Statistics and

Probabilities
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Constructing Probability
Distributions
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Title
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and
Probabilities
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Constructing Probability
Distributions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Constructing Probability Distribution !

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from
public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Constructing Probability Distributions!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict
skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence,
the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered
to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time.
Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take.
If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced

to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a
situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice

to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.

iii
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of
mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed to give you the the appropriate ways of constructing
probability distribution. After determining the values of the random variable in your
previous lesson, there is a need to construct the probability distribution. This will also
help you analyze real life situated problems statistically in terms of relevant
questions in order for you to better understand them. You will also learn how to
determine if the distribution represents a probability distribution or not.

This module will also help you to improve your computation skills. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the value of the random variable that represents in the given problem.
2. construct a probability distribution for a discrete random variable
3. determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution

1
 What I Know

Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Choose
the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1.What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
A. ∑ ( ))= 0 C. ∑ ( )) = 1
B. ∑ ( )) = 1/10 D. ∑ ( )) = 10

Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 2-3

2.If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 5
red balls and 6 blue balls. If the value of the random variable X represents the
number of blue balls. What is the probability of getting two blue balls?
A. B. C. D.

3.Which probability distribution represents the given problem?

A X 0 1 2

P(X)

B X 0 1 2

P(X)

C X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

D X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

4.What must be the value of the probability of each random variable?

A. P(X) 0 C. 0 P(X) 1
B. -1 P(X) 1 D. P(X) 1

5.Which of the following cannot be the value of probability of the random variable?
A. 1.01 B. 0.5 C. 0.15 D. 0.05

2
6.Which of the following can serve as the values of a probability distribution?
A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37
B. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 4/14, P(3)= 1/14
C. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 12/33, P(3)= 10/33
7. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a probability distribution?
A.0,2,3 C. 2,3,4
B. 1,1,2 D. 1,2,3

8. Which formula gives the probability distribution shown by the table?

X 2 3 6
P(X) 1/2 1/3

A.P(X) = C.P(X) =
B. P(X) = D.P(X) =

9.The following table shows the probability distribution of a discrete random

variable X. Find the value of n.
X 2 4 6
P(X) 0.40 0.15 n

A.0.15 B. 0.25 C. 0.45 D. 0.6

10.Which of the following table represents probability distribution?

A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.42 0.44

B. X 1 3 5 7
P(X)

C. X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.12

D. X 0 2 4 6
P(X)

3
11.The probabilities that a customer buys 5,8,9,12 and 15 items in a grocery store
are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32, 0.28 and 0.20 respectively. Which probability distribution
represents the given problem?

A. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.20 0.28 0.32

B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.06

C. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.20 0.14 0.32 0.28

D. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20

12. If the values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3 where X represents the
number of heads in tossing a coin thrice, what is the probability that three heads
will come up?
A. C.
B. D.

13.What are the values of P(x) if P(x)= , for x=0,1, and 2

A.0, 0.33, 0.67

B.0,1,2
C. 0,0.45, 0.55
D. 0.2, 0.3, 0.5

14.Which of the following can serve as the probability distribution of a random

variable X?
A.P(X)= for x=1,2, 3…..9

B. P(X)= for x= 1, 2, 3, 4

C.P(X)= for x= 1,2,3……8

D.PX) = for x= 1,2,3

4
15.The number of absences from June to March of a student based on his class
adviser’s record is shown below
Month No. of Absences Month No. of Absences
June 0 November 2
July 2 December 1
August 1 January 4
September 3 February 1
October 2 March 0

If X be the random variable representing the number of absences. Which

table represents the probability distribution?

A. X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

B. X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

C. X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X)

D. X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X)

5
Lesson Constructing Probability
Proper Distribution

In this module, the concept of probability distribution for a discrete random

variable will be introduced. Some decisions are made by assigning probabilities to all
possible outcomes pertaining to the situation. When we draw conclusion from
experiment like tossing a coin, tossing a dice or from different data, we usually state
them in terms of probabilities. You will also learn how to determine if the given
distribution represents a probability distribution.

What’s In

In your previous lesson, you have learned how to find the possible values of a
random variable. In this module, you will learn how to construct a probability
distribution of a discrete random variable. To find out if you are ready to learn in this
new lesson, answer the following questions.

Determine whether the statement is True or False. If the answer is false, you can
modify the statement to make it true.

Statement True False

1.There are 4 outcomes if you toss two
coins.
2.In tossing three coins, the values of
random variable are 0,1,2 and 3.
3.The sum of + =
4. The sum of 0.25 + 06 +0.36 +0.28=0.95
5.If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6. If P(x)= , the value of P(4) is

6
 Notes to the Teacher
The teacher must advise the learners about:
a. getting the number of possible outcomes in the experiment
b. values of the random variable
c. addition and subtraction of fractions and decimals
d. evaluating functions

7
 What’s New

Activity
Number of Defective Computers

Read and analyze the situation given below:

In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a defective

computer. Supposed three computers were tested at random, she asks one of her
Computer System Servicing students to list all the possible outcomes, such that D
represents the defective computer and N represents the non-defective computer.
Let X be the random variable for the number of defective computers. Construct the
probability distribution of the random variable X.

