3.0 Introduction of Derivative: DX Dy DX DF

CHAPTER 3: DIFFERENTIATION
3.0 Introduction of Derivative

3.1 Rules for Differentiation
3.2 Higher Order Differentiation
3.3 Differentiation of Logarithm and Exponent Functions
3.4 Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3.5 Chain Rule
3.6 Implicit Differentiation
3.7 Parametric Function
3.0 Introduction of Derivative

Algebraically, the derivative of the function is the instantaneous rate of change of 𝒚 with
respect to 𝒙.
Geometrically, it is the slope (gradient) of the tangent line to graph 𝑓(𝑥).
There are many ways in writing the derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥.
The common notations are as follows:
𝑦’ or 𝑓’ read as 𝑦 prime or 𝑓 prime

𝑦’(𝑥) or 𝑓’(𝑥) read as 𝑦 prime 𝑥 or 𝑓 prime 𝑥
𝑦̇ or 𝑓̇ read as 𝑦 dot or 𝑓 dot
dy df
or read as 𝑑𝑦 per 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑓 per 𝑑𝑥
dx dx
Definition
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). The derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥, is defined as
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
provided the limit exist.
The derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is also called the differential coefficient. Furthermore, the process to get
the derivative using Definition above is called the differential by using the first principle.
Differential by using the first principle.

Step 1 : Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Write the expression 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
Step 2 : Obtain the expression difference between 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) and 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
Step 3 : Simplify the expression
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ
Step 4 : Find the limit
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Example A
By using differential from the first principle, find the derivative of the following functions.
(a) y  6
(b) y  2 x
Solution:
55 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (2019/2020)
(a) Step 1 : 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 6
Step 2 : 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 6 = 0
f ( x  h)  f ( x) 0
Step 3 :  0
h h
Step 4 : f ' ( x)  lim 0  0

h 0
Therefore, 𝑦 ′ = 0 ⋕
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥 + 2ℎ
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2ℎ − 2𝑥 = 2ℎ
f ( x  h)  f ( x) 2h
 2
h h
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim 2 = 2
ℎ→0
Therefore, 𝑦 ′ = 2 ⋕
3.1 Rules for Differentiation

Since calculus plays a key role in many branches of applied science, we need to differentiate
many types of function; constant, polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential, and
logarithmic functions. Let we state each of these formulas as theorem.
Theorem 3.1 (Constant function)

If 𝑦 = 𝑐
Let 𝑐 is constant, for all 𝑥, then
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
Example B
Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
(a) 𝑦 = 3
(b) 𝑦 = 2𝜋
Solution:
Theorem 3.2 (Power Integer) Read me:
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑛
Let 𝑛 is a power integer, for all 𝑥, then Let 𝑛 is a power integer, for all 𝑥, and
𝑑𝑦 𝑢 is differentiable, then
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example C
1
(a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (b) 𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑥 3 (c) y   x
x2
(d) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4(2𝑥 − 5)3 (e) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 (f) 𝑦 = 𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)
1 1 2
(g) 𝑦 = −2(𝑥 + 3)17 (h) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 9 (i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + (3𝑥 − 2)3
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (b) 𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑥 3
𝑦 ′ = 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ = 3(2𝑥 2 ) = 6𝑥 2
1
(c) y   x (d) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4(2𝑥 − 5)3
x2
y  x 2  x1 / 2 y '  2  12(2 x  5) 2 (2)
1  2  24(2 x  5) 2
y '  2 x 3  x 1 / 2
2
2 1
 3 
x 2 x
(e) (f)
(h)
(g)
(i)
Theorem 3.3 (Differentiation of Addition)
If 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 be a differentiable function with respect of 𝑥, then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Similarly, for subtraction
Theorem 3.4 (Differentiation of Subtraction)

If 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣
= −
Example D
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
(a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
(b) 𝑦 = 3𝑥18 −2𝑥17 +𝑥16
1 2
(c) y    x3
x x2
3
(d) y  4 x3  5x 2 
x3
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑦
= 4(3𝑥 2 ) + 5(2𝑥) + 2
𝑑𝑥
= 12𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 2
(b) 𝑦 = 3𝑥18 −2𝑥17 +𝑥16

𝑑𝑦
= 3(18𝑥17 ) − 2(17𝑥16 ) + 16𝑥15
𝑑𝑥
= 54𝑥17 − 34𝑥16 + 16𝑥15
1 2
(c) y   2  x3  x1  2 x 2  x3
x x
1 4
y'  1x  2  2(2 x3 )  3x 2   x  2  4 x3  3x2   2
 3  3x 2
x x
3
(d) y  4 x3  5x 2  3
 4 x3  5 x 2  3x  3
x
9
y'  3(4 x3 )  2(5x 2 )  3(3x  4 )  12 x3  10 x 2  9 x  4  12 x3  10 x 2 
x4
Theorem 3.5 (Differentiation of Product)
If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣 or 𝑦 ′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
Example E
(a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 3 + 7)(5𝑥 2 − 3)
(b) 𝑦 = (𝑥 4 + 1)(𝑥−2𝑥 5 )
 1
(c) y  ( x  1) x  5  
2
 x
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 3 + 7)(5𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 + 7 𝑣 = 5𝑥 2 − 3
𝑢′ = 6𝑥 2 𝑣 ′ = 10𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 3 + 7)(10𝑥) + (5𝑥 2 − 3)(6𝑥 2 )
= 20𝑥 4 + 70𝑥 + 30𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 2 = 50𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 2 + 70𝑥
(b) 𝑦 = (𝑥 4 + 1)(𝑥−2𝑥 5 )
𝑢 = 𝑥4 + 1 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 5
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 𝑣 ′ = 1 − 10𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 4 + 1)(1 − 10𝑥 4 ) + (𝑥 − 2𝑥 5 )(4𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 8 + 1 − 10𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 8
= 1 − 5𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 8 ⋕
(c)
𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 5 − 𝑥 −1
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 1
𝑣 ′ = 1 + 𝑥 −2 = 1 +
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= (𝑥 2 + 1) (1 + 2 ) + (𝑥 − 5 − ) (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
= 𝑥 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 2
𝑥
1
= 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 2
𝑥
Theorem 3.6 (Differentiation of Quotient)
u
If y 
v
Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 ≠ 0 be a differentiable function with respect of 𝑥, then
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
= or 𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2 𝑣2
Example F
2𝑥 + 5
(a) 𝑦 =
3𝑥 + 2
2
(b) 𝑦 =
√𝑥 − 5
2𝑥 3 + 1
(c) 𝑦 =
𝑥2
Solution:
2𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 3 + 1
(a) 𝑦 = (c) 𝑦 =
3𝑥 + 2 𝑥2
𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 + 1 𝑣 = 𝑥2
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5 𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑢′ = 6𝑥 2 𝑣 ′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′ = 2 𝑣′ = 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 (6𝑥 2 )−(2𝑥 3 +1)(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 ′ ′
(3𝑥 + 2)(2) − (2𝑥 + 5)(3) = (𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
= 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 (3𝑥 + 2)2 6𝑥 4 − (4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥)
=
6𝑥 + 4 − (6𝑥 + 15) 𝑥4
=
(3𝑥 + 2)2 2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥
=
6𝑥 + 4 − 6𝑥 − 15 𝑥4
=
(3𝑥 + 2)2 2
=2− 3
−11 𝑥
= ⋕
(3𝑥 + 2)2
2
(b) 𝑦 =
√𝑥 − 5
𝑢=2 𝑣 = √𝑥 − 5
𝑢′ = 0 1
𝑣 ′ = 𝑥 −1/2
2
1
1 −
(√𝑥−5)(0)−(2)(2𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 2
(√𝑥−5)
1
−
√ 𝑥
= 2
(√𝑥 − 5)
1
=− 2
√𝑥(√𝑥 − 5)
As a summary, Table 3.1 below shows all the differentiation rules where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are
differentiable functions with respect to 𝑥 and 𝑐 is constant.
Table 3.1
𝑓 𝑓’
𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑢±𝑣 = ±
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
𝑦= =
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
3.2 Higher Order Differentiation

