 8 8 8 8
coins Prob 1 3 3 1

2. Getting a sum of 6 when two dice are rolled

Tails
of
3. Getting an ace when a card is draw from a deck No. 0 1 2 3
4. Getting a sum of 6 when two dice are rolled
Answer for number 1

5. Getting a red ball from a box containing 3 red and

6 black balls

WHAT’S MORE
Exercises: Read and understand each item carefully. Write the corresponding answer on
a separate sheet.
1. Renato works in an automotive tire factory. The number x of sound but blemished tires
that he produces on a random day has the probability distribution:

x 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.48 0.36 0.12 0.04
8
 a. Find the probability that Renato will produce more than three blemished tires
the next day.
b. Find the probability that Renato will produce at most two blemished tires the
next day.
2. The number x of days in the summer months that a construction worker cannot work
because of the weather has probability distribution
x 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
P(x) 0.03 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.10 0.07 0.02
a. Find the probability that no more than ten days will be lost next summer.
b. Find the probability that from 8 to 12 days will be lost next summer.

ASSESSMENT
Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an example of a continuous random variable?

A. The number of red marbles in a jar.
B. The amount of rainfall at an airport within a week
C. The number of passengers in a public utility bus going to Cavite.
D. The number of students enrolled in a public elementary school year 2018-2019
2. Which of the following represents a discrete random variable?
A. A patient’s body temperature reading in 0C.
B. The time it takes a student to finish answering the summative test.
C. The weight in kilograms of a Grade 12 student in a random testing.
D. The number of patients who experience side effects after vaccination.
3. What is the possible values in a random variable X number of heads in two tosses of coin.
A. {0, 1, 2} B. {1, 2, 3} C. {0, 2, 4} D. {1, 3, 5}
4. Which of the following is NOT an example of a random variable?
A. Winning in a lotto C. Winning in a beauty contest
B. Celebrating your birthday D. Tossing of a coin three times
5. What is the sum of the probabilities of a random variable X in a probability mass function?
A. 1/2 B. 3/4 C. 1 D. cannot be determined
6. An urn contains 4 balls. Each ball is labeled with numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3. A person
randomly draws one ball. Let 𝑋 be the random variable for the number on the ball.
What possible values can be assigned to the random variable X?
B. 𝑋 = {1, 2, 3, 4} C. 𝑋 = {0, 1, 2, 3,}
C. 𝑋 = {0, 2, 4} D. 𝑋 = {0, 1, 3, 4}
7. Which of the following is NOT a probability distribution for a discrete random variable 𝑋?
A.
𝑋 1 2 3 4 5 C. 𝑋 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑋) 0.10 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.15 . 𝑃(𝑋) 0.30 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.20

B. 𝑋 1 2 3 4 5 D. 𝑋 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑋) 1/4 3/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 𝑃(𝑋) 0.40 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.10

8. Let 𝑋 be the number of boys in a family with four children. The probability distribution
is presented below.
4. B 8. B
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4 3. A 7. A

𝑃(𝑋) 1/16 2/4

2. D 6. C
5/16 1/16 1. B 5. C
Answer Key
What is 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)? A. B. C. D.

9
 Week 2 Day 1
Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random
Lesson 1
variable. (M11/12SP- IIIa-6)

WHAT’S IN
A probability distribution describes the probability of each specific value in a random
variable. The probability of a discrete random variable is called probability mass function
(pmf).The pmf of x is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) and satisfies the following two basic properties.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ≥ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆
For every element x in the support S, all the probabilities must be positive.
b. ∑𝑥 ∈𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑𝑥 ∈𝑠 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 1
The sum of the all the probabilities for all possible x values in the support S must
be equal to1.
The values of the discrete random variable X where 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 are called its mass
point.
The support S of a random variable is the set of all values that the random variable
can take. It contains countably infinite number of possible values. This means that the
elements of S can be put into one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers.

WHAT IS IT
Example1. Consider the pmf: Example 2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 for 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Find k so
𝑥2 that 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies the two properties of being a
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) = 140 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} probability mass function.
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Solution:
Show that 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) is indeed a probability mass function. Solve for 𝑘 ?
Solution: ∑𝑥 ∈𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑4𝑥 =1 𝑘𝑥 = 1
𝑥2 1 = 𝑘(1) + 𝑘(2) + 𝑘(3) + 𝑘(4) + 𝑘(5)
𝑎. 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) =140 > 0 for 𝑥 𝜖 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
1 = 1𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 4𝑘 + 5𝑘
𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) = 0 for 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 {1,2,3,4,5,6,7 }
1 = 15𝑘
Therefore, 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) ≥ 0. 1
The nonnegative property of the probability mass function is 𝑘=
15
1
satisfied. a. For 𝑥 ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. 𝑃 (𝑋 = 𝑥) = 15 𝑥 > 0.
7
For 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. 𝑃 (𝑋 = 𝑥) = 0.
𝑏. 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) In simplified form,
𝑥=1 1
+ 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 7)
𝑓(𝑥) = 15 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1,2,3,4, 𝑜𝑟 5
2 2
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1 2 32 42 52 62 72 By substitution,
= + + + + + + 1 2 3
140 140 140 140 140 140 140 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = , 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = , 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = , 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) =
15 15 15
4 5
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 15
, 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 15 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 , 𝑃(𝑋) ≥ 0.
= + + + + + +
140 140 140 140 140 140 140 b. To check that the sum of the probabilities is
1, we have
140
= 1 2 3 4 5
140 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = + + + +
15 15 15 15 15
𝟏𝟓
=1 = 𝟏𝟓
The above probabilities can also be presented in Tabular =1
form or in a graphical form. Both properties of a probability mass function are
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
satisfied. So 𝑘 = 10.
𝑃(𝑥) 1/140 4/140 9/140 16/140 25/140 36/140 49/140

WHAT’S MORE
EXPECTED VALUE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
The expected value of a discrete random variable X, denoted by 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 𝑥𝑓(𝑥).It is
equal to the weighted average of the elements x in the Support S where its elements is
weighted by its respective probability.
Example 3. Let X be a discrete random variable with a Support S = {1,2,3,4,5}. Its pmf is
given below:
𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆
𝑓(𝑥) = { 10 } , Compute the expected value of 𝑋.
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆

10
Solution:
𝐸(𝑋) = ∑𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 𝑥𝑓(𝑥).
1 2 3 4 5
= 1 10 + 2 10 + 3 10 + 4 10 + 5 10
1+4+9+16+25 55
= 10
= 10
= 5.5 is the expected value.