Based on the above problem, observe, analyze and answer the following
questions:
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many outcomes are possible?
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective computers in each outcome
and assign this number to this outcome. What is the value of the random variable
X?
c. Construct a probability distribution. What is the probability value P(X) to each
value of the random variable?
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the random variable?

8
 What is It

To determine the solution in this problem, you have to consider first the steps in
determining the values of the random variable that you have learned from your
previous lesson.

a. Let D represent the defective computer and N represent the non-

defective computer.
The sample space is:
S= {NND, NDN, DNN, DND, DDN, NDD, DDD, NNN} and there are 8
possible outcomes

b. Count the number of defective computers in each outcome in the sample

space and assign this number to this outcome. For instance, if you list NND
the number of defective computers is 1.

Value of the Random Variable X

Possible Outcomes
(number of defective computers)
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
DND 2
DDN 2
NDD 2
DDD 3
NNN 0

There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the number
of defective computers. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S of

equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the random
variable X represents the number of defective computers, X = 0 to (NNN), X
= 1 to (NND, NDN, DNN), X=2 to (DND, DDN, NDD) and X= 3 to (DDD).

9
. If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:

P (E)=

Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the
number of outcomes is 8, the probability that 0 defective computer will come out
is or P (0) = , the probability that 1 defective computer will come out is or

P(1)= is , the probability that 2 defective computer will come out is or P(2)=

and the probability that 3 defective computer will come out is or P(3)= .

Expressing this in a table would give as:

Number of Defective Probability P(X)

Computer X
0 or 0.125
1 or 0.375
2 or 0.375
3 or 0.125

You can also construct the table in this form:

X 0 1 2 3
P(X)

d. by adding all the probabilities

+ + + = =

you can also use decimals in determining the sum of the probabilities
0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 1

10
 If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.
e. From the given activity, you can see that the values of the probability range from 0
to 1.

Probability distribution of a discrete random variable specifies the probability

associated with each possible value of the random variable. The distribution
functions of discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for a particular
value, and generally known as Probability Mass Function.

Properties of discrete probability distribution

E
x 1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be
. between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
1
. 2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable
D must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1
e
t
e
rmine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:

X 1 5 7 8 9
PX)

The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be a) from
0 to 1 and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities must be equal to 1.

By adding all the values of P(X)

𝟓
Σ P(X)= + + + + =
𝟑

The probability of each value of the random variable have the same value which is
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is not equal to 1.

Hence, this is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1

11
Ex. 2. Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution
We can also express the values of the probabilities in decimal form.
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12

By adding all the values of P(X)

Σ P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the
sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability
distribution.

3.Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a probability
distribution.
a.P(1)= 0.05, P(2)=1.01, P(3)= 0.2
The probability of each value of the random variable does not lie between 0
and 1 because P(2)=1.01.Therefore, this is not a probability distribution.
b. P(1)= P(2)= , P(3)=

+ + = + + = =1

The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and
the sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability
distribution.

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 What’s More

Activity 1
Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not.
Explain your answer.

1 X 1 5 7 8

P(X)

2 X 0 2 3 4 6

P(X)

3 X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12

4. P(1)=0.42, P(2)=0.31, P(3)=0.37

𝟑
5. P(1)= 𝟑𝟓 , P(2)= , P(3)=
𝟑𝟓

Activity II
Number of Girls
Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly selected three-
child family. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely to be selected, construct
the probability distribution of X.

Activity III
Rolling Two Dice

Using the sample space for rolling two dice, construct a probability distribution for the
random variable X representing the sum of the numbers that appear.

13
Activity IV
Face Mask
Julio is a clothes designer in his town. Due to Covid-19 pandemic, wearing face
mask of a person is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks available,
he decided to start a new business by making face mask. He started selling face
masks from day 1 to day 10. The data he collected is shown in the table below.

Day Number of Face Mask (X)

1 25
2 20
3 15
4 14
5 15
6 10
7 12
8 10
9 15
10 14

Construct a probability distribution showing the number of face mask sold per day
and its corresponding probabilities.

14
 What I Have Learned

Give your answer in the following statements.

1.It specifies the probability associated with each possible value of the random
variable. ____________________________________
2.What is the sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable?

3. What should be the probability of each value of the random variable? Write your
answer in symbol. ___________________________________.
4. How will you determine if the given distribution is a probability distribution?

5 In your own words, enumerate the steps on how to construct probability

distribution.
.

15
 What I Can Do

Covid -19 Recoveries

The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, a novel infectious
disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome was spread in the Philippines
on January 30,2020. Thousands of people in our country tested positive in this virus,
and some of them recovered from the disease. The following table shows the
number of recoveries from April 24- May 3, 2020.

Date Number of Recoveries X

April 24 40
April 25 30
April 26 70
April 27 70
April 28 43
April 29 48
April 30 20
May 1 41
May 2 40
May 3 90

a. Construct the probability distribution if X is the random variable that represents

the number of recoveries.
b. What safety precautions will you undertake to help avoid the spread of the Covid-
19 pandemic?