If 𝑓(𝑥) is a function, the first derivative gives us 𝑓’(𝑥). Then, if 𝑓’(𝑥) is differentiable, the
second derivative gives us 𝑓’’(𝑥). If 𝑓’’(𝑥) is differentiable, we can get third derivative. This
process can continue to the forth and higher order differentiations. So we can write
𝑓’ First derivative
𝑓’’ Second derivative
𝑓’’’ Third derivative
𝑓 (4) Forth derivative
𝑓 (5) Fifth derivative
⋮ ⋮
𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑛th derivative
Example G
Find the first four derivatives of the following functions
(a) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 10 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 10 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −2(10𝑥 9 ) = −20𝑥 9 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5(5𝑥 4 ) − 2(3𝑥 2 ) + 3 = 25𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 3
𝑦 ′′ = −20(9𝑥 8 ) = −180𝑥 8 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 25(4𝑥 3 ) − 6(2𝑥) = 100𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = −180(8𝑥 7 ) = −1440𝑥 7 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 100(3𝑥 2 ) − 12 = 300𝑥 2 − 12
𝑦 (4) = −1440(7𝑥 6 ) = −10080𝑥 6 𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 300(2𝑥) = 600𝑥
Example H
Find y’’ and 𝑦’’’ for the following functions
x 1
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 5)(3𝑥 + 2) (b) y  (c) y  4 x 2  2 x  1
x
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 5)(3𝑥 + 2)
𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 5 𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 𝑣′ = 3
𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 + 5)(3) + (3𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 2 )
= 3𝑥 3 + 15 + 9𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 15 + 12𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 ⋕
𝑦 ′′ = 12(3𝑥 2 ) + 6(2𝑥) = 36𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 ⋕

𝑦 ′′′ = 36(2𝑥) + 12 = 72𝑥 + 12 ⋕
x 1
(b) y 
x
𝑢 = 𝑥+1 𝑣=𝑥
𝑢′ = 1 𝑣′ = 1
𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′ (𝑥)(1) − (𝑥 + 1)(1) 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 1

𝑦′ = = = = − = −𝑥 −2 ⋕
𝑣2 (𝑥)2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦 ′′ = −(−2𝑥 −3 ) = 2𝑥 −3 ⋕
𝑦 ′′′ = 2(−3𝑥 −4 ) = −6𝑥 −4 ⋕
3.3 Differentiation of Logarithm Functions and Exponential Functions
Theorem 3.7 (Logarithm Functions) Read me:

If 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 If 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑢
Let 𝑏 and 𝑥 is a positive integer, then Let 𝑏 is a positive integer, and 𝑢 is differentiable
𝑑𝑦 1 then
= log 𝑏 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Theorem 3.8 (Natural Logarithm Functions)
From Theorem 3.7, when 𝑏 = 𝑒, gives 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 From that, when 𝑎 = 𝑒, gives 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
Let 𝑥 is positive integer, then then
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 =
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Example I
Find the derivative of the following functions
4𝑥 − 𝑥 3
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + log10 3 + 𝑥 ln 7 (b) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4 log 2 (3𝑥 − 1) (e) 𝑓(𝑥) =
ln 𝑥
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + log 𝑒 𝑥 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2 ln(4𝑥 + 2)
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + log10 3 + 𝑥 ln 7 (b) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4 log 2 (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= 1 + ln 7 = 3 −4( log 2 𝑒) 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 − 1
12
=3− log 2 𝑒
3𝑥 − 1
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + log 𝑒 𝑥 (e) 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑓 1 𝑓(𝑥) =
= 3𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 𝑒 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑣 = ln 𝑥
2
1 𝑢′ = 4 − 3𝑥 2 1
= 3𝑥 + ⋕ 𝑣′ =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2 ln(4𝑥 + 2) 2 3 1
𝑑𝑓 4 𝑑𝑦 (ln 𝑥)(4 − 3𝑥 ) − (4𝑥 − 𝑥 ) (𝑥 )
= 6𝑥 + 2 ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (ln 𝑥)2
(d) 4
= 6𝑥 + ⋕ −4 + 𝑥 2 + 4 ln 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
2𝑥 + 1 =
(ln 𝑥)2
Theorem 3.9 (Exponential functions) Read me:
If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , then If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢 , and 𝑢 is differentiable then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 , and 𝑢 is differentiable then
= 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example J
(a) 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 3𝑥 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 7𝑥 3 − 𝑒 𝑥−1
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑒 2𝑥−1 − 𝑒 3𝑥 (e) 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑥 2 − 1)
1
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = + 7 ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 𝑥 1/2 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −1/2
= 𝑥 + 3𝑥 ln 3
𝑑𝑥 2
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑒 2𝑥−1 − 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥−1 ∙ 2 − 𝑒 3𝑥 ∙ 3
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 2𝑥−1 − 3𝑒 3𝑥
(c) 1
𝑓(𝑥) = + 7 ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑥 −1 + 7 ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑓 1 14
=− 2+ + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 7𝑥 3 − 𝑒 𝑥−1
(d) 𝑑𝑓
= 4𝑥 ln 4 − 21𝑥 2 − 𝑒 𝑥−1 ⋕
𝑑𝑥
(e) 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑓
= (5𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )(2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 − 1)(5𝑥 ln 5 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥5𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 5𝑥 ln 5 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑥 ln 5 + 𝑒 𝑥
= 2𝑥5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 5𝑥 ln 5 − 5𝑥 ln 5 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
= 5𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ln 5 − ln 5) + 𝑒 𝑥 (−2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 1)
3.4 Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Theorem 3.10 (Trigonometric Functions) Theorem 3.11 (Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = cosec 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑦 = cosec −1 𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = cot 𝑥 = − cosec 2 𝑥 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
Read me:
If 𝑦 = sin 𝑢, and 𝑢 is differentiable then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Same goes to other trigonometric function
Example K
(a) 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥) − √𝑥 (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sec 𝑥 + tan(5𝑥)
(b) 𝑦 = 3 tan 𝑥 + 2tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (d) Find 𝑦′′ of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + cos(3𝑥 + 4)
Solution:
(a) 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥) − √𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 1/2 (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sec 𝑥 + tan(5𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑓
= cos 𝑥 ∙ 2 − 𝑥 −2 = 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 5 sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 = sec 𝑥 (2 tan 𝑥 + 5 sec 𝑥) ⋕
= 2 cos 𝑥 −
2√𝑥
(b) 𝑦 = 3 tan 𝑥 + 2 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (d) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + cos(3𝑥 + 4)

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 2 − 2 − 3 sin(3𝑥 + 4)
= 3 sec 2 𝑥 + 2 ( ) + 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑦 ′/ = 18𝑥 − 9 cos(3𝑥 + 4)
2
= 3 sec 2 𝑥 + + 𝑒𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
3.5 Chain Rule

With the knowledge in subtopic above, we can differentiate any function using the and
differentiation rules.
 For instance, if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1, then 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 − 2.

 But consider the polynomial 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)99 or 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)1/2 .
 How about 𝑦 = 4 ln(𝑥 2 + 3) and 𝑦 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3) ???
The idea in solving this type of complicated function is by using Chain Rule.
Theorem 3.12 (Chain Rule)

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions, then the derivative
of the composite function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Or
Theorem 3.13 (Extended Chain Rule)
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑢) and 𝑢 = ℎ(𝑥) are differentiable functions, then the
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
Chain rule becomes 𝑑𝑥
= ∙ ∙
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Below are the steps that need to be taken while working with Chain Rule.
Example: Find derivative of

Procedure of Chain Rule
𝑦(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)99
Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
Let the most inner function as 𝑢. Then
Step 1 : find the derivative
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
Rewrite the original equation in term of 𝑦(𝑢) = 𝑢99
Step 2 : 𝑢. 𝑑𝑦
Then find the derivative = 99𝑢98
𝑑𝑢
= ∙
Step 3 : Recall the Chain Rule and substitute 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 99𝑢98 ∙ (2𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑦
Substitute back the original equation = 99(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)98 ∙ (2𝑥 − 2)
Step 4 : with the letting function in Step 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 99(2𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)98
𝑑𝑥
Step 5 : Tidy up = 99 ∙ 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)98
= 198(𝑥 − 1)((𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)98 ⋕
Repeat : Below is the step that need to be taken while working with Chain Rule.
Example:
Find derivative of 𝑦(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)1/2
Step 1 Step 2
𝑦(𝑢) = 𝑢1/2
Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 −1/2
= 2𝑥 − 2 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 2
Step 3
= ∙ Step 4
1 1 1
= 𝑢−2 ∙ (2𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)−1/2 ∙ (2𝑥 − 2)
2 2
1
= 2 (2𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)−1/2
1
= ∙ 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)−1/2
2
Step 5
= (𝑥 − 1)((𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)−1/2
𝑥−1
= ⋕
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)1/2
Example L
dy
Find for the following functions using chain rule.
dx
3
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 3)20 (b) 𝑦 = √3 − 2𝑥
(c) y  1 (d) 𝑦 = 4 ln(𝑥 2 + 3)
3  2x
(e) 𝑦 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3)
Solution:
(a) Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 3 𝑦(𝑢) = 𝑢20 (b) Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 𝑦(𝑢) = 𝑢1/3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 −2/3
= 3𝑥 2 + 5 = 20𝑢19 = −2 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙ = 20𝑢19 ∙ (3𝑥 2 + 5) = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢−2/3 ∙ (−2)
= 20(𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3)19 ∙ (3𝑥 2 + 5) 3
𝑑𝑥
= 20(3𝑥 2 + 5)(𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3)19 𝑑𝑦 2 2
= − 𝑢 −3
𝑑𝑥 3
2
= − (3 − 2𝑥)−2/3 ⋕
3
(c) 𝑦 = (3 − 2𝑥)−1/2 (d) 𝑦 = 4 ln(𝑥 2 + 3)

Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −2 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(𝑢) = 4 ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 4
=4 =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
= ∙
4 8𝑥
= ∙ 2𝑥 =
𝑢 𝑢
8𝑥
= 2 ⋕
𝑥 +3
(e) 𝑦 = 𝑒 (2𝑥+3)
Let 𝑢(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑢
=2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦(𝑢) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑢
=𝑒 ∙2
= 2𝑒 (2𝑥+3) ⋕
3.6 Implicit Differentiation
We say that 𝑦 defined explicitly function if the dependence of 𝑦 on 𝑥 is given in the form
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + ln 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
But sometimes functions are given not in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) but in a more complicated form
in which it is diﬃcult or impossible to express 𝑦 explicitly in terms of 𝑥. For example
𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥 3 𝑦 5 + 3𝑥 = 8𝑦 3 + 1
Such functions are called implicit functions. All the knowledge in previous subtopic is very
important to work with implicit differentiation.
For implicit differentiation

dy
𝑦 becomes
dx
dy
𝑦 𝑛 becomes ny n 1
dx
ln 𝑦 becomes 1 dy
y dx
dy
𝑒 𝑦 becomes e y
dx
dy
sin 𝑦 becomes cos y
dx
For instance,
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦) = (ln 𝑦) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦) = 2 (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 ) = 3𝑦 2 (sin 𝑦) = cos 𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
(4𝑦 3 ) = 12𝑦 2 (cos−1 𝑦) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
Below are the steps that need to be taken while working with implicit differentiation.
Procedure of Implicit Example: Find derivative of
Differentiation 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 = 6
𝑑 𝑑
d (4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 ) = (6)
Write in front of the 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Step 1 : dx 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(4𝑥 2 ) + (𝑦 ) − (3𝑦) + (2𝑥𝑦 3 ) = (6)
expression right and left. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 2 ) = 8𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
 (𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate term by 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
Step 2 :  (3𝑦) =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
term
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥𝑦 3 ) = 2𝑥 ∙ 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 3 ∙ 2 = 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 3
𝑑
 𝑑𝑥
(6) =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8𝑥 + 2𝑦 −3 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 = 0
Rearrange the equation 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dy 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Step 3 : with at the left. 2𝑦 −3 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 = −8𝑥 − 2𝑦 3
dx 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 − 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 ) = −8𝑥 − 2𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
dy 𝑑𝑦 −8𝑥 − 2𝑦 3
Step 4 : Get = ⋕
dx 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 − 3 + 6𝑥𝑦 2
Example M
Find derivative of 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 − 1 = 0 by implicit differentiation.
Solution:
Step 1  𝑑 2
(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑  𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑦 3 − 1) = (0) (𝑦 ) = 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Step 2
𝑑 2 𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) − (𝑦 ) − (1) = (0)  𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1) = 0
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑
(0) = 0
𝑑𝑥
Step 3 Step 4
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 =0 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3𝑦
3𝑦 2 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example N
Find derivative of function below by implicit differentiation
a) 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 5
b) 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦1/2 + sin 𝑦 = 5𝑥
c) 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 2 ln 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
(4𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦) = (5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(4𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥𝑦) + (3𝑦) = (5)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(4𝑥 2 ) = 4(2𝑥) = 8𝑥 (3𝑦) = 3
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥𝑦): (5) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣=𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑢′ = 1 𝑣 ′ =
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝑦(1) = 𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 3 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑦+3 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−𝑥 +3 = 𝑦 − 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(−𝑥 + 3) = 𝑦 − 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 8𝑥
= ⋕
𝑑𝑥 3−𝑥
b)
𝑑 3 1 𝑑
(𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + sin y) = (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + (3𝑥𝑦) − (3𝑦 2 ) + (sin 𝑦) = (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 (sin 𝑦) = cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(3𝑥𝑦): (5𝑥) = 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑢′ = 3 𝑣 ′ =
𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥𝑦) = 3𝑥 ( ) + 𝑦(3) = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑑 1 1 1 𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦 2 ) = 3 ( 𝑦 −2 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 −2
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑦 −2 + cos 𝑦 =5
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
3𝑥 − 𝑦 −2 + cos 𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦= (3𝑥 − 𝑦 −1/2 + cos 𝑦) = 5 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
3.7 Parametric Function
Parametric equations define relations as sets of equation. The function is said to be

parametric when function 𝑥 and function 𝑦 are related to each other through their dependence
on parameter 𝑡.
Any equation can be parameterized and represent as a set of parametric equations when
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)
The idea in differentiating parametric equation is all about Chain Rule.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
For instance
A curve is given by a parametric equation

x  t 2  2t and y  t 3  3t
dy dy
Find the by using parametric differentiation. Hence evaluate when 𝑡 = 4.
dx dx
Solution:
x  t 2  2t y  t 3  3t
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑡 − 2 = 3𝑡 2 − 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 − 2
= ∙
1
= (3𝑡 2 − 3) ∙ ( )
2𝑡 − 2
3𝑡 2 − 3
=
2𝑡 − 2
When 𝑡 = 4,
𝑑𝑦
Substitute 𝑡 = 4 into 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3(4)2 − 3
= = 7.5 ⋕
𝑑𝑥 2(4) − 2
Example O
A curve has a parametric equation
t4
and y  t  4
2
x
t t
dy
Find
dx
Solution:
t 4 t2  4
x  1  4t 1 y  t  4t 1
t t
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −4𝑡 −2 = 1 − 4𝑡 −2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1
=
𝑑𝑥 −4𝑡 −2
= ∙
1
= (1 − 4𝑡 −2 ) ∙ ( )
−4𝑡 −2
1 − 4𝑡 −2
=
−4𝑡 −2
1
= +1
−4𝑡 −2
𝑡2
=− +1⋕
4
Example P
A curve has a parametric equation x  t 4 and y  t 2
dy
Find when t  2
dx
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑡4 𝑦 = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑡 3 = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1
= 3
𝑑𝑥 4𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= ∙ = 2 = 𝑡 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 2
1 𝑑2 𝑦 1 1
= (2𝑡) ∙ ( 3 ) = (−2𝑡 −3 )
= −𝑡 −3
= −
4𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑡3
2𝑡
= 3
4𝑡 When 𝑡 = 2,
1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 2⋕ =− = −0.125 ⋕
2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 (2)3
Example Q
A curve has a parametric equation
2
a) x  t sin t and y 
t 1
b) x  3e and y  2 ln t
t
dy
Find dx
Solution:
a)
𝑥 = 𝑡 sin 𝑡 2
𝑦=
𝑡+1
𝑢 = 𝑡 , 𝑣 = sin 𝑡 𝑢 = 2 ,𝑣 = 𝑡 + 1
𝑢′ = 1 , 𝑣 ′ = cos 𝑡 𝑢′ = 0 , 𝑣 ′ = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (𝑡 + 1)(0) − 2(1) −2
= 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 + 1)2 (𝑡 + 1)2
𝑑𝑡 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
= ∙
−2 1
=( )∙( )
(𝑡 + 1)2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
−2
= ⋕
(𝑡 + 1)2 (𝑡 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
b)
𝑥 = 3𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
= 3𝑒 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑒𝑡
= ∙
2 1
= ∙ 𝑡
𝑡 3𝑒
2
= ⋕
3𝑡 𝑒𝑡
Tutorial 3
1. By using differentiation from first principle, find the derivatives of the following
functions
(a) y  2 x 2  1 (c) y  (2 x  1) 2
(b) y  2 x  x 2 (d) y  2 x 3  x  1
2. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  16  log 7 (b) y  0.5  2 (c) y3 3 (d) y  8e 3
3. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.
(a) y  x  sin x  3 (c) y  1  3  3x 2  log x

3
x x
(b) (d) y  2 x15  8 x 7  6 x 3  2e x
y  4 x 3  x 2  3x  2e x
4. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  (2  x3 )( x3  2 x  2) (e) y  e x sin x  x 3
(b) y  (2 x  1)( x 2  2 x  3) (f) y  x 2e x  8 x ln x
(c) y  (3x 2  1) 2 (g) y  3x 2  e x ln x
(d) y  xe x  4 x 2e x

(a) y  (3x  2 x  1)  x
2
(d) y  e x  ( x  1)
(b) y  ( x  5)  (2 x  1) x
(f) y  8x 2  x  e x 
(c) y  (cos x)  (1  cos x) ln x
2x d 2 y 4 x( x 2  3)
6. If y  , show that  .
1  x2 dx2 (1  x 2 )3
2
dy d y
7. Find and for the following functions.
dx dx2
(a) y  7 x 4  5x3  2 x  3e x
(b) y  ( x  8)( x 2  3)
d2y dy
8. Verify that y  Ax  Bx satisfy the x
2
2
 2 x  2 y  0 where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constant.
2
dx dx

( 2 x1)
(a) y  ( x 4  2 x 2  3) 20 (f) y  x  e
2
 2 ln( 5x  3)
1 (g) y  5 sin( 2 x  3)  8 cos(5 x  1)
(b) y   2x
3  2x 3e(5 x3)
(h) y 
(c) y  3(8x  5)12 4e( 2 x )
(d) y  ( x3  7) 13 (i) y  4 cos3 (5x  7)
(e) y  (8 x  3) 2 (7  x 2 )3
dy
10. If y  (1  x)( 25  x 2 ) , find the value of for 𝑥 = 3 .
dx
dy
11. Find for the following functions.
dx
(a) x 3  xy  y 2  7 (c) 3x 2 y 2  8 y 2  6
(b)
x2 y 2
 1 (d) 8 sin x  7 y sin x  8x 2  e x y
4 16
dy
12. Find in terms of 𝑡 for the curves with the following parametric equations.
dx
(a) x  t 2  2t , y  t 3  3t (c) x  3 sin t , y  et
(b) x  t  ,
1
y t
1 (d) x  t 3  1, y  t2 1
t t
ANSWER:
1. (a) 4x (b) 2+2x (c) 8x-4 (d) 6x2+1
3. (a) 1+cos x (b) 12x2 +2x-3+2ex (c) -1/3 x-4/3-3x-2-6x+1/x log e (d) 30x14+56x6-18x2+2xln x
4. (a) 4-8x3-6x5 (b) 6x2+2x-8 (c) 36x3+12x (d) 4x2ex+ex+9xex (e) excos x +exsin x +3x2
(f) x2ex+2xex+8+8ln x (g) 6x-ex/x-exlnx
9 1 1  11  sin x xe x 1 1
5. (a) x  (b) (c) (d) (f) 16 x  1  e x  
2 x 2 x 3 (2 x  1) 2
(1  cos x) 2
(1  x) 2
ln x (ln x) 2
7. (a) y’=28x3-15x2-2+3ex , y’’=84x2-30x+3ex (b) y’=3x2+16x-3 y’’=6x+16
3 4 3 19 -3/2
9. (a) (80x +80x)(x +2x -3) (b) (3-2x) -2 (c) 288x(8x+5) (d) -39x (x3+7)-14
11 2
(e) -6x(8x-3)2(7-x2)2+16(8x-3)(7-x2)3 (f) 2x+2e2x-1+10/(5x+3) (g) 10cos(2x-3)-40sin(5x+3)

(h) 9e3x-3 (i) -60cos2(5x-7)sin(5x-7)
10. -5/2
dy 3x 2  y dy 4 x dy  3xy dy (8  7 y) cos x  16 x  ye x
11. (a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
dx x  2 y dx y dx 3x 2  8 dx e x  7 sin x
dy 3t 2  3 dy 1  t 2 dy et dy 2
12. (a)  (b)  2
(c)  (d) 
dx 2t  2 dx 1  t dx 3 cost dx 3t
CHAPTER 4 : APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
4.1 Rates of Change
4.2 Related Rate of Change
4.3 Maximum and Minimum problem, Graph sketching
4.4 L’ Hôpital’s Rule
In this chapter, we will apply the knowledge of differentiation to several problems in our
daily life. These are very important especially in applications in mathematics, physics,
engineering, economy and many other field of study.
4.1 Rate of Change
Rate of change is the term use when the two variables relate each other, then one of
the variable changes with respect to another one. Usually the dependent variable changes
with respect to independent variable.
 If 𝐴 represent the area of the rectangular in 𝑐𝑚2 , and 𝑙 is the length in 𝑐𝑚, then the
dA
rate of change of area with respect to length is written as .
dl
dV
 The rate of change of volume, 𝑉 with respect to time, 𝑡 is written as .
dt
 If 𝑃 is price of laptop (unit RM) and 𝑡 is time in year.Then the of change of price with
dP
respect to time, 𝑡 is written as .
dt
For example, what is the rate of change of the perimeter of the square rectangle with respect
to the length?
As we know, square rectangle has same length of the width and height. Let’s say
𝑥
Perimeter, 𝑃 = 4𝑥.
dP
Therefore, the rate of change is 4
dx
Example A
The area of a circle is change with respect to the radius in 𝑐𝑚. Find the rate of change when
radius is 25 cm.
Solution:
Area, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
76 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

dA
Therefore, the rate of change is  2𝜋𝑟
dr
dA
When r  25, = 2𝜋(25) = 50𝜋
dr
⸫ So, when the radius of circle is 25 𝑐𝑚, the area of circle is expanding at the rate 50𝜋 𝑐𝑚 ⋕
Note:
Expand/increase/higher/longer when the rate of changes is positive
Decrease/lower/smaller/leak when the rate of changes is negative
Example B
The area of an ink blot at time 𝑡 is 𝐴 𝑐𝑚2 where 𝐴 = 4𝑡 2 + 𝑡. Determine the rate of change
in the blot when 𝑡 = 7.
Solution:
𝐴 = 4𝑡 2 + 𝑡
dA
Rate of change,  8t  1
dt
dA
When 𝑡 = 7,  8(7)  1
dt
 57
⸫ Thus, when 𝑡 = 7, the area of ink blot is expanding at the rate 57 𝑐𝑚2 𝑡 −1 .
Example C
At time 𝑡, the volume 𝑉 𝑐𝑚3of water in a leaking tank is 𝑉, where 𝑉 = 120 − 4𝑡 − 𝑡 3 .
Find the rate of water flow from the tank at 𝑡 = 5 .
Solution:
𝑉 = 120 − 4𝑡 − 𝑡 3
dV
Rate of change,  4  3t 2
dt
dV
When 𝑡 = 5,  4  3(5) 2
dt
 79
⸫ Thus, when 𝑡 = 5, the rate of water tank is decreasing at the rate 79 𝑐𝑚3 𝑡 −1 ⋕
Example D
1
The length of the rope, 𝐿 𝑐𝑚 at 𝑡 seconds is given by equation; L  t 3  4t  6.
3
Determine the time 𝑡 when
(a) the length of the rope increases at a rate of 4 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1
(b) the length of the rope decreases at a rate of 3 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1

Solution:
1
𝐿 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 + 6
3
dL 2
Rate of change, t 4
dt
dL
a.  4.
dt
Then we equate; 4 = 𝑡2 − 4
𝑡2 = 8
𝑡 = √8
= 2.83 seconds ⋕
dL
b.  3.
dt
Then we equate; −3 = 𝑡 2 − 4
𝑡2 = 1
𝑡 = √1
= 1 seconds ⋕
Example E
Let 𝑉 be the volume of the sphere with radius 𝑟. Determine the rate of change in sphere when
𝑟 = 3 𝑐𝑚.
Solution:
4
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
dV
Rate of change,  4r 2
dr
dV
When 𝑡 = 3,  4(3) 2
dr
 36
Thus, when 𝑡 = 3, the volume of sphere is increasing at the rate 36𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 ⋕
Example F
Let 𝑟 be the radius of the circle with time 𝑡. Determine the rate of change in circle
when 𝑡 = 3.
𝑟 = 13 − 2𝑡, where 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6.
Constant rate of change is when
Solution: the rate of change of dependent
dr
Rate of change,  2 variable with respect to dependent
dt variable independent variable
equal to constant at any value of
dr
When 𝑡 = 3,  2 independent variable.
dt
dr
It means that for every value of 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6,
dt
is always the same. This case gives the constant rate of change.

4.2 Related Rate of Change
Chain rule is widely applied when the rate of change involves more than two
quantities. For example, we wish to find the rate of change for the volume of a spherical
dV
balloon, at a certain time 𝑡. The rate of change of its radius at that time is given, that is
dt
dr dV 4
is known. Provided that we can find (since V  𝜋𝑟 3 ), we can use the chain rule
dt dt 3
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
= ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
Tips: Related Rate of Change always involve (1) time (2) any other variable &
(3) any other variable. You can refer to the unit given.
Example:
The length of a rectangle is five times its width. The width increases at a rate of
2 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1. When the width is 5 𝑐𝑚, what is the rate of increase of the rectangle
area?
Variable (1) time in 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

(2) width in 𝑐𝑚
(3) area – must be in 𝑐𝑚2
Example G
The length of a rectangle is five times its width. The width increases at a rate of 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1.
When the width is 5 𝑐𝑚, what is the rate of change of the rectangle area?
Solution:
Information
Formula Area Rectangle
Length : 5𝑥
Width : 𝑥 𝐴 = 5𝑥(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=2
𝑑𝑡
Find
𝑑𝐴
=? when 𝑥 = 5
𝑑𝑡
dA dA dx
Chain Rule  
dt dx dt
= 10𝑥 ∙ 2
= 20𝑥
When 𝑥 = 5
𝑑𝐴
= 100 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1 ⋕
𝑑𝑡

Example H
A spherical ballon is expanding with its radius increasing at rate of 2 𝑚 𝑠 −1 . Find the rate of
its volume changes when the radius, 𝑟 = 2 𝑚.
Solution:
dr Formula Volume Spherical
2
dt
dV 4 3
 ? when 𝑟 = 2 V 𝜋𝑟
dt 3
dV
 4 𝜋𝑟 2
dr
dV dV dr
  = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 = 8𝜋𝑟 2
dt dr dt
When 𝑟 = 2
𝑑𝑉
= 8𝜋(2)2 = 32𝜋 𝑚3 𝑠 −1 ⋕
𝑑𝑡
Example I
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 5 𝑚 𝑠 −1 . Find
a) the rate of change of the area when its radius is 12 𝑚
b) the radius of circle when its area increasing at the rate of 50𝜋 𝑚2 𝑠 −1 .
Solution:
Information Formula Area of Circle
dr
5
dt 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
dA
dA  2 𝜋𝑟
a) Find  ? when 𝑟 = 12 dr
dt
dA dA dr
Chain Rule  
dt dr dt
= 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ 5
= 10𝜋(12)
= 120𝜋 𝑚2𝑠 −1 ⋕
50𝜋 = 10𝜋𝑟
50𝜋
b) Find r  ? when dA  50 𝜋 𝑟=
dt 10𝜋
dA dA dr 𝑟 = 5𝑚 ⋕
Chain Rule  
dt dr dt
50𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ 5
Example X
The area of a square is increasing at a rate of 12 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1 . Find the rate of increase of the side
of the square when the length of the side is 3 𝑐𝑚.
Solution:

Example J (Similar Case in Mini-Project)
A closed cylindrical can of Nescafe is to hold volume: 240 mililiter of drink. The factory
management want to minimize the surface area to manufacture the can. As the production
engineer, you have been asked to form a production team to make the new design. Could you
help them to find out what should be the dimension of the new can in order to achieve the
goal?
Solution:
4.3 Maximum Minimum

One of the most important applications of calculus is in the field optimization, the
study of maxima and minima. In this section we begin discussions of this topic; extreme
value functions and the shape of the graph.
4.3.1 Extreme Values of the Functions

In particular we want to differentiate between two types of minimum or maximum
values. The following definition gives the types of minimums and/or maximums values that
we’ll be looking at. Also, we will collectively call the minimum and maximum points of a
function the extrema of the function.

Definition of Extreme Values
If 𝑐 be an interior point of the domain of function 𝑓(𝑥)
1 We say 𝑓(𝑥) has an absolute (or global) maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥 ‘in
the domain we are working on’.
2 We say 𝑓(𝑥) has an absolute (or global) minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥 ‘in
the domain we are working on’.
3 We say 𝑓(𝑥) has an local (or relative) maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥 ‘in
some open interval around 𝑥 = 𝑐’
4 We say 𝑓(𝑥) has an local (or relative) minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥 ‘in
some open interval around 𝑥 = 𝑐’
The only possible candidates for the 𝑥-coordinate of an extreme point are the critical
points and the endpoints of domain if it does. Derivative is used to determine the whether a
function has any maximum or minimum values by first finding critical points.
Critical Points
If 𝑐 be an interior point of the domain of function 𝑓(𝑥).
We say say that 𝑥 = 𝑐 is a critical point id 𝑓(𝑐) exists and if either of the following are true
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) does not exist
For Example,
Determine all the critical points for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100
Solution: We first need the derivative of the function and factor it as much as possible to
make our life easier when we go to find the critical points.
𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100

𝑓′(𝑥) = 30𝑥 4 + 132𝑥 3 − 90𝑥 2
= 6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 − 15)
= 6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
The critical points will be those values of x which make the derivative zero. So, we must
solve
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
2 (5𝑥
6𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
6𝑥 2 = 0 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑥+5=0
𝑥=0 𝑥 = 3/5 𝑥 = −5
3
The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = −5, 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑥 = 5 ⋕

Example K
Determine all the critical points for the function
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 7
ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
iii) ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 1
3
iv) 𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 + 3𝑥
Solution:
i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 7
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
But 3 ≠ 0 ∴Function 𝑓(𝑥) does not have critical points ⋕
ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2 − 2𝑥
= 2(1 − 𝑥)
′ (𝑥)
𝑔 =0
2(1 − 𝑥) = 0
1−𝑥 =0
𝑥=1 ∴The critical point for 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝑥 = 1 ⋕
iii) ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑔′ (𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6
𝑔′ (𝑥) = 0
(𝑥 − 0.62)(𝑥 + 1.07) = 0
𝑥1 = 0.62, 𝑥2 = 1.07 ∴The critical point for ℎ(𝑥) are 𝑥1 = 0.62, 𝑥2 = 1.07 ⋕
3
iv) 𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 + 3𝑥 = 3𝑥 −1 − 2 + 3𝑥
𝑚′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 −2 + 3
𝑚′ (𝑥) = 0
−3𝑥 −2 + 3 = 0
−3
= −3
𝑥2
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = −1 ∴The critical point for ℎ(𝑥) are 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = −1 ⋕
Once the critical point obtained, we can find the extreme values of the function which show
the pattern of function; maximum or minimum.
For example,
Determine all the extreme values for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100
Solution:

The procedures of finding the extreme values include four steps below:
Step Solution
Step 1 Verify the function is continuous The function is continuous infinitely
Step 2 Find the critical points. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100

[If the domain given, we only 𝑓′(𝑥) = 30𝑥 4 + 132𝑥 3 − 90𝑥 2
interested in the critical point that fall = 6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 2 + 22𝑥 − 15)
inside the domain] = 6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
6𝑥 2 (5𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
6𝑥 2 = 0 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑥+5=0
𝑥=0 𝑥 = 3/5 𝑥 = −5
3
The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = −5, 𝑥 = 0, & 𝑥 = 5
Step 3 Substitute the critical points (and end 𝑓(−5) = 6(−5)5 + 33(−5)4 − 30(−5)3 + 100
point interval; if given) into original = 5725
equation
𝑓(0) = 6(0)5 + 33(0)4 − 30(0)3 + 100
= 100
3 3 5 3 4 3 3
𝑓 ( ) = 6 ( ) + 33 ( ) − 30 ( ) + 100
5 5 5 5
= 98.26
Step 4 Identify the extreme values The local maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) is 5725 at 𝑥 = −5 (critical
-the largest 𝑓(𝑥) as maximum point)
-the smallest 𝑓(𝑥) as minimum The local minimum of 𝑓(𝑥) is 98.26 at 𝑥 = 3/5 (critical
point) ⋕
Example L
Find the absolute extrema for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 16
on the interval −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
Solution:
The function is cubic and continuous on the interval −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 16
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 = 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
4𝑥 = 0 𝑥2 − 4 = 0
𝑥=0 𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = ±2
The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0

[𝑥 = 2 excluded because fall outside the interval given]
Substitute critical points 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0, and endpoint interval 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 1 into

𝑓(𝑥).

𝑓(−2) = (−2)4 − 8(−2)2 + 16 = 0
𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0 comes from critical
𝑓(0) = (0)4 − 8(0)2 + 16 = 16
points
𝑓(−4) = (−4)4 − 8(−4)2 + 16 = 144 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 1 comes from endpoints points
𝑓(1) = (1)4 − 8(1)2 + 16 = 9
The absolute maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) is 144 at 𝑥 = −4 (endpoint)

The absolute minimum of 𝑓(𝑥) is 0 at 𝑥 = −2 (critical point) ⋕
Example M
Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x 4 − 3x 3 − 1 on [−2,2].
Solution:
The function is continuous on [−2,2]
f ′ (x) = 4x 3 − 9x 2
= x 2 (4x − 9)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
x 2 (4x − 9) = 0
𝑥2 = 0 4𝑥 − 9 = 0
𝑥=0 9
𝑥= = 2.25
4
The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = 0

[𝑥 = 2.25 excluded because fall outside the interval given]
Substitute critical point 𝑥 = 0, and endpoint interval 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2 into 𝑓(𝑥).

f(0) = 04 − 3(0)3 − 1 = −1
f(−2) = (−2)4 − 3(−2)3 − 1 = 39
f(2) = 24 − 3(2)3 − 1 = −9
The absolute maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) is −9 at 𝑥 = 2 (endpoint)

The absolute minimum of 𝑓(𝑥) is 39 at 𝑥 = −2 (endpoint) ⋕
Example N
Find the extreme values and stationary points of the functions and where they occur
x
a) f ( x)  2
x 1
b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 on interval [−3,1]
Solution:
a) The function is continuous on any real number The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1
(x 2 + 1)(1) − x(2x) Substitute critical point 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 into 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 −1 1
𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑓(−1) = =−
= (−1)2 + 1 2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 1 1
1 − 𝑥2 𝑓(1) = 2 =
= 2 1 +1 2
(𝑥 + 1)2
1
The local maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) is at 𝑥 = 1 (critical point)
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 1
1 − 𝑥2 The local minimum of 𝑓(𝑥) is − at 𝑥 = −1 (critical point) ⋕
2
=0 1 1
Stationary points are (1, ) and (−1, − ) ⋕
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 2 2
1 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
b) The function is continuous on any real number Substitute critical point 𝑥 = 0 and end point 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 1
2 into 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 on interval [−3,1]
𝑔′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 𝑔(0) = 4 − 02 = 4
𝑔(−3) = 4 − (−3)2 = −5
𝑔′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑔(1) = 4 − 12 = 3

− 2𝑥 = 0𝑥 =The critical poin 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝑥 = 0 The absolute maximum of 𝑔(𝑥) is 4 at 𝑥 = 0 (critical point)
The absolute minimum of 𝑔(𝑥) is −5 at 𝑥 = −3 (end point) ⋕
Stationary points are (0,4) and (−3, −5)
4.3.2 The Shape of the Graph

In previous section we discussed the method to find the extreme values either local maximum
or minimum. This knowledge will be used in our study on curve sketching which plays an
important role in mathematics.
First Derivative Test (Gives Critical Point)

Given that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
1. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) or if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) does not exist, 𝑥 is a critical point
2. A critical point is a maximum point if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes sign from positive to negative as 𝑥
increasing through the critical point.
3. A critical point is a minimum point if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes sign from negative to positive as 𝑥
increasing through the critical point.
Second Derivative Test (Gives Point of Inflection)

Assuming that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has a critical point at 𝑥 = 𝑐
1. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0, the graph is concave down and 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐
2. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0, the graph is concave up and 𝑓(𝑥) has a maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑐
3. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0, or does not exist, the second derivative test fails. We have to use the first derivative
to determine the property of extreme points at 𝑥 = 𝑐
The procedures to sketch the graph involve four steps below:

Step 1 Find the critical point and extreme point
Step 2 Find the inflection point
Step 3 Build a table to examine the behavior
1) increasing or decreasing
2) concavity
of the function
Step 4 Draw a graph
 Substitute 𝑥 into ORIGINAL equation in FIRST AND SECOND STEP
 Substitute 𝑥 into 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) equation in THIRD STEP

1 1
For instance; Sketch the graph of y  x 3  x 2  6 x . Locate the local extreme of 𝑦 occur
3 2
Solution: based on the steps above
STEP 1: STEP 2: Inflection point
Critical point 𝑦′ = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
1 3 1 2 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑥 + 1
y x  x  6x
3 2
𝑦′ = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 𝑦 ′′ = 0
2𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
𝑦′ = 0 𝑥 = −2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 0 When 𝑥 = − 2,
1
𝑥−2=0 𝑥+3=0
𝑥=2 𝑥 = −3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1
𝑦 (− ) = (− ) + (− ) − 6 (− ) = 3.08
2 3 2 2 2 2
Critical points are 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −3
1
Inflection point at (− 2 , 3.08)
Extreme point
1 1
𝑦(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 − 6(2) = −7.33
3 2
1 1
𝑦(−3) = (−3) + (−3)2 − 6(−3) = 12.5
3
3 2
Extreme points are (−3, 12.5) and (2,
−7.33)
STEP 3:
CP & IP, 𝑥 -3 -1/2 2
Assumption values, 𝑥 -4 -1 1 3
𝑦’ + - - +
behaviour
𝑦’’ - - + +
behaviour
STEP 4:

Example O
Sketch the graph of y  x  4x . Locate the local extreme of 𝑦 occur.
4 3
Solution:
Critical point: Inflection point:
y  x  4x
4 3 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 = 12𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
= 4𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 ′′ = 0
𝑦′ = 0 12𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
4𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3) = 0 12𝑥 = 0 𝑥−2=0
4𝑥 2 = 0 𝑥−3=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=2
𝑥=0 𝑥=3
When 𝑥 = 0
Critical points are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 𝑦(0) = (0)4 − 4(0)3 = 0
Extreme point: When 𝑥 = 2
𝑦(0) = (0)4 − 4(0)3 = 0 𝑦(2) = (2)4 − 4(2)3 = −16
𝑦(3) = (3)4 − 4(3)3 = −27
Inflection points are (2, −16)
Extreme points are (0,0) and (3,−27)
CP & IP, 𝑥 0 2 3
Assumption values, 𝑥 -1 1 2.5 4
𝑦’ - - - +
behaviour
𝑦’’ + - + +
behaviour

Example P
Graph the function y  2 x  6 x  3 . Identify and locate local extreme values and
3 2
inflection points.
Solution:
𝑦 = −2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 𝑦 ′ = −6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = −12𝑥 + 12
= −6𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 ′′ = 0
′ −12𝑥 + 12 = 0
𝑦 =0
−6𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 12𝑥 = 12
−6𝑥 = 0 𝑥−2=0 𝑥=1
𝑥=0 𝑥=2
When 𝑥 = 1
Critical points are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2 𝑦(1) = −2(1)3 + 6(1)2 − 3 = 1
Extreme point:
𝑦(0) = −2(0)3 + 6(0)2 − 3 = −3 Inflection point is (1,1)
𝑦(2) = −2(2)3 + 6(2)2 − 3 = 5
Extreme points are (0, −3) and (2,5)
CP & IP, 𝑥 0 1 2
Assumption values, 𝑥 -1 0.5 1.5 3
𝑦’ - + + -
behaviour
𝑦’’ + + - -
behaviour

Example Q
Graph the function y  x  12x . Identify and locate local extreme values and inflection
3 2
points.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 24
= 3𝑥(𝑥 − 8)
𝑦 ′′ = 0
′ 6𝑥 − 24 = 0
𝑦 =0
3𝑥(𝑥 − 8) = 0 6𝑥 = 24
3𝑥 = 0 𝑥−8=0 𝑥=4
𝑥=0 𝑥=8
When 𝑥 = 4
Critical points are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 8 𝑦(4) = 43 − 12(4)2 = −128
Extreme point: Inflection point is (4, −128)

𝑦(0) = 03 − 12(0)2 = 0
𝑦(8) = 83 − 12(8)2 = −256
Extreme points are (0,0) and (8, −256)
CP & IP, 𝑥 0 4 8
Assumption values, 𝑥 -1 2 5 9
𝑦’ + - - +
behaviour
𝑦’’ - - + +
behaviour

4.4 L’ Hôpital’s Rule
L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule named after Guillaume de L’H𝑜̂pital (17th century). It pronounced:

‘lopi’tal’ or sometimes spelled L’Hospital’s rule with silent ‘’s’’. It also called Bernoulli’s
rule.
The rule uses derivatives to evaluate limits with indeterminate forms. It is a
mathematical expression that is not definitely or precisely determined. Certain forms of limits
are said to be indeterminate when merely knowing the limiting behavior of individual parts of
 2x  8
the expression is not sufficient to determine the overall limit. For example, lim ( 2 ).
x4 x  x  12
0
When we substitute 𝑥 = 4 into the expression we will get . This is the indeterminate form.
0
There are seven indeterminate forms involving 0,1 and ∞.
𝟎 ∞ 0∙∞ ∞−∞ 00 ∞0 1∞
𝟎 ∞
Case I Case II Case III
Therefore, L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule will be applied
L’H𝒐
̂pital’s Rule
Assume that 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) containing
0 
𝑐, except (possibly) at the point 𝑐 itself. If f ( x) has an indeterminate form or at 𝑐
g ( x) 0 
and if 𝑔′ (𝑥) ≠ 0 for 𝑥 ≠ 0, then
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim = lim
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥)
Assuming that lim 𝑔′(𝑥) exist.
𝑥→𝑐
The step on working with L’H𝒐

̂pital’s Rule (CASE I)
Example:
Step 1 : Substitute the limit given  2x  8 0
0  lim ( )
Check expression or x4 x  x  12
2
0 (Indeterminate form)
0 
Step 2 : Apply L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule and simplify (2 x  8)' 2
lim  lim
x4 ( x 2  x  12)' x4 2 x  1
Step 3 : Substitute again the limit given 2 2 2 ⋕
lim  
x4 2 x  1 2(4)  1 7

0
Example R ( )
0
Find the limit of the following expressions by using L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule.
i. lim x  1 x2  6x  5
2
x1 x  1 iii. lim

x 1 x 2  x  2
x 2  6x  9 e x  e x  2
ii. lim iv. lim
x 3 x3 x  0 1  cos 2 x
Solution:
ii. lim x  1  0 (indeterminate form)
2
x 1 x 1 0
Apply L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule
( x 2  1)' 2x
lim  lim  lim 2 x
x 1 ( x  1)' x 1 1 x 1
lim 2 x  2(1)  2 ⋕
x 1
ii. lim x  6 x  9  0 (indeterminate form)

2
x 3 x3 0

( x 2  6 x  9)' 2x  6
lim  lim  lim 2 x  6  2(3)  6  0 ⋕
x 3 ( x  3)' x 3 1 x 3
iii.
iv. lim 4 x  3cos x   1 (indeterminate form)

3
x0 x 0

4 x 3  cos x (4 x 3  cos x)'
lim  lim
x0 x3 x0 ( x 3 )'
12 x 2  ( sin x) 12 x 2  sin x
 lim  lim
x0 3x 2 x0 3x 2
0
 (indeterminate form)
0

Example S
Find the limit of the following expressions by using L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule.
3x  5 iii. lim x  4 x 3
2
i. lim
x 6 x  8 x  5  6 x
ii. lim ln x x2
iv. lim
x 2 x x  ex
Solution:
3x  5 
i. lim  (indeterminate form)
x 6 x  8 

(3x  5)' 3 3 1
lim  lim   ⋕
x (6 x  8)' x  6 6 2
ii. lim ln x   (indeterminate form)

x 2 x 

(ln x)' (1 )
lim  lim x
x  ( 2  1 x  2 )
1
x ( 2 x )'
2
(1 )
 lim x1
x  ( x 2 )
(1 )
 lim x
x 
( 1 )
x
1 x
 lim 
x  x 1
1
 lim
x  x
1


 0⋕
iii. lim x  4 x3   (indeterminate form)

2
x 5  6x 
( x  4 x 2 )' 1  8x 
Apply L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule lim  lim  (indeterminate form)
x (5  6 x )'
3 x  18 x 2 
Apply L’H𝑜̂pital’s rule again lim (1  8x2)'  lim  8   8  0 ⋕
x (18 x )' x  36 x 
iv. lim x x   (indeterminate form)

2
x e 

Tutorial 4
1. The radius, 𝑟 cm of a circle at time 𝑡 seconds is given by 𝑟 = 9𝑡 − 𝑡 3 . Determine the rate of change in
radius when
(i) 𝑡 = 2
(ii) 𝑡 = 1
(iii) 𝑡 = 2.5
Determine whether the radius is increasing or decreasing in each case.
2. A student suggests that the height of the average male (beyond the age of 3) can be modeled according
12
to the formula h  6  .
a
Where ′ℎ′ is the height in feet and ′𝑎′ is the age in years.
Use this model to find the rate of growth of the average male (in feet per year) at the ages of
(i) 6 years
(ii) 8 years
3. The length of a rectangle is five times its width. The width increases at a rate of 2 cms-1. When the
width is 5 cm, what is the rate of increase of the rectangle area?
4. Solve the following expression by using L’Hopital’s rule

x2  9x  4 8  2x 2 cos 2 x  sin x
(i) lim 2 (ii) lim 2 (iii) lim
x 3x  7 x  8 x  4 x  x  12 x0 3x 2
5. Find all the critical points of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and determine whether the critical points are
maximum or minimum.
6. Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2 for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
7. Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 using its concavity, maximum and minimum and points of inflection.
8. Determine where the following function is increasing and decreasing

𝐴(𝑡) = 27𝑡 5 − 45𝑡 4 − 130𝑡 3 + 150
9. The position of a particle moving along a number line is given by

2
𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 10𝑡
3
(i) Calculate the time, 𝑡 when the particle moving to the longest position
(ii) Calculate the time, 𝑡 when the velocity of the particle is minimum
ANSWER
1. (i) -3 (Decrease) (ii) 6 (Increase) (iii) - 6. Absolute maximum 3 at 𝑥 = 1 , absolute
9.75 (Decrease) maximum −18 at 𝑥 = −2
2. (i) Increase 0.33 feet 7. Increase at 𝑡 < −1.16 and 𝑡 > 2.49
(ii) Increase 0.1875 feet Decrease at −1.16 < 𝑡 < 0 and 0 < 𝑡 < 2.49
3. 100 cm2t-1 8. (i) 𝑡 = 1 (ii) 𝑡 = 3
4. (i) 1/3 (ii) -2/7 (iii) -4/3

1
5. Critical point 𝑥 = 1, − 3
1
𝑥 = 1 Minimum, 𝑥 = − 3 Maximum

3.0 Introduction of Derivative: DX Dy DX DF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.0 Introduction of Derivative: DX Dy DX DF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.0 Introduction of Derivative

3.0 Introduction of Derivative

𝑦’ or 𝑓’ read as 𝑦 prime or 𝑓 prime

Differential by using the first principle.

Step 2 : 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 6 = 0

Step 4 : f ' ( x)  lim 0  0

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥 + 2ℎ

3.1 Rules for Differentiation

Theorem 3.1 (Constant function)

Similarly, for subtraction

Theorem 3.4 (Differentiation of Subtraction)

(b) 𝑦 = 3𝑥18 −2𝑥17 +𝑥16

3.2 Higher Order Differentiation

𝑦 ′′ = 12(3𝑥 2 ) + 6(2𝑥) = 36𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 ⋕

𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′ (𝑥)(1) − (𝑥 + 1)(1) 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 1

3.3 Differentiation of Logarithm Functions and Exponential Functions

Theorem 3.7 (Logarithm Functions) Read me:

(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + log 𝑒 𝑥 (e) 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3

Theorem 3.9 (Exponential functions) Read me:

If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , then If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢 , and 𝑢 is differentiable then

(e) 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑥 2 − 1)

3.4 Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Theorem 3.10 (Trigonometric Functions) Theorem 3.11 (Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

(b) 𝑦 = 3 tan 𝑥 + 2 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (d) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + cos(3𝑥 + 4)

3.5 Chain Rule

 For instance, if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1, then 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 − 2.

Theorem 3.12 (Chain Rule)

Example: Find derivative of

(c) 𝑦 = (3 − 2𝑥)−1/2 (d) 𝑦 = 4 ln(𝑥 2 + 3)

For implicit differentiation

Parametric equations define relations as sets of equation. The function is said to be

𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)

The idea in differentiating parametric equation is all about Chain Rule.

A curve is given by a parametric equation

2. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  x  sin x  3 (c) y  1  3  3x 2  log x

4. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

5. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.

9. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.

(e) -6x(8x-3)2(7-x2)2+16(8x-3)(7-x2)3 (f) 2x+2e2x-1+10/(5x+3) (g) 10cos(2x-3)-40sin(5x+3)

4.1 Rate of Change

76 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

77 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

78 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

Variable (1) time in 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

79 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

80 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

4.3 Maximum Minimum

4.3.1 Extreme Values of the Functions

81 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100

82 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

83 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

Step 2 Find the critical points. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 33𝑥 4 − 30𝑥 3 + 100

The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0

Substitute critical points 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0, and endpoint interval 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 1 into

84 NurhanaMohamad_CeDS (Sem 2 2019/2020)

The absolute maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) is 144 at 𝑥 = −4 (endpoint)

The critical points for 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 = 0

Substitute critical point 𝑥 = 0, and endpoint interval 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2 into 𝑓(𝑥).

The absolute maximum of 𝑓(𝑥) is −9 at 𝑥 = 2 (endpoint)

(x 2 + 1)(1) − x(2x) Substitute critical point 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 into 𝑓(𝑥).