EXPLORATION ACTIVITY:
1.Let X be a discrete random variable with a Support
S = {1,2,3, }.
Let the probability mass function of 𝑋 𝑏𝑒:
1 Compute the expected value.
𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆 Solution in #1:
𝑓(𝑥) = { 14 }
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆 𝑬 (𝑿) = ∑𝑿 ∈𝑺 𝒙𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙)
= 1𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 2𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 3𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
1 1 1
2.Let X be a discrete random variable with a = 1 ( ) (12 ) + 2 ( ) (22 ) + 3 ( ) (32 )
14 14 14
Support S = {1,2,3,4}. 1 1
= 1 ( ) (1) + 2 ( ) (4) + 3 ( ) (9)
1
14 14 14
Let the probability mass function of 𝑋 𝑏𝑒: 1+8+27
𝑥 =
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆 14
36 8
𝑓(𝑥) = { 10 } = 𝑜𝑟 2 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆 14 14
4
Compute the expected value. = 2 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑜𝑢,
7.
𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑
𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑜 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 …
WHAT CAN I DO
1. Consider the pmf:
1 2
{1,2,3,4, }
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) = 30 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Show that 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) is indeed a probability mass function.

2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 for 𝑥 = 2, 3, 4. Find k so that 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies the two properties of being a
probability mass function.

3. Let X be a discrete random variable with a Support S = {1,2,3,4, }. Its pmf is given below:
1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆
𝑓(𝑥) = { 4 } , Compute the expected value
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆

ASSESSMENT

1. Consider the pmf:

1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6} Show that 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) is indeed a
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) = {6 }
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 probability mass function.

2.Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 for 𝑥 = {1,2,3,4,5,6 , } Find k so that 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies the two properties of
being a probability mass function.

3. Let X be a discrete random variable with a Support S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7, }. Its pmf is given
below:
1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆
𝑓(𝑥) = { 7 } , Compute the expected value of 𝑋.
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑆

11
 ANSWER KEY for WEEK 2 Lesson 1 DAY 1

Solution for Exploration Activity # 2.

𝑬 (𝑿) = ∑𝑿 ∈𝑺 𝒙𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙)
= 1𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 2𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 3𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
WHAT CAN I DO 1 2 3 4
1.Solution = 1 (10) + 2 (10) + 3 (10) + 4 (10)
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ {1,2,3,4} 1 4 9 16
30 = ( )+( )+( )+( )
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 for 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ∈ {1,2,3,4} 2. Solution: 10 10 10 10
1+4+9+16
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 = 10
The nonnegative property of the probability Solve for 𝑘 ?
30
mass function is satisfied. 1 = 𝑘(2) + 𝑘(3) + 𝑘(4) =
4 1 = 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 4𝑘 10
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) 1 = 9𝑘 = 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.
1
𝑥=1 𝑘=
9
+ 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) a.)For 𝑥 = 2,3,4. 3.Solution
12 22 32 42 2
= + + + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =
30 30 30 30 9
3
=
1
+
4
+
9
+
16
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = ,
9
𝐸(𝑋) = ∑𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 𝑥𝑓(𝑥).
30 30 30 30
30 4 1 1 1 1
= =1 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = =1 +2 +3 +4 +
30 9 4 4 4 4
2 3 4
The property that the sum of the = + + =
1+2+3+4 = 10
= 2.5
9 9 9
probabilities is equal to 1 is satisfied. 9
4 4

Therefore, = 9 𝑜𝑟 1 the expected value is 2.5

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑚𝑓.

ANSWER KEY for Week 2 - Day 2

ASSESSMENT 2. Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 3.Solution
1.Solution Solve for 𝑘 ?
1 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 𝑥𝑓(𝑥).
𝑓(𝑥) = > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6} 1 = 𝑘(1) + 𝑘(2) + 1 1 1 1 1
6 =1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 for 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6} 𝑘(3) + 𝑘(4) + 𝑘(5) + 𝑘(6) 7 7 7 7 7
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 = 1𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 6 +7
7 7
The nonnegative property of the probability +4𝑘 + 5𝑘 + 6𝑘
mass function is satisfied. 1 = 21𝑘 1+2+3+4+5+6+7
6 =
1 7
𝑘= 28
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) 21 = 𝑜𝑟 4 is the expected
7
For 𝑥 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6}
𝑥=1
value.
+𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) For 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6}, 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ≥ 0
4.Challenge:
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑃(𝑥 > 7)
= 1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 1
= + +
2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6
21 21 21 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 = 8( )8 + 9( )9
= + + + + + 3
+ + +
4 5 6
55 55
6 6 6 6 6 6
21 21 21 21 1
24 + 10 ( ) 10
=
6
21
=3
6
3
= 6 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑚𝑓. 55
The property that the sum of the 3 4 64 81 100
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = , 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = = + +
probabilities is equal to 1 is not satisfied. 9 9 55 55 55
245
Therefore, 2 3 4 9 = or 4.25
55
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = + + = 𝑜𝑟 1
9 9 9 9

Illustrates the mean of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-1)

Lesson 2 Calculates the mean of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-2)

WHAT’S IN

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑿 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑋. 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑢𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑋𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠
𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠
12
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐸(𝑋).
Formula:
𝐸(𝑋) = ∑[𝑥𝑃(𝑥)]
Where 𝑋 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑥

WHAT IS IT
Example 1. A researcher surveyed the household in a subdivision. The random variable 𝑋
represents the number of doctoral graduates in the households. The probability
distribution of 𝑋 is shown below:

𝑥 0 1 2 Illustrate and find the expected value of 𝑋.

𝑃(𝑥) 0.25 0.5 0.25 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
0 0.25 0
1 0.5 0.5
Solution. 2 0.25 0.5
∑[𝑥𝑃(𝑥)] = 0 + 0.50 + 0.50 [𝑥𝑃(𝑥)] = 1.00
= 1.0 is mean of the
discrete random variable x or
𝐸(𝑋) = ∑[𝑥𝑃(𝑥)]
= 1.00 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1.
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒.

WHAT’S MORE

Find the expected value of the probability mass function below.

1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 Illustration:
𝑃(𝑥) 0.10 0.45 0.25 0.20 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
0 0.10 0
Solution.
∑[𝑥𝑃(𝑥)] = 0 + 0.45 + 1 0.45 0.45
0.50 + 0.40 = 1.35 2 0.25 0.50

3 0.20 0.40
1.35 is the mean or what we
call expected value. [𝑥𝑃(𝑥)] = 1.35

Exploration Activity:
Find the expected value of the probability mass function below.
1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.15 0.18 0.30 0.28 0.09
2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.15 0.32 0.37 0.16
3.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.03 0.27 0.40 0.24 0.06

13
4.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.07 0.30 0.23 0.40
5.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.08 0.19 0.39 0.27 0.07
6.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.08 0.17 0.33 0.20 0.22

WHAT CAN I DO
Find the expected value of the probability mass function below.
1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.26 0.14 0.37 0.23
2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.32 0.21 0.19 0.28

ASSESSMENT
1. Find the expected value of the probability mass function below.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.12 0.16 0.27 0.34 0.11

2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.09 0.19 0.39 0.22 0.11

WEEK 2 Lesson 2 (DAY 2-3) Answer Key

Exploration Activity: WHAT CAN I DO ASSESSMENT
1. 1.98 4. 1.96 1. 1.57 1. 2.16
2. 1.54 5. 2.06 2. 1.43 2. 2.07
3. 2.03 6. 2.31

Week 2 - Day 3

Illustrates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.

Lesson
Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.
3

WHAT’S IN
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑿 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝜎 2 . 𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋).
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑖𝑠:
𝑉𝑎𝑟 (𝑋) = [(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑥)] 𝑜𝑟 𝜎2 = [(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑥)]
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
14
 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛.
WHAT IS IT
Example 2. Determine the variance of the following probability mass function.

𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)
1 0.04
2 0.15
3 0.33
4 0.18
5 0.13
6 0.07
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Steps
1. Find the expected value.
2. Subtract the expected value from each
outcome. Square each difference.
3. Multiply each squared difference by
corresponding probability.
4. Sum up all the figures in step 3.

Illustration:
𝒙 𝑷(𝒙) 𝒙𝑷(𝒙) 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 𝑷(𝒙)
1 0.04 0.04 1-3.08=-2.08 -2.12 0.179776
2 0.15 0.30 2- 3.08=-1.08 -1.12 0.18816
3 0.33 0.99 3-3.08=-0.08 -0.12 0.004752
4 0.18 0.72 4-3.08=-0.92 0.88 0.139392
5 0.13 0.65 5-3.08=1.92 1.88 0.459472
6 0.07 0.42 6-3.08=2.92 2.88 0.5800608
∑[𝑥𝑃(𝑥)]=3.12 [(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑥)] = 1.55216

𝐸(𝑋) = ∑[𝑥𝑃(𝑥)] = 0.04 + 0.30 + 0.99 + 0.72 + 0.65 + 0.42

= 3.12 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.
𝜎 2 = ∑[(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑥)] = 0.179776 + 0.18816 + 0.004752 + 0.139392 + 0.459472 + 0.5800608
= 1.55216 𝑜𝑟 1.55 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒.

WHAT’S MORE
Find the variance of the probability mass function below.
1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.10 0.45 0.25 0.20
2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.12 0.21 0.08 0.43 0.16

Week 2 - Day 4

Illustrates the mean and the of a discrete random variable.

Lesson
Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.
4

EXPLORATION ACTIVITY
Find the variance of the probability mass function below.
1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1

15
2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.26 0.14 0.37 0.23
3.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.16 0.42 0.28 0.14

WHAT CAN I DO
Find the variance probability mass function below.
1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.21 0.24 0.30 0.25
2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.12 0.25 0.18 0.35 0.10

ASSESSMENT
Find the variance of the probability mass function below.
1.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.12 0.16 0.27 0.34 0.11
2.
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥) 0.32 0.21 0.24 0.23

WEEK 2 Lesson 3 (DAY 1) Answer Key

EXPLORATION ACTIVITY WHAT CAN I DO ASSESSMENT

1. 𝜇 = 2.1 , 𝜎 2 = 1.29 1. 𝜇 = 1.59 , 𝜎 2 = 1.16 1. 𝜇 = 2.16 , 𝜎 2 = 1.39
2. 𝜇 = 1.57 , 𝜎 2 = 1.23 2. 𝜇 = 2.06 , 𝜎 2 = 1.48 2. 𝜇 = 1.38 , 𝜎 2 = 1.34
3. 𝜇 = 1.4 , 𝜎 2 = 0.84

WHAT’S MORE
1. 𝜇 = 1.55 , 𝜎 2 = 0.85 2. 𝜇 = 2.3 , 𝜎 2 = 1.67

0 0.1 0 -1.55 2.4025 0.24025

1 0.45 0.45 -0.55 0.3025 0.136125
2 0.25 0.5 0.45 0.2025 0.050625
3 0.2 0.6 1.45 2.1025 0.4205
SOLUTION: 𝜇 = 1.55 𝜎 2= 0.8475

WEEK 2 Lesson 3 (DAY 1) EXPLORATION 1.

SOLUTION:

0 0.1 0 -2.1 4.41 0.441

1 0.2 0.2 -1.1 1.21 0.242
2 0.3 0.6 -0.1 0.01 0.003
3 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.81 0.243
4 0.1 0.4 1.9 3.61 0.361
𝜇 = 2.1 𝜎 2= 1.29

16
 WHAT CAN I DO

0 0.21 0 -1.59 2.5281 0.530901

1 0.24 0.24 -0.59 0.3481 0.083544
2 0.3 0.6 0.41 0.1681 0.05043
3 0.25 0.75 1.41 1.9881 0.497025
1. SOLUTION:
𝜇 = 1.59 𝜎 2= 1.1619

ASSESSMENT 1.

0 0.12 0 -2.16 4.6656 0.559872

1 0.16 0.16 -1.16 1.3456 0.215296
2 0.27 0.54 -0.16 0.0256 0.006912
3 0.34 1.02 0.84 0.7056 0.239904
4 0.11 0.44 1.84 3.3856 0.372416
SOLUTION: 𝜇 = 2.16 𝜎 2= 1.3944

Week 3 - Day 1
Interprets the mean and the variance of a discrete random
Lesson 1
variable. (M11/12SP-lllb-3)

WHAT’S IN
Activity: A medical research center finds out that treatment of skin cancer by the use
of chemotherapy has a success rate of 80%. Suppose five patients are treated with
chemotherapy. The probability distribution of x successful cures of the five patients is
given in the table below:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(x) 0.06 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.27 0.23

Do what is asked:
1. What is its μ or expected value?
Solution:
To find μ, we use the following formula: μ = E(x) = ∑x P(x)
E(x) = 0(0.06) + 1(0.12) + 2(0.15) + 3(0.17) + 4(0.27) + 5(0.23)
= 0 + 0.12 + 0.30 + 0.51 + 1.08 + 1.15
= 3.16
2. Find the variance σ2.
Solution:
To find σ2, we use the formula: σ2 = V(x) = [∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥)] − [ 𝜇2 ]
V(x) = [ 02(0.06) + 12(0.12) + 22(0.15) + 32(0.17) + 42(0.27) + 52(0.23) ] -
[(3.16)2]
= [ 0 + 0.12 + 0.60 + 1.53 + 4.32 + 5.75 ] - [ 9.99 ]
= 12.32 - 9.99
= 2.33
WHAT IS IT
The activity above talks or focuses only on how to compute for the mean, variance
and standard deviation of discrete random variable. So, what do we mean by these value?
Definition:
Mean the mean of a discrete random variable is the weighted average of the
possible values that the random variable can take. The mean of a random
variable weights each outcome x according to its probability P.

17
 Variance the variance of a discrete random variable measures the spread, or
variability of the distribution. A small variance means that the
distribution of random variable is narrowly concentrated around the
mean, a large variance means that the distribution is spread out, with
some chance of observing values at some distance from the mean.
Do what is asked:
1. Interpret the computed value of mean of the above activity.
Answer:
μ = E(x) = 2.68, this means that if the five cancer patients receive
chemotherapy treatment, we expect that near 2.68 or simply 3 of them will be
cured.
2. Interpret the computed value of variance or standard deviation.
Answer:
Since, the computed value of variance or standard deviation is small then we
can say that the percentage of each number of patient cured is closer to
percentage of the expected number of patient cured

WHAT’S MORE
A. Interpret each given mean and variance base on the given situations.
1. μ = 3.50 and σ2 = 2.92 in tossing a fair die.
2. μ = 4.50 and σ2 = 3.25 in tossing an unfair die.
3. μ = 5 and σ2 = 2.5 of getting tail in tossing a coin 10 times.
4. μ = 2 and σ2 = 1 of getting head in tossing a coin 4 times.
5. μ = 1 and σ2 = 0.5 of getting heads in tossing two coins.

Week 3 – Day 2 and 3

Lesson Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability
2 distributions. (M11/12SP-lllb-4)

WHAT’S IN
The Lottery
(also known as a tax on people who are bad at math…)
A certain lottery works by picking 6 numbers from 1 to 49. It costs P20.00
to play the lottery, and if you win, you win P20 million after taxes.
1. If you play the lottery once, what are your expected winnings or losses?
2. If you play the lottery every week for 10 years, what are your expected
winnings or losses?
Solution:
1. Calculate the probability of winning in 1 try:
1 1 1
= = = 0.000000072
49 C 6 49! 13, 983, 816
(49 − 6)! 6!
Probability Distribution of winning and loosing
X P(X)
- P20.00 0.999999928
+ P20, 000, 000.00 0.000000072

𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = (−20)(0.999999928) + (20,000,000)(0.000000072) = −18.56

Negative expected value is never good!
You shouldn’t play if you expect to lose money!
2. Since there are 52 weeks in a year, (520)(-18.56) = -P9, 651.20

18
 WHAT IS IT
Expected value isn’t everything though…
◼ Take the hit show “Deal or No Deal”
◼ Everyone know the rules?
◼ Let’s say you are down to two cases left. P1 and P1,000,000. The banker offers you
P500,000.
◼ So, Deal or No Deal?
Deal or No Deal…

Probability Distribution of winning

X P(X)
+P1 0.50
+ P1, 000, 000 0.50

Probability Distribution of the Banker’s Offer

X P(X)
+P500,000 1.00
Expected value doesn’t help…
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = (1)(0.50) + (1,000,000)(0.50) = 500,000.50
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = (500,000)(1.00) = 500,000.00
How to decide?
Variance!
• If you take the deal, the variance/standard deviation is 0.
• If you don’t take the deal, what is average deviation from the mean?
• What’s your gut guess?

WHAT’S MORE
Direction: Find the mean/expected value and variance of each of the following word
problems.
1. The number of adults living in homes on a randomly selected city block is
described by the following probability distribution.
Number of Adult (X) 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.10
2. You plan to open a new McDhenar’s Fried Chicken, and found these stats for
similar restaurants:
Earnings (X) -P100,000 P0 +P100,000 +P300,000
P(X) 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.10
3. Organizers of a concert are limiting tickets sales to a maximum of 444 tickets per
customer. Let T be the number of tickets purchased by a random customer. Here
is the probability distribution of T:

Number of ticket/s (T) 1 2 3 4

P(T) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

4. The number X of days in the rainy months that a construction crew cannot work
because of the weather has the probability distribution:
X 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
P(X) 0.03 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.10 0.07 0.02
5. 23 students took an exam; 7 students got 3 marks, 8 students got 8 marks, and 8
students got 2 marks. Given that 𝑋 denotes the number of marks received, find the
expected value and variance of 𝑋.

19
 Week 3- Day 4
Illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics.
Lesson 3
(M11/12SP-lllc-1)

WHAT’S IN

The previous lessons taught you how to compute for the mean, variance and as well
as standard deviation. In this module, this will teach you how mean and standard deviation
are related to each other, especially in continuous random variables.
Definition:

Normal Random Variable is the random variable X in the normal curve equation
2 /2𝜎 2
𝑒 −(𝑥− 𝜇) where:
𝑦= µ = mean
𝜎√2𝜋 σ = standard deviation
П = 3.14159…….
e = 2.71828…….

Normal Distribution or Gaussian Distribution is the most common type of data

distribution and is also known as bell-curve. The normal distribution is
a probability distribution that associates the normal random variable X with
a cumulative probability.
In Summarizing Data Graphically and Numerically, we encountered data sets, such
as height and weight, with distributions that are fairly symmetric with a central peak. We
call these bell-shaped. Many variables, such as weight, shoe sizes, foot lengths, and other
human physical characteristics, exhibit these properties. The symmetry indicates that the
variable is just as likely to take a value a certain distance below its mean as it is to take a
value that same distance above its mean. The bell shape indicates that values closer to
the mean are more likely, and it becomes increasingly unlikely to take values far from the
mean in either direction.
We use a mathematical model with a smooth bell-shaped curve to describe these
bell-shaped data distributions. These models are called normal curves or normal
distributions. They were first called “normal” because the pattern occurred in many
different types of common measurements.
The general shape of the mathematical model used to generate a normal curve
looks like this:

Observations of Normal Distributions

There are many normal curves. Even though all normal curves have the same bell
shape, they vary in their center and spread. The graph of the normal distribution
depends on two factors - the mean and the standard deviation. , and the standard
deviation determines the height of the graph. When the standard deviation is large, the
curve is short and wide; when the standard deviation is small, the curve is tall and
narrow.

The mean of a normal distribution locates its center. The standard

deviation determines the spread of the distribution. In fact, the shape of a normal curve is

20
completely determined by specifying its standard deviation. When the standard deviation
is large, the curve is short and wide; when the standard deviation is small, the curve is
tall and narrow. If two normal distributions have the same standard deviation, then the
shapes of their normal curves will be identical.
Following are some observations we can make as we look at the figure above:
• The black and the red normal curves have means or centers at μ = 10. However, the
red curve is more spread out and thus has a larger standard deviation. Notice that
the red normal curve is also shorter. This makes sense because these curves are
probability density curves, so the area under each curve has to be 1.
• The black and the green normal curves have the same standard deviation or spread.

WHAT IS IT
Characteristics of the Normal Distribution
1. The mean, median, and mode are located at the center of the distribution.

The mean, median, and mode

are all equal.
mean
median
mode from the center of the graph, it
2. It is asymptotic with respect to the x-axis. goes down closer and closer to
x-axis but it will never cross
the x-axis even if we extend it
infinitely on both side.

3. The total area under the curve is 1.

Area = 1 from the mean, the left side and

4. Symmetric at the mean. right side are mirror image to each
other. Meaning, the distance to
the left of the mean is equal to the
distance to the right of the mean.

5. Empirical rule. ▪ About 68% of the area under the curve falls
within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
▪ About 95% of the area under the curve falls
within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
▪ About 99.7% of the area under the curve falls
within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

WHAT’S MORE
Relation of Mean and Standard deviation in the Normal Distribution
Let’s start with a random variable X that has a normal distribution with µ =10
and σ = 2. Following the characteristics of the normal distribution for X, shown below

4 6 8 10 12 14 16

µ - 3σ µ - 2σ µ-σ µ µ+σ µ + 2σ µ + 3σ

21
• The µ =10 is located at the center of the normal curve.
• 1 standard deviation below the mean is represented by μ − σ. Since μ = 10 and σ = 2, this
point is located at 10 − 2 = 8.
• 1 standard deviation above the mean is represented by μ + σ. Since μ = 10 and σ = 2, this
point is located at 10 + 2 = 12.
• 2 standard deviation below the mean is represented by μ − 2σ. Since μ = 10 and σ = 2, this
point is located at 10 − 4 = 6.
• 2 standard deviation above the mean is represented by μ + 2σ. Since μ = 10 and σ = 2, this
point is located at 10 + 4 = 14.
• 3 standard deviation below the mean is represented by μ − 3σ. Since μ = 10 and σ = 2, this
point is located at 10 − 6 = 4.
• 3 standard deviation above the mean is represented by μ + 3σ. Since μ = 10 and σ = 2, this
point is located at 10 + 6 = 16.
• About 68% of the area under the curve falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
Meaning the probability of X being between 8 and 12 equals 68% or 0.68.
In symbol, 𝑃(8 < 𝑋 < 12) = 0.68
• About 95% of the area under the curve falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
Meaning the probability of X being between 6 and 14 equals 95% or 0.95.
In symbol, 𝑃(6 < 𝑋 < 14) = 0.95
• About 99.7% of the area under the curve falls within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
Meaning the probability of X being between 4 and 16 equals 99.7% or 0.997.
In symbol, 𝑃(4 < 𝑋 < 16) = 0.997

The z-Table

22
Week 4 – Day 1
Identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to
Lesson 1
different standard normal values. (M11/12SP-lllc-3)

WHAT’S IN
Fill in the blanks to make the statement complete and true.
1. The normal distribution curve is formed by a _______ -shaped.
2. The total area under the normal distribution curve is equal to _____ or _____ %.
3. The _____, _______, and ______ are equal and best describe a normal curve that
coincide at the center of the distribution.
4. At the baseline of a normal curve, there are _____ standard deviation units, and
the curve never touches the ______- axis and it is continuous.
5. The area under a normal curve may also be expressed in three different ways
such as _____. _____, or fraction.
WHAT IS IT
Four-Step Process in Finding the Areas Under the Normal Curve given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a 3-digit form.
2. Find the first two digits on the left column using the z-table.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right
4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and column. This is the
required area.
Examples A:
1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.0
2. Find the areas that corresponds to z = 2.46
3. Find the area that corresponds to z = -2.22
Solution: Use the z-table to find the area.

(See the copy of the complete z-table from z = 0.00 to z = 3.99 at the last page of
this module)
We see that using the z-table, we can find the specific area under the normal curve.
Finding the area of z = -2.22 is the same as the area between z = 0 and z = 2.22, we
simple ignore the negative sign.
Example B
To complete the regions under the normal curve, find the area that corresponds to
each of the following:
1. z = 3. 0 Answer: 0.4987 or 49.87%
2. area between z = 1 and z = 2 Answer: 0.1359 or 13.59%
(Solution: Subtract the two area of z=1 (0.3413) and z=2 (0.4772) and the result
is 0.1359)
3. to the right of z = 3.0 Answer: 0.0013 or 0.13%
(Solution: Since the total area of the half-curve is 0.5 and z = 3.0 is 0.4987, we
subtract 0.5 – 0.4987 and the result is 0.0013)
4. between z = 2 and z = 3 Answer: 0.0215 or 2.15%

23
 (Solution: Subtract the two area of z=2.0 (0.4772) and z=3.0 (0.4987), the result
is 0.0215)
To identify the regions under the normal curve in terms of percent, the graph of
the distribution would look like this below.

What can you say about the distribution of the normal curve?
____________________________. Is it symmetrical? ________________

WHAT’S MORE
Find the area that corresponds to each of the following using z-table. Show the
sketch of the normal curve. Odd numbers are already answered below, the even
numbers will be yours.
1. z = 0.4 7. between z = 0.4 and z = 1.96
2. z = -2.10 8. between z = -3.29 and z = -1.28
3. z = -2.25 9. to the right of z = -0.5
4. z = 3.08 10. to the right of z = 2.25
5. z = 1.96 11. to the left of z = 0.99
6. to the left of z = 1.09 12. To the left of z = - 2.25
Answers for numbers 1, 3, 5,7, 9, and 11.

3. 5.

7. 9.
The area from 0 to z = -0.5 is
0.1915. Based on the shaded
region, add 0.1915 and 0.5. The
result is 0.6915.
11.
The area from 0 to z = 0.99 is
0.3389. Based on the shaded
region, add 0.3389 and 0.5. The
result is 0.8389.

24
Week 4 – Day 2
Lesson Converts a normal random variables to a standard normal
2 variable and vice versa. (M11/12SP-lllc-4)

WHAT’S IN
Find the area under the normal curve of the following z-values.
A. z = 1.73
B. to the right of z = 1.73
C. to the left of z = 1.73
D. between z = -1.73 and z = 1.73 0.4582
Solution: A.
A. Using the z-table, the area under the normal curve of z =1.73 is 0.4582 .

B. The area between z = 0 and z = 1.73 is 0.4582 or 45.82% 0.0418

Therefore, the area to the right of z = 1.73 must be
B.
0.5 – 0.4582 = 0.0418 or 4.18% 0.05
.
C. The total area from z = 0 to the left of the normal curve is 0.50. 0.958
Therefore, the area to the left of z = 1.73 must be 2
0.5 + 0.4582 = 0.9582 or 95.82% C. 0.05

D. The area from z = 0 to z = -1.73 is the same as

Z = 0 to z = 1.73.
Therefore, 2 (0.4582) = 0.9164 or 91.64% 0.9164
D.
z = -1.73 z = 1.73
0
The Modified Steps in Determining Areas under the Normal Curve
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-score (or z-value).
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z-table to find the areas that correspond to the given z-value or
values.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form an equation showing
an appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the required area.

WHAT IS IT
Example 1:
Determine the z-value for each of the following x values for a normal distribution with
Population mean (µ) = 17 and standard deviation (σ) = 2. Find the area of each value.
a. x = 13 b. x = 17 c. x = 20 d. x = 23
Solution: Using the formula,
13−17 𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟕
a. z = 2 = -2; area = 0.4772 c. z = 𝟐 = 1.5; area = 0.4332
17−17 23−17
b. z = 2 = 0; area = 0. 000 C d. z = 2
= 3; area = 0.4987
Note:
To find the area between two
values of x for a normal distribution,
convert the x-value to its
corresponding z-value using z-table.
11 13 15 17 19 21 23
To show it graphically see Figure E. Figure: E
25
For a continuous random variable that has a normal distribution with mean of 17
and a standard deviation of 2 (distance), find the area under the normal curve.
a. from x = 17 to x = 20 b. from x = 13 to x = 20 c. from x = 13 to x = 23

Solution: Refer to figure E and using z-table:

a. The area between z = 0 (x=17) and z = 1.5 (x=20) is 0.4332 or 43.32%.
b. The area between z = 0 and z = -2 ( x=13) is 0.4772 and the area between z = 0
and z = 1.5 (x=20) is 0.4332. Therefore, we must add 0.4772 and 0.4332.
The result is 0.9104 or 91.04%.
c. The area is between z = -2 (0.4772) and z = 3 (0.4987). Therefore, we add the
two areas. The result is 0.9759 or 97.59%.

WHAT’S MORE
Find the area under the normal curve with parameters µ = -2 and σ = 2.5
1. between z = 3 and z = 5
2. above z = -5.2
3. below z = 1.6
4. between x = -4 and x = -2

Solution for number 1, 2, 3 and 4. 0.004

𝑥− µ
Formula: z = 𝜎

3−(−2) 5−(−2)
1. z = 2.5 = 2.0; z = 2.5 = 2.8
To find between the area between
z = 2.0 and z = 2.8, Z1 = 2.0 Z2 = 2.8
subtract 0.4772 from 0.4812. Area = 0.4772 Area =0.4812
The result is 0.004 because we need
to remove the area between z = 0 and x = 2.0

−5.2−(−2)
2. z = = - 1.28
2.5 0.3997 0.5 (total area
To find the area above z = -1.28, of the half-
we add 0.5 and 0.3997 (See the figure curve)
at the right). The result is 0.8997.
z = -1.28
1.6−(−2)
3. z = = 1.44
2.5 0.4251
To find the area below z = 1.44, 0.5
we add 0.5 and 0.4251 (See the figure
at the right). The result is 0.9251.
z = 1.44
−6−(−2) 2−(−2)
4. z = 2.5 = -1.6; z = 2.5 = 1.6
To find the area between z = -1.6 and z = 1.6, 0.4452
we multiply by 2 the area of 0.4452.
since the two areas are equal from z = 0.
The result is 0.8904
Z = -1.6 0 Z = 1.6
Exercises:
As a continuation of the given examples above, find the area under the normal
curve with parameters µ = -2 and σ = 2.5
1. to the left of – 0.98 2. to the right of 3.2
26
 3. between -2 and -4 4. between -2 and 4 5. above of -2.5

Week 4 - Day 3 – Day 4

Lesson Probabilities and Percentiles using the standard normal table.
3 (M11/12SP-llld-1)

WHAT’S IN
The following notations for a random variable are used in various solution
relating to normal curve for a convenient forms of mathematical expressions.
P(z > a) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a
P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a,
P(a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b

where a and b are z-score values,

Example: P(1 < z < 2) = 0.1359

Which we read as “the probability that the z-score falls between z = 1 and z = 2 is
0.1359”

Note that the probability of getting a score of at most b is equal to the probability
of getting a z-score of less than b. The key phrases such as at most, at least,
greater than or more than, to the right, and to the left are useful to illustrate the
shaded regions under the curve.

Find the probabilities for each using the standard normal distribution.
a. P(0 < z < 0.99) c. P(z > 0.87) e. P(- 2.10 < x <
2.10)
b. P(-2.08 < z < 0) d. P( z < -1.02)

Solution:
a. P (0 < z < 0.99) means to find the area under
the normal curve between 0 and 0.99. A
Using z table, 0.99 corresponds to the area 0 0.99
of 0.3389 or 33.89%.

b. First, find the area between 0 and 2.08 in

the z table. By symmetry, this is also the area B
between -2.08 and 0. It is 0.4812 or 48.12%. -2.08 0

c. Since this area is a tail area, find the area

Between 0 and 0.87 and subtract it from 0.5. C
Hence, 0.5 – 0.3078 = 0.1922. 0 0.87

d. Since this area is also a tail area, find the area

between -1.02 and 0. This is 0. 3461. Subtract D
-1.02 0
this from 0.5. Hence, 0.5 – 0.3461 = 0.1539

e. First, find the area between -2.10 and 0,

which is 0.4821. Second, find the area E.
between 0 and 2.10. which has the same area -2.10 0 2.10

27
 with the first one.
Lastly, add the two areas or multiply it by two. 2 (4821) = 0.9642

WHAT IS IT
1. Find the 86th percentile of a normal curve.
Solution:
By definition of P86, this means locating an area before (or below) the point.
86% is the same as 0.8600. This area is not found in the z - table so we need to
split 0.8600 into 0.5000 and 0.3600.

Refer to the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve, find the z-score that
corresponds to 0.3600 on the leftmost column.

The nearest area to 0.3600 is 0.3599 corresponds to z = 1.08.

Locate z = 1.75 under the curve. The 86th percentile is z =1.08.

Show the sketch of the curve to describe the shaded region.

86%

0.5000 0.3600

1.08
2. Find the upper 25% of the normal curve.
Solution: 25%

Draw the appropriate normal curve:

By definition of P25, this means locating an area after (or above) the point.
25% is the same as 0.2500. With respect to the mean, locate the upper 25% (to
the right of the mean). Using the upper side of the mean, find the remaining area.
0.5000 – 0.2500 = 0.2500

Refer to the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve, find the z-score that
corresponds to 0.2500 on the leftmost column.

The nearest area to 0.2500 is 0.2486 corresponds to z = 0.67.

Locate z = 0.67 under the curve. The upper 25th is above z = 0.67.

25%

0.67
Show the sketch of the curve to describe the shaded region.

3. Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve.
a. P99 b. P68 c. P32
Solution:
1. P99 = 0.5000 + 0.4900 0.4901 (closest value) z = 2.33
2. P68 = 0.5000 + 0.1800 0.1808 (closest value) z = 0.47
28
 3. P32 = 0.5000 - 0.3200 = 0.1800 z =-0.47 (it is negative because it is
below 50% or z=0)
WHAT’S MORE

I. Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve. Show
your solution.
1. P 85 3. P55 5. P20
2. P 70 4. P45
II. Solve the problem.
The results of a School Achievement Test in Mathematics are normally
distributed with population mean (µ) = 65 and population standard deviation
(σ) = 12.
a. What is the percentile rank of a score of 85?
b. What is the probability of a raw score of 85?

Analysis: Since we are interested in the percentile rank of 85, this means
finding the percentage of scores below 85. To find the required area from the
Table of Areas, we transform 85 to z-score and then perform the appropriate
mathematical operation.
𝑥− µ Draw the
z = 𝜎 = __________ z = ______ normal curve
The probability of a raw score of 85 is ______ or ______% showing the z-
score.

The Percentile rank of the score 85 in a test is _______.

Week 5 - Day 1

Lesson
Illustrates Random sampling. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)
1

WHAT’S IN

Let’s start this module with the concepts of sampling. Oftentimes, in our researches
or even daily activities, we are concerned with a large group of people or objects. It is of
course very difficult, or sometimes impossible to deal with every member of this large group
known as population. In times, like this, we have remedy, which is, selecting a proportion
of the population known as sample. This process is called sampling. Once of the best
methods of sampling which is usually used in researches is called random sampling.
Random sampling refers to the sampling technique in which each member of the
population is given equal chance to be chosen as part of the sample. The lottery method,
drawing lots, or the use of random numbers can be used to accomplish random sampling.

The totality of subjects (people, animals or objects) under consideration is called

population. The proportion chosen from a population is called sample and the process of
taking samples is called sampling.

Steps To Conduct Simple Random Sampling

1. Make a list
2. Assign a sequential number
3. Choose sample size
4. Use number generator

29
Examples:
1. The names of 25 employees being chosen out of a hat from a company of 250
employees
Population – 250 employees
Sample – random sampling because each employee has an equal chance of being
chosen

WHAT IS IT
Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. A(n) _____ is all members of a specified group.

a. Population c. outcome
b. Sample d. Cluster
2. What are a sequence of equally distributed variables?
a. Quota samples c. Random samples
b. Convenience samples d. Cluster samples
3. A _____ is a part of a population used to describe the whole group.
a. Sample c. Population
b. Randon sample d. Cluster
4. Which method is most likely to produce a random sample of the members of your
class?
a. Listing the first five students that comes to mind
b. Choosing the five oldest students in the class
c. Writing the name of each student on a separate piece of paper and then
drawing these slips from a hat
d. Selecting the first six students to arrive at class
5. Sample statistics are known values calculated from the collected data.
a. false c. Both true and false
b. true d. None of the above
WHAT’S MORE
Determine the sample and population from the given statement.

1. The mean income of all subscribers to a particular magazine is P26000. We draw a

random sample of 100 subscribers and find that their mean income is P27300.
Population: __________________ Sample: ______________________

2. A researcher tested to see if the annual salary of family practitioners in the

Philippines is more than P178, 258. A survey of 55 randomly chosen family
practitioners found that their mean annual salary was P192, 340.
Population: __________________ Sample: _____________________

3. 10 balls were randomly picked up from bag of 100 balls in a bag.

Population: __________________ Sample: _____________________

4. Of the Philippines adult population, 36% has an allergy. A sample of 1200 randomly
selected adults in 33.2% reporting an allergy.
Population: __________________ Sample: _____________________

5. A survey of 1353 Filipino households found that 18% of the households own a
computer.
Population: __________________ Sample: ____________________
30
 Week 5 Day 1
What’s In
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5.B
What’s More
1. Population: all subscribers to a particular magazine
Sample: 100 subscribers
2. Population: family practitioners in the Philippines
Sample: 55 randomly chosen family practitioners
3. Population: 100 balls
Sample: 10 balls
4. Population: the Philippines adult population
Sample: 1200 randomly selected adults
5. Population: 1353 Filipino households
Sample: 18% of the households own a computer

Week 5 - Day 2
Lesson
Distinguishes between parameter and statistics. (M11/12SP-IIId-3)
2

WHAT’S IN
Let’s start this module with the definition of parameter and statistic. The
measurement or quantity that describes the population is called parameter. The
measurement or quantity that describes the sample is called statistic.

If a population we are concerned with is finite or small in number, say the 25 captive-
bred Philippine Eagles successfully produced by the Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) as
of October 15, 2015, then, we can easily describe it. Every measurement or quantity that
represents the general characteristics of this population, say the average height of these
25 captive- bred raptors is 2.5 meters, is called parameter.

On the other hand, if we are dealing with a very large population and we have
resorted to sampling, then, every measurement or quantity that describes the
characteristics of the sample is called sample statistic or simply statistic.

Example
1. In order to test the effect of the new drug to humans, 20 patients are given the
dose. After a minute, it was found that the body temperature in average
decreased by 2 oC. Answer the following:
a. Are the 20 patients mentioned above population or sample?
b. Is the 2 oC decrease in the body temperature considered parameter or
statistic?

Answer:
a. The 20 patients taken are considered sample.
b. Since the measurement 2 oC refers to the average decrease of the 20
patients (sample), it is therefore considered as statistic.

WHAT IS IT
Determine if the given subject is population or sample, then describe the given
quantity as parameter or statistic.

1. The average grade of the whole class under study is 82.15.

31
 Whole class: _________________________
Average grade (82.15): ________________
2. 50 out of the 200 animals in the zoo were taken and checked on their weight.
The variance of their weight is 12.5 kg.
50 animals: ________________________
Variance (12.5 kg.): _________________

3. The standard deviation of the life span of a specie endemic in the Philippines is
2.3 years.
A specie endemic in the Philippines: ________________
Standard deviation (2.3 years): _____________________

4. Based on the survey conducted to 1200 respondents, 1 out of 3 Filipinos can’t

live without cellphone.
1200 respondents: __________________
1 out of 3 Filipinos can’t live without cellphone: ___________________

5. Based on the US National Hospital Discharge Record in 2010, the average length
of stay of patients in US hospitals is 4.8 days.
Patients: ___________________
Average stay (4.8 days): __________________

WHAT’S MORE

Read each statement carefully. Identify the following

6. The mean income of all subscribers to a particular magazine is P26000. We draw a
random sample of 100 subscribers and find that their mean income is P27300.
Population: _____________________________
Sample: ________________________________
Parameter: ______________________________
Statistic: ________________________________

7. The average GPA for all female volleyball players in a particular college is 2.8 and
their mean is height is 182 cm.
Population: _____________________________
Sample: ________________________________
Parameter: ______________________________
Statistic: ________________________________

8. A recent survey by the alumni of a major university indicated that the average salary
of 10, 000 of its 300, 000 graduates was 125, 000
Population: _____________________________
Sample: ________________________________
Parameter: ______________________________
Statistic: ________________________________
9. The average salary of all assembly –line employees at a certain car manufacturer is
P133,000
Population: _____________________________
Sample: ________________________________
Parameter: ______________________________
Statistic: ________________________________

32
 10. 40 out of the 100 students in the classroom were taken and checked on their weight.
The variance of their weight is 10.5 kg.
Population: _____________________________
Sample: ________________________________
Parameter: ______________________________
Statistic: ________________________________

Week 5 - Day 2
What’s In
1. Population 3. Population 5. Population
Parameter Parameter Parameter
2. Sample 4. Population
Statistic Parameter

What’s More
1. Population: all subscribers to a particular magazine
Sample: 100 subscribers Parameter: P26000 Statistic: P27300

2. Population: all female volleyball players in a particular college

Sample: None Parameter: 2.8 and their mean is height is 182 cm.
Statistic: None

3. Population: 300, 000

Sample: 10, 000 of its 300, 000 graduates Parameter: None
Statistic: 125, 000

4. Population: all assembly –line employees

Sample: None Parameter: P133,000 Statistic: None

5. Population: 100 students

Sample: 40 out 100 students Parameter: None Statistic: 10.5 kg.

Week 5 – Day 3 – Day 4

Lesson Identifies sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean).
3 (M11/12SP-IIId-4)

WHAT’S IN
Suppose a jar contains numbers 1, 3 and 5. If we take two numbers in succession
with replacement, then, the possible 2 – number samples are : (1,1), (3,3), (5,5), (1,3), (3,1),
(1,5), (5,1), (5,3) and (3,5). The average or mean of each pair, in that order are 1, 3, 5, 2, 2,
3, 3, 3, 4, and 4. If we denote the means as random variable X, then:
X = ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
As we can see, P(1) = 1/9, P(2) = 2/9, P(3) = 3/9 or 1/3, P(4) = 2/9, and P(5) = 1/9
Therefore, the probability distribution of X is:

X 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/9 1/9

The probability distribution above represents the means of the samples, that’s why
the distribution is now called Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means.
Example:
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means when two dice are rolled.
33
 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
3 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
4 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
6 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Therefore,
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
F(x) 1/36 2/36 3/36 4/36 5/36 6/36 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36 1/36

WHAT IS IT
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means and answer the questions that
Follow:
A jar contains numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. Construct the sampling distribution of the
sample means when two numbers are taken from the jar with replacement.
1. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is 2.5?
2. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is less than 2?
3. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is greater than 1.5?
4. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is between 1.5 and 5?
5. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is 4?
x
fx

WHAT’S MORE

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means and answer the questions that
Follow:
Jhasper Jake receives 82 or 83 as his grade on his three major subjects. Construct
the sampling distribution of his mean grade.
1. What is the probability that his mean grade is lower than 83?
2. What is the probability that his mean grade is greater than 82.33?
3. What is the probability that his mean grade is 82.67?
4. What is the probability that his mean grade is between 82.33 and 83?
5. What is the probability that his mean grade is 83?
x
fx

Week 5 - Day 3 – Day 4

What’s In
1. 4/16 2. 3/16 3. 13/16 4. 13/16 5. 1/16
2.
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
fx 1/16 2/16 3/16 4/16 3/16 2/16 1/16

What’s More
1. 5/6 2. 3/6 3. 2/6 4. 2/6 5. 1/6
x 82 83.33 82.67 83
fx 1/6 2/6 2/6 1/6

34
35