16
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1.What must be the value of the probability of each random variable ?
A. P(X) 0 C. -1 P(X) 1
B. 0 P(X) 1 D. P(X) 1
2.What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
A. ∑ ( ))= 0 C. ∑ ( )) = 1
B. ∑ ( )) = 1/10 D. ∑ ( )) = 10

Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 3-4

3.If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 4
red balls and 5 blue balls. If the value of the random variable X represents the
number of blue balls. What is the probability of getting two blue balls?
A. B. C. D.

4.Which probability distribution represents the given problem?

A X 0 1 2

P(X)

B X 0 1 2

P(X)

C X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

D X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

5.Which of the following cannot be the value of probability of the random variable ?

A. 1.01 B.1 C.0.50 D. 0.05

17
6.Which of the following table represents probability distribution?

A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.42 0.44

B. X 1 3 5 7
P(X)

C. X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.12

D. X 0 2 4 6
P(X)

7.Which of the following can serve as the values of a probability distribution?

A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37
B. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 4/14, P(3)= 1/14
C. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 12/33, P(3)= 10/33
8. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a probability distribution?

A.0,2,3 C. 2,3,4
B. 1,1,2 D. 1,2,3
9. Which formula gives the probability distribution shown by the table?

X 2 3 6
P(X) 1/2 1/3

A.P(X) = C.P(X) =
B. P(X) = D.P(X) =

10.The following table shows the probability distribution of a discrete random

variable X. Find the value of n.
X 2 4 6
P(X) 0.4 0.25 n

A.0.15 B. 0.25 C. 0.28 D. 0.35

18
11.The probabilities that a customer buys 5,8,9,12 and 15 items in a grocery store
are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32, 0.28 and 0.20 respectively. Which probability distribution
represents the given problem?

A. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.32

B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.2 0.14 0.06

C. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20

D. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.32

12. What are the possible values of each random variable X if X represents the
number of heads in tossing a coin thrice?

A.X= {0,1,2,3} C. X= {1, 2, 3}

B. X= {0, 1,2} D. X= {1,2,}
13.What are the values of P(x) if P(x)= , for x=0,1, and 2

A.0,1,2 C. 0,0.45, 0.55

B.0,0.33, 0.67 D. 0.2, 0.3, 0.5

14.Which of the following can serve as the probability distribution of a random

variable X?
A.P(X)=1/8 for x=1,2, 3…...8
B. P(X)= for x= 1, 2, 3, 4

C.P(X)= 1/6 for x= 1,2,3……9

D.PX) = for x= 1,2,3

19
15.The number of absences from June to March of a student based on his class
adviser’s record is shown below. If X be the random variable representing the
number of absences.

Month No. of Absences Month No. of Absences

June 0 November 2
July 2 December 1
August 1 January 4
September 3 February 1
October 2 March 4

Which table represents the probability distribution?

A. X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

B. X 0 1 2 3

P(X)

C. X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X)

D. X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X)

20
 Additional Activities

1.Number of Defective Test Booklets

In a National Achievement Test, suppose three test booklets were tested at

random. Let D represent the defective test booklet and let N represent the non-
defective test booklet. Let X be the random variable representing the number of non-
defective test booklets. Construct a probability distribution for the random variable X.

2. Tossing Four Coins

Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let Y represent the number of
tails that occur. Construct the probability distribution of random variable Y.

3. Rolling Two Dice

Using the sample space for rolling two dice, construct a probability distribution
for the random variable X representing the difference of the numbers that appear.
For example, if a two and a five are rolled, X= 5-2=3, and if two fours are rolled, X=
4-4=0. Construct the probability distribution for X.

4.Spin and Add

A spinner has 3 equal sections that are labeled 1,2 and
3. If you spin the spinner twice, then find the sum of the 3 1

two numbers it lands on. Let X be a random variable

that represents the sum of the two numbers. 2

a. List all the sample space. How many are they?

b. Let X be a random variable that represents the sum of two numbers. What are
the possible values of X?
c. Construct a probability distribution of the random variable X.

21
 Answer Key

What's More
Activity 1
1. Not
2. Probability
Distribution
3. Not
4. Not
5. Probability
Distribution

Activity 2
X P(x)
0 1/8
1 3/8
2 3/8
3 1/8

Activity 3
X P(x)
2 1/36
3
4 1/12
5 1/9 15. D
15.C 6 5/36 14. C
14.A 7 1/6
8 5/36
13. A
13.B
9 1/9
12. D
12.A
10 1/12
11. D
11.C
10.D 11 1/18 10. C
9. A 12 1/36 9. C
8. D 8. A
7. B Activity 4 7. D
6. C X P(x) 6. B
5. A 10 1/5 A 5.
4. B 12 1/10 C 4.
3. C 14 1/5 B 3.
2. C 15 3/10 B 2.
1. B 20 1/10 C 1.
25 1/10
Assessment What I Know

22
References
Belecina,Rene R.,Baccay,Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics And Probability”.
Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI).2016

Malate, Jose S. “Statistics and Probability for Senior High School.” Vicarisg
Publications and Trading, Inc, 2017
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines

23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph