Understanding Culture,

Society, and Politics

 Defining society, culture,
Lesson 1
and politics

Lesson 2 Anthropology, Sociology,

and Political Science
Most Essential Learning Competency:
• Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives of anthropology,
sociology, and political science.
• Articulate observations on human cultural variation, social
differences, social changes, and political identities
• Demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the
origins and dynamics of culture and society, and political
identities
How diverse is your classroom?
Direction:
1. Form 7 groups
2. Each group will identify and summarize members’
cultural similarities and variation. This will take 15
min. only.
3. Class Presentation of Summary in 5 minutes.
(members must use a dialect to identify ethnicity
within the group).
GROUP WORK: How Diverse is your classroom?
Direction:
1. Form 7 groups
2. Each group will identify and summarize members’ identity, social
differences ( gender, religion, ethnicity, dialects and language spoken,
similarity & differences in cuisines, Regional distinct behaviors)

Example:
• 3 male 4 female
• 5 Roman Catholic; 1 Islam; 1 Christian
• 4 Bataeño and 3 Zambaleño
• 5 Tagalog; 1 Ilocano; 1 Pangasinense; 1 Kapampangan
• All members can speak Filipino and English language, one can speak Japanese
• Ilocano and Pangasinense uses ginger in native cuisines often such as pinakbet, dinengdeng…etc
• Ilocanos are known to be Industrious and thrifty like Maria (one of our members)
 Rubrics for Group Work

• 10 • Group Presentation (organized and well presented)

• 10 • Content (based on the topic/melcs)

• 10 • Originality

• TOTAL: 30 points
What makes you
unique?
Your personal identity makes you unique
in million ways although we are being
identified by our cultural variations and
social differences, you are who you are!

“We are sun and moon, dear friend, we are

sea and land. It is not our purpose to
become each other; it is to recognize each
other, to learn to see the other and honor
him for what he is; each is the other’s
opposite and complement.”

Hermann Hesse, Narcissus and Goldmund

Cultural variation
and Social Differences
• Sex and gender
• Socioeconomic
status
• Ethnicity
• Religion
• Exceptionality
• Nationality
Cultural Similarities and Variations (Gender)
• The process by which children acquire the values, motives,
and behaviors viewed as appropriate for males and females
within a culture is called gender typing.
• Children develop gender-based beliefs, largely on the basis
of gender stereotypes; the latter are reflected in gender
roles. Children adopt a gender identity early in life and
develop gender-role preferences as well.
• Cultural Variations: Differences and discriminations among
individuals on the basis of social characteristics and qualities
Cultural Similarities and Variations
• Cultural Variations: Differences and discriminations
among individuals on the basis of social characteristics
and qualities
• Overlapping or social divisions: community sees it self
as better than the other community
• Cross-cutting social differences or social differences
Cultural Variations (Gender)
• The process by which children acquire the values, motives,
and behaviors viewed as appropriate for males and females
within a culture is called gender typing.
• Children develop gender-based beliefs, largely on the basis
of gender stereotypes; the latter are reflected in gender
roles. Children adopt a gender identity early in life and
develop gender-role preferences as well.
Gender
• refers to social, cultural, and psychological
characteristics or traits related to males and females
based on certain social contexts
• Socially constructed characteristics of being male of
female.
• Culturally-learned difference between men and
women
Sex
• Centers on biological differences
• GENDER ROLES:
• Level of masculinity and feminity varies from one culture to
another especially on how society dictates one’s productive
and reproductive roles
• Hormonal distinctions as well as diverse levels of sexual
arousal segregate men from women          provide clues on
one’s maleness of femaleness
Cultural Similarities and Variations
• RELIGION: organized system of ideas about spiritual sphere or the
supernatural
• These are associated with ceremonial or ritualistic practices
where people interpret and influence aspects of the universe
otherwise beyond human control
• Religion in the Philippines
• Catholics
• Protestants
• Islam
• Philippine Independent Church
• Iglesia ni Cristo
Cultural Similarities and Variations
• SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
• Category of person who have more or less the same socioeconomic privileges in
a society
•  inherited wealth
• Occupational status of the breadwinner in the household
• In the Philippines:
• upper class, middle class, and lower class
• A,B,C,D, and E CLASS % SHARE IN NUMBER AVERAGE ANNUAL
OF FAMILIES INCOME 
(IN PESOS)
AB 1% 1,857,000
C 9% 603,000
D 60% 191,000
E 30% 62,000
Cultural Similarities and Variations
• Ethnicity: expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic group or indigenous
group
• Ethnic group: people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct and
unique based on distinguishable cultural features that set apart from others(language,
shared ancestry, common origin, customs and traditions)
• Eight Major Ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines
• Tagalog (28.1%)
• Cebuano (13.1%)
• Ilocano (9%)
• Bisaya/Binisaya (7.6%)
• Ilonggo/Hiligaynon (7.5%)
• Bicol (6%)
• Waray (3.4%)
• Others (25.3%)
Cultural Similarities and Variations
• Other Ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines
•
Ivatan, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bocolano, Visayans(Masbateno,
Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Waray, Butuan, Romblonanon, Kamayo, Cuyonon, and
Surigaonon), Zamboangueño, Subanon, and more..
• Western Mindanao and Sulu archipelago ethnic groups: mostly practice Islam, Moros
or Moors
• Agusan Marsh and highlands of Mindanao, Lumads
• Negrito (Ati/Aeta)
• Malay
• Mestizo
 Cultural Similarities and Variations
• Exceptionality
• State of being intellectually gifted and/or
having physically or mentally challenged
conditions concerning personal behavior,
communication ( learning disability, speech
impairment, and hearing problems), intellect
(mild intellectual and mental developmental
disabilities), physical appearance ( blind low
vision), or a combination of more than one
specific exceptionality or disability.
• RA 7277 An Act providing Rehabilitation, Self-
Development, and Self-Reliance of Disabled
Person and their Integration
 Cultural Similarities and Variations
• Nationality :legal relationship that binds a person and a country. It
allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person.
• (Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article IV, Section 1,)
 Cultural Similarities and Variations
• (Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article IV,
Section 1,)
• Jus Sanguinis(right of blood)
• Jus Soli(right of soil)
• Culture

• Society

• Politics

• Power

• Political Institution

• Government
• Culture:
• Sum of individuals way of life from material to
non-material things
• Tangible
• A complex whole which encompasses beliefs,
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, • Intangible
artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything
that a person has, learned, shares as a human
person and as a member of the society
 Society
• An organized group/s of interdependent
people who share common territory,
language, and culture that acts together for
collective survival.
• The ways of group/s organize and depend
on one another can be seen in different
social features such as economic,
communication, and defense system
Politics
• A theory, arts and practice of
government. The political
Institution is relatively a stable
cluster of statuses, general
norms and behavior, which are
involved in the acquisition and
exercise of power and decision
making in the society
(Turner:215)
 Social Science
• Anthropology: scientific study of
man or human beings
• Sociology: study of human social
relationshipsand institutions
• Political Science: a social science
that deals with humans and their
interactions
• It deals with a large-scale
actions of humans as groups
Lesson 2: Nature and Scope
of Anthropology, Sociology,
and Political Science
 Natural Science and Social Science

• Branch of science that deals with the • Branch of science primarily focuses
natural world on human society and human
• Processes relationships 
• Elements
• Composition
 What is it

• Sociology
• Anthropology
•Social Science • Political Science
• Economics
• Psychology
• branch of discipline that deals
• Geography
with human behavior in its social
and cultural aspects.
 Etymology:
 Latin word socius:
companion
 Greek word logos:
study

• Systematic study of human

relationship along with the
Sociology human society and
interaction.
Auguste Comte
(1798-1857)
• Sociology (1838)
• Positivism
• Evidence, experiments,
and statistics
 Battle of the Classes

Emile Friedrick Engels

Durkheim (1820-1895)
Karl Marx
(1858-1917) (1818-1883)
The Communists
Manifesto

Formally establish the

academic discipline of Social Science
Max Weber
(1864-1920)

• Role of
Rationalization in
the development
of society
• THEORY OF
PROLETARIAT
• Bureaucracy
 CLASS-PERSON’S ECONOMIC
POSISTION BASED ON BIRTH AND
Three ACHIEVEMENT
Components STATUS-ONE’S SOCIAL
of Theory PRSTIGE/HONOR INFLUENCED OR
Social NOT BY CLASS
Stratification POWER-ABILITY OF SOMEONE TO
ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS DESPITE
THE RESISTANCE OF OTHERS.
Anthropology Etymology:
 Latin word anthropos: man
• Branch of science that
deals with all aspects of
human beings including
 Greek word logos: study biological evolution, social
and cultural features
Charles Darwin's On The origin of Species
(1859)
• Socio-Cultural Studies
• Spencer, Morgan, Taylor

Evolution did not limit itself to biological aspect of

human but extending to human-cultural life
 • Participant Observation
Bronislaw • An open-ended inductive long-term
Malinowski living with and among people
Franz Boas Edward Taylor
(1858-1942)  (1858-1942)
• Father of American Anthropology • 1st gave the definition of culture

• Historical Particularism
• Cultural Relativism :
Complexity of all culture,
primitive or not
Political Science
• Etymology: 
• Greek word polis- city/state
• Latin word   scire- to know

• A discipline in social science

concerned primarily in the
state, government, and politics
Importance of • On Culture
Creative and resourceful for survival
Studying Determines outline of acceptable social behavior
Carry-out meanings 
Culture, Society, Produces tangible objects relevant to man
and Politics Contributes to the totality of living of humankind
 • On Society
Importance of • Human connection and interconnectedness
• Symbolizing identity of the members
Culture, Society, • Characterizing the boundaries of a territory
and Politics • Representing political independence and
economic interdependence
 • On Politics
Importance of • Understand theories, concepts, and knowledge
• Manifest the underlying principles of state
Culture, Society, policies and laws to be abided and respected
• Prepare for the student for a possible career
and Politics path in the legal profession and government
service
 Graphic •Goals of Anthropology, Sociology and Political
Organizer Science