Introductory Algebra 12th Edition Bittinger Solutions Manual 1

Each coefficient has 3 factors of 2.
There are no other

Test Bank for Introductory common prime factors. The GCF of the powers of x is
x2
Algebra 12th Edition Bittinger because 2 is the smallest exponent of x. Thus the
GCF is 2 · 2 · 2 · x2, or 8x2.
Beecher Johnson 0321867963 12. 8x2 = 2 · 2 · 2 · x2
9780321867964
Full download link at:
Test bank:
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-
for-introductory-algebra-12th-edition-
bittinger-beecher-johnson-0321867963-
9780321867964/
Solution manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-
manual-for-introductory-algebra-12th-
edition-bittinger-beecher-johnson-
0321867963-9780321867964/
Chapter 5
Polynomials: Factoring
Exercise Set 5.1
RC2. (9x)(3) = 27x; answer (c) is correct.
RC4. 9x(4x − 3) = 36x2 − 27x; answer (a) is correct.

2. 60 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5
75 = 3 · 5 · 5
Each number has a factor of 3 and a factor of 5. The GCF
is 3 · 5, or 15.
4. 90 = 2 · 3 · 3 · 5
135 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 5
225 = 3 · 3 · 5 · 5
Each number has two factors of 3 and one factor of 5. The
GCF is 3 · 3 · 5, or 45.
6. 12 = 2 · 2 · 3
20 = 2 · 2 · 5
75 = 3 · 5 · 5
There is no factor common to all three numbers, so the
GCF is 1.
8. x 2 = x2
5x = 5 · x
The coefficients have no common prime factor. The GCF
of the powers of x is x because 1 is the smallest exponent
of x. Thus the GCF is x.
10. 8x4 = 2 · 2 · 2 · x4
−24x2 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · x2
Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ⓧ
Similarly, the GCF of the powers of y is y3 because 3 is
the smallest exponent of x. Thus the GCF is x3y3.
20. x(x + 5)
22. 8y(y − 1)
24. x2(3x2 − 1)
16. −x2 = −1 · x2 26. 5x3(x2 + 2)

−6x = −1 · 2 · 3 · x 28. 4(2x2 − x − 5)
−24x5 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · x5 30. 16pq2(p5q2 + 2p4q − 3)
The coefficients have no common prime factor. The GCF of 32. x(5x4 + 10x − 8)
the powers of x is x because 1 is the smallest exponentof x.
Thus the GCF is x. 34. x3y3(x6y3 − x4y2 + xy + 1)
36. 4(2y3 − 5y2 + 3y − 4)
18. −x9y6 = −1 · x9 · y6
−x7y5 = −1 · x7 · y5 38. 0.5x2(5x4 − x2 + 10x + 20)
1
x4y4 = x4 · y4 40. x(5x 6+ 2x 4− 4x 2− 1)
9
x3y3 = x3 · y3
The coefficients have no common prime factor. The GCF of 42. (y + 4)(y2 + 6)
the powers of x is x3 because 3 is the smallest exponentof x.
44. (4x − 3)(2x2 + 5)
−4x = −1 · 2 · 2 · x
46. (2z + 7)(3z2 + 1)
−20 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 5
Each coefficient has 2 factors of 2. There are no other 48. (8 − 3m)(m4 − 7)
common prime factors. The GCF of the powers of x is 1
50. 6z3 + 3z2 + 2z + 1 = 3z2(2z + 1) + (2z + 1) =
because −20 has no x-factor. Thus the GCF is 2 · 2 · 1, or
4. (2z + 1)(3z2 + 1)
14. 16p6q4 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · p6 · q4 52. 3x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 2 = x2(3x + 2) + (3x + 2) =
32p3q3=2·2·2·2·2· · p3 q3 (3x + 2)(x2 + 1)
−48pq2 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · p · q2 54. 10 3 2
x − 25x + 4x − 10 =
Each coefficient has 4 factors of 2. There are no other
common prime factors. The GCF of the powers of p is p 5x2(2x − 5) + 2(2x − 5) = (2x − 5)(5x2 + 2)
because 1 is the smallest exponent of p. The GCF of the
56. 18x3 − 21x2 + 30x − 35 =
factors of q is q2 because 2 is the smallest exponent of q.
Thus the GCF is 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · p · q2, or 16pq2. 3x2(6x − 7) + 5(6x − 7) = (6x − 7)(3x2 + 5)

Ⓧ
102 Chapter 5: Polynomials: Factoring
58. 7x3 − 14x2 − x + 2 = 7x2(x − 2) − (x − 2) = 30. (x2 − 3)(x2 + 2)

(x − 2)(7x2 − 1) 32. (x − 3)(x + 5)
60. 2x3 + 12x2 − 5x − 30 = 2x2(x + 6) − 5(x + 6) = 34. 11 − 3w + w2
(x + 6)(2x2 − 5) There are no factors of 11 whose sum is −3. This polyno-
62. 20g3 − 4g2 − 25g + 5 = 4g2(5g − 1) − 5(5g − 1) = mial is not factorable into binomials. It is prime.
(5g − 1)(4g2 − 5) 36. (a + 11)(a + 8)
64. y2 + 14y + 49 38. 5w4 − 20w3 − 25w2 =5w2(w2 − 4w − 5)=5w2(w − 5)(w + 1)
66. y2 − 14y + 49 40. 4y3(y2 − y − 1)
68. 28w2 − 53w − 66 42. x4 − 20x3 + 96x2 = x2(x2 − 20x + 96) =
70. 16w2 − 88w + 121 x2(x − 8)(x − 12)
72. y3 − 3y2 + 5y 44. 4x2 + 40x + 100 = 4(x2 + 10x + 25) = 4(x + 5)2
74. 25x2 − 10xt + t2 46. (y − 9)(y − 12)
76. x6 + x4 + x2 + 1 = x4(x2 + 1) + (x2 + 1) 48. (a − 6)(a + 15)
50. 2y2 +24y +72=2(y2 +12y +36)=2(y +6)(y +6)=2(y +6)2

= (x2 + 1)(x4 + 1)
78. 3 2 2 52. z5 −6z4 +9z3 = z3(z2 −6z +9) = z3(z −3)(z −3) = z3(z −3)2
x − x − 2x + 5 = x (x − 1) − (2x − 5)
Not factorable by grouping 54. 45 + 4x − x2 = −x2 + 4x + 45
= −1(x2 − 4x − 45)
80. 4y6 + 2y4 − 12y3 − 6y = 2y(2y5 + y3 — 6y2 — 3) = −1(x − 9)(x + 5), or
= 2y[y3(2y2 + 1) − 3(2y2 + 1)]

(−x + 9)(x + 5), or
= 2y(2y2 + 1)(y3 − 3)
(x − 9)(−x − 5)
56. −z2 + 36 − 9z = −z2 − 9z + 36
Exercise Set 5.2
= −1(z2 + 9z − 36)
RC2. True = −1(z + 12)(z − 3), or
RC4. False; (x + 5)(x − 2) = x2 + 3x − 10 x2 − 3x − 10. (−z − 12)(z − 3), or

(z + 12)(−z + 3)
2. (x + 2)(x + 3)
58. (d + 6)(d + 16)
4. (x + 1)(x + 8) 28. (b2 − 3)(b2 + 8)

6. (y − 4)(y − 7)
8. (a + 10)(a − 3)
10. (z − 1)(z − 7)
12. (t + 4)2
14. (t − 5)(t − 7)
16. (x − 7)(x + 3)
18. x2 + 5x + 3
There are no factors of 3 whose sum is 5. This polynomial
is not factorable into binomials. It is prime.
20. (y + 4)(y − 7)
22. x3 − x2 − 42x = x(x2 − x − 42) = x(x + 6)(x − 7)
24. x3 − 7x2 − 60x = x(x2 − 7x − 60) = x(x + 5)(x − 12)
26. (x − 6)(x + 12)

Ⓧ
60. 112 + 9y − y2 = −y2 + 9y + 112
= −1(y2 − 9y − 112)
= −1(y − 16)(y + 7),
or(−y + 16)(y + 7),
or
(y − 16)(−y − 7)
62. (t − 0.5)(t + 0.2)
64. (a − b)(a + 3b)
66. 72 − 6m − m2 = −m2 − 6m + 72
= −1(m2 + 6m − 72)
= −1(m + 12)(m − 6), or
(−m − 12)(m − 6), or
(m + 12)(−m + 6)
68. (x + 3y)(x + 8y)
70. (p + 8q)(p − 3q)
72. 7x9 − 28x8 − 35x7 = 7x7(x2 − 4x − 5) =
7x7(x + 1)(x − 5)

Ⓧ
Exercise Set 5.3 103
74. −2y + 11y = 108 1 2

92. x−
9y = 108 5
y = 12 1 1
94. x3 + x2 − 2x
1 1 2 5 3 3
76. x− x= + x 1 2 1
2 3 3 6 =
1 2 5 x x + x−2
3 3
x= + x 1
6 3 6 =
x x + 1 (x − 2), or
3
−2 x = 2 1 3 1
3 3 x + x2 − 2x
x = −1 3 3
1
78. 10 − (x − 7) = 4x − (1 + 5x) = 3 x(x2 + x − 6)
10 − x + 7 = 4x − 1 − 5x 1
= x(x + 3)(x − 2)
17 − x = −x − 1 3
17 = −1 96. (am − 7)(am − 4)
We get a false equation, so the equation has no solution.
98. Shaded area = Area of circle − Area of triangle =
80. 4x − 8x + 16 ≥ 6(x − 2) 1
πx2 − (2x)(x) = πx2 − x2 = x2(π − 1)
−4x + 16 ≥ 6x − 12 2
−10x ≥ −28
28 Exercise Set 5.3
x≤
10
14 RC2. True
x≤
5
, 14 , RC4. (2x + 1)(5x + 2) = 10x2 + 9x +2 = 10x2 + 21x + 2; the

x|x ≤
5 given statement is false.
p+w 2. (3x − 4)(x + 1)

82. A=
2
2A = p + w 4. (4x − 5)(x − 3)
2A − w = p 6. (3x − 1)(2x − 7)
84. a−c+r= 2 8. (7x + 1)(x + 2)
a−c+r−2 = 0 10. (3x − 2)(3x + 4)
a+r−2 = c
12. (3x − 5)(5x + 2)
86. Solve: 4x + x + (x + 30) = 180
14. (2x + 1)(x + 2)
x = 25
16. (6x − 5)(3x + 2)
If x = 25, then 4x = 100, and x + 30 = 55.
The angles are 100 , 25 , and 55 .◦ ◦ ◦ 18. (3x + 5)(5x − 2)
88. a2 + ba − 50 20. (7x + 4)(5x + 2)

Pairs of factors
22. (2 − 3x)(3 − 2x), or (3x − 2)(2x − 3)
whose product is −50 Sums of factors
−1, 50 49 24. 16 + 36x2 + 48x = 36x2 + 48x + 16 =
1, −50 −49 4(9x2 + 12x + 4) = 4(3x + 2)2
−2, 25 23
26. (8p − 3)(2p − 9)
2, −25 −23
5 28. (3a − 1)(3a + 5)
−5, 10
5, −10 −5
30. 15 + x − 2x2 = −2x2 + x + 15
= −1(2x2 − x − 15)
Ⓧ
= 1(2 + 5)( 3) or
a2 + ba − 50 can be factored if b is 49, −49, 23, −23, 5, or
−5. — x x− ,
1 (−2x − 5)(x − 3), or

90. 1
x− x+
2 4 (2x + 5)(−x + 3)

Ⓧ
32. 6x2 + 33x + 15 = 3(2x2 + 11x + 5) = 3(2x + 1)(x + 5) 74. 30a + 87ab + 30b2 = 3(10a2 + 29ab + 10b2) =
34. 18t2 − 24t + 6 = 6(3t2 − 4t + 1) = 6(3t − 1)(t − 1) 3(5a + 2b)(2a + 5b)
36. −9 + 18x2 − 21x = 3(6x2 − 7x − 3) = 76. 15a2 − 5ab − 20b2 = 5(3a2 − ab − 4b2) =
3(2x − 3)(3x + 1) 5(3a − 4b)(a + b)

38. (2t + 3)(3t + 2) 78.
40. 6x2 − 33x + 15 = 3(2x2 − 11x + 5) =

3(2x − 1)(x − 5)
42. (5x − 3)(3x − 2)
44. 14y2 + 35y + 14 = 7(2y2 + 5y + 2) =
7(2y + 1)(y + 2)
46. (6x + 5)(3x − 2)
48. 15x3 + 19x2 − 10x = x(15x2 + 19x − 10) = 80.
x(5x − 2)(3x + 5)
50. 33t − 15 − 6t2 = −6t2 + 33t − 15
= −3(2t2 − 11t + 5)
= −3(2t − 1)(t − 5), or
3(−2t + 1)(t − 5), or
3(2t − 1)(−t + 5)
52. 1 + p − 2p2 = −2p2 + p + 1
82.
= −1(2p2 − p − 1)
= −1(2p + 1)(p − 1), or
(−2p − 1)(p − 1), or
(2p + 1)(−p + 1)
54. 70x4 + 68x3 + 16x2 = 2x2(35x2 + 34x + 8) =
2x2(5x + 2)(7x + 4) (0, —3)
56. 144x5 + 168x4 + 48x3 = 24x3(6x2 + 7x + 2) =

24x3(3x + 2)(2x + 1)
84.
58. (3x2 + 2)(3x2 + 4)
60. (3x − 7)2
62. 18x3 − 21x2 − 9x = 3x(6x2 − 7x − 3) =

3x(3x + 1)(2x − 3)
64. None of the possibilities works; 9y2 + 42y + 47 is not fac-
torable. It is prime.
66. None of the possibilities works; 2x2 + 11x − 9 is not fac-
torable. It is prime. 86. −15x2m + 26xm − 8 = −1(15x2m − 26xm + 8)
= −1(3xm − 4)(5xm − 2), or
68. (3a − 2b)(4a − 3b) (−3xm + 4)(5xm − 2), or
70. (3p + 2w)(p − 6w) (3xm − 4)(−5xm + 2)
Note that (−3x + 4)(5xm − 2) can also be expressed as
m
72. 10s2 + 4st − 6t2 = 2(5s2 + 2st − 3t2) = (4 − 3xm)(5xm − 2) and (3xm − 4)(−5xm + 2) can also be
2(5s − 3t)(s + t) expressed as (3xm − 4)(2 − 5xm).
88. x2n+1 −2xn+1 +x = x(x2n −2xn +1) = x(xn −1)2
90.-94. Left to the student

Ⓧ
36. 15x2 − 19x − 10 = 15x2 − 25x + 6x − 10 =

Exercise Set 5.4 5x(3x − 5) + 2(3x − 5) = (3x − 5)(5x + 2)
38. 25x2 + 40x + 16 = 25x2 + 20x + 20x + 16 =
RC2. Find two integers whose product is 20 and whose sum
is 21. The integers are 20 and 1. 5x(5x + 4) + 4(5x + 4) = (5x + 4)(5x + 4), or
(5x + 4)2
RC4. Factor by grouping: 10x2 + 20x + x +2 = 10x(x + 2)+
1(x + 2) = (x + 2)(10x + 1). 40. 24x2 − 47x − 2 = 24x2 − 48x + x − 2 =
2. x2 + 3x + x + 3 = x(x + 3) + (x + 3) = (x + 3)(x + 1) 24x(x − 2) + (x − 2) = (x − 2)(24x + 1)
4. a2 + 5a − 2a − 10 = a(a + 5) − 2(a + 5) = 42. 17x − 4x2 + 15 = −4x2 + 17x + 15 =

−1(4x2−17x−15) =−1(4x2−20x + 3x−15) =
(a + 5)(a − 2)
−1[4x(x−5)+3(x−5)] =−1(x−5)(4x+3), or
6. 3x2 − 2x + 3x − 2 = x(3x − 2) + (3x − 2) =
(−x + 5)(4x + 3), or (x − 5)(−4x − 3)
(3x − 2)(x + 1)
44. 15 + x − 2x2 = −2x2 + x + 15 =
8. 24 − 18y − 20y + 15y2 =
−1(2x2 − x − 15) = −1(2x2 − 6x + 5x − 15) =
6(4 − 3y) − 5y(4 − 3y) = (4 − 3y)(6 − 5y), or
−1[2x(x − 3) + 5(x − 3)] = −1(x − 3)(2x + 5), or
(3y − 4)(5y − 6)
(−x + 3)(2x + 5), or (x − 3)(−2x − 5)
10. 8x2 − 6x − 28x + 21 = 2x(4x − 3) − 7(4x − 3) =
46. 6x2 + 33x + 15 = 3(2x2 + 11x + 5) =
(4x − 3)(2x − 7) 3(2x2 + 10x + x + 5) = 3[2x(x + 5) + (x + 5)] =
12. 2x4 − 6x2 − 5x2 + 15 = 2x2(x2 − 3) − 5(x2 − 3) = 3(x + 5)(2x + 1)
(x2 − 3)(2x2 − 5)
48. 18t2 − 24t + 6 = 6(3t2 − 4t + 1) =
14. 9x4 − 6x2 − 6x2 + 4 =
6(3t2 − 3t − t + 1) = 6[3t(t − 1) − (t − 1)] =
3x2(3x2 − 2) − 2(3x2 − 2) =
(3x2 − 2)(3x2 − 2), or (3x2 − 2)2 6(t − 1)(3t − 1)
16. 5x 2 + 17x + 6 = 5 x2 + 2 x+ 15 x + 6 = 50. −9 + 18x2 − 21x = 18x2 − 21x − 9 =

3(6x2 − 7x − 3) = 3(6x2 − 9x + 2x − 3) =
x(5x + 2) + 3(5x + 2) = (5x + 2)(x + 3) 3[3x(2x − 3) + (2x − 3)] = 3(2x − 3)(3x + 1)

18. 3 2 2 52. 6t2 + t − 15 = 6t2 + 10t − 9t − 15 =
x + x − 4 = 3x + 4x − 3x − 4 =
2t(3t + 5) − 3(3t + 5) = (3t + 5)(2t − 3)
x(3x + 4) − (3x + 4) = (3x + 4)(x − 1)
54. 6x2 − 33x + 15 = 3(2x2 − 11x + 5) =
20. 3x2 + 16x + 5 = 3x2 + x + 15x + 5 =
3(2x2 − 10x − x + 5) = 3[2x(x − 5) − (x − 5)] =
x(3x + 1) + 5(3x + 1) = (3x + 1)(x + 5)
3(x − 5)(2x − 1)
22. 7x2 − 15x + 2 = 7x2 − 14x − x + 2 = 56. 19 + 15 2 + 6 = 15 2
19 + 6 =
7x(x − 2) − (x − 2) = (x − 2)(7x − 1) — x x x − x
24. 6x2 + 13x + 6 = 6x2 + 9x + 4x + 6 = 15x 10x − 9x

(3x 2−−2)(5x 3) + 6 = 5x(3x − 2) − 3(3x − 2) =
3x(2x + 3) + 2(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(3x + 2) 58. 14y2 + 35y + 14 = 7(2y2 + 5y + 2) =
26. 9x2 − 6x − 8 = 9x2 − 12x + 6x − 8 = 7(2y2 + 4y + y + 2) = 7[2y(y + 2) + (y + 2)] =
3x(3x − 4) + 2(3x − 4) = (3x − 4)(3x + 2) 7(y + 2)(2y + 1)
28. 6 − 13x + 6x2 = 6 − 9x − 4x + 6x2 = 60. 18x2 + 3x − 10 = 18x2 + 15x − 12x − 10 =
3(2 − 3x) − 2x(2 − 3x) = (2 − 3x)(3 − 2x) 32. 2x2 − 5x + 2 = 2x2 − 4x − x + 2 =

30. 18x2 + 3x − 10 = 18x2 − 12x + 15x − 10 = 2x(x2− 2) − (x − 2) = 2(x − 2)(2x − 1)
34. 35
6x(3x − 2) + 5(3x − 2) = (3x − 2)(6x + 5)

Ⓧ
3x(6x + 5) − 2(6x + 5) = (6x + x(15x2 + 25x − 6x − 10) = x[5x(3x + 5) − 2(3x + 5)] =
5)(3x − 2) x(3x + 5)(5x − 2)
62. 15x3 + 19x2 − 10x = x(15x2 + 64. 1 − p − 2p2 = −2p2 − p + 1 = −1(2p2 + p − 1) =

−1(2p2 + 2p − p − 1) = −1[2p(p + 1) − (p + 1)] =
19x − 10) =
x − 34x + 8 = 35x − 20x − 14x + 8 = −1(p + 1)(2p − 1), or (−p − 1)(2p − 1),
5x(7x − 4) − 2(7x − 4) = (7x − 4)(5x − 2) or (p + 1)(−2p + 1)

Ⓧ
66. −15x2 − 19x − 6 = −1(15x2 + 19x + 6) = 92. 60x + 4x2 − 8x3 = −8x3 + 4x2 + 60x =
−1(15x2 + 10x + 9x + 6) = −1[5x(3x + 2) + 3(3x + 2)] = −4x(2x2−x−15) =−4x(2x2−6x + 5x−15) =
−1(3x+2)(5x+3), or (−3x−2)(5x+3), or (3x+2)(−5x−3) −4x[2x(x−3)+5(x − 3)] =−4x(x−3)(2x + 5), or
68. 70x4 + 68x3 + 16x2 = 2x2(35x2 + 34x + 8) = 4x(−x + 3)(2x + 5), or 4x(x − 3)(−2x − 5)
2x2(35x2 + 14x + 20x + 8) = 94. 15x3 + 33x4 + 6x5 = 6x5 + 33x4 + 15x3 =
2x2[7x(5x + 2) + 4(5x + 2)] = 3x3(2x2 + 11x + 5) = 3x3(2x2 + 10x + x + 5) =
2x2(5x + 2)(7x + 4) 3x3[2x(x + 5) + (x + 5)] = 3x3(x + 5)(2x + 1)
70. 144x5 + 168x4 + 48x3 = 24x3(6x2 + 7x + 2) = 1
14
96. 5 −6 ·5 −8 =5 −14 =
24x 3(6x 2 + 4x + 3 x + 2) = 5
24x3[2x(3x + 2) + (3x + 2)] = 5(3a − 4b)(a + b)

24x3(3x + 2)(2x + 1)
72. 9x4 + 18x2 + 8 = 9x4 + 12x2 + 6x2 + 8 =
3x2(3x2 + 4) + 2(3x2 + 4) =
(3x2 + 4)(3x2 + 2)
74. 9x2 − 42x + 49 = 9x2 − 21x − 21x + 49 =
3x(3x − 7) − 7(3x − 7) = (3x − 7)(3x − 7), or
(3x − 7)2
76. 18x3 − 21x2 − 9x = 3x(6x2 − 7x − 3) =
3x(6x2 − 9x + 2x − 3) =
3x[3x(2x − 3) + (2x − 3)] =
3x(2x − 3)(3x + 1)
78. 4x2 + 6x + 3
4 ·3 = 12; there is no pair of numbers who product is 12 and
whose sum is 3. Thus, 4x2 + 6x + 3 cannot be factored into a
product of binomial factors. It is prime.
80. 2x2 + 11x − 9
2(—9) = 18;
− there is no pair of numbers whose productis
18— and whose sum is 11. Thus, 2x2 + 11x 9−cannot be
factored into a product of binomial factors. It is prime.
82. 12a2 − 17ab + 6b2 = 12a2 − 8ab − 9ab + 6b2 =

4a(3a − 2b) − 3b(3a − 2b) = (3a − 2b)(4a − 3b)
84. 3p2 − 16pq − 12q2 = 3p2 − 18pq + 2pq − 12q2 =
3p(p − 6q) + 2q(p − 6q) = (p − 6q)(3p + 2q)
86. 10s2 + 4st − 6t2 = 2(5s2 + 2st − 3t2) =
2(5s2 + 5st − 3st − 3t2) =
2[5s(s + t) − 3t(s + t)] =
2(s + t)(5s − 3t)
88. 30a2 + 87ab + 30b2 = 3(10a2 + 29ab + 10b2) =
3(10a2 + 25ab + 4ab + 10b2) =
3[5a(2a + 5b) + 2b(2a + 5b)] =
3(2a + 5b)(5a + 2b)
90. 15a2 − 5ab − 20b2 = 5(3a2 − ab − 4b2) =
5(3a2 − 4ab + 3ab − 4b2) =
5[a(3a − 4b) + b(3a − 4b)] =

Ⓧ
98. a
100. 0.000015
102. Solve: x + (2x − 10) + (4x + 15) = 180
x = 25
Then 2x − 10 = 2 · 25 − 10, or 40◦.
104. 24x2n + 22xn + 3 = 24x2n + 18xn + 4xn + 3 =
6xn(4xn + 3) + (4xn + 3) = (6xn + 1)(4xn + 3)
106. (a + 4)2 − 2(a + 4) + 1 =
(a + 4)2 − (a + 4) − (a + 4) + 1 =
(a + 4)(a + 4 − 1) − (a + 4 − 1) =
(a + 4 − 1)(a + 4 − 1) = (a + 3)(a + 3), or
(a + 3)2
108.-114. Left to the student
Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Review
1. True; the smallest natural number is 1, and the

smallest number in the set must be a factor of the
GCF.
2. False; look for factors of c whose sum is b.
3. True; a prime polynomial cannot be factored, so it has no
common factor other than 1 and −1.
4. False; because the constant term is positive and the
middle term is negative, we need to consider only
negative pairsof factors of 45.
5. 10y3 − 18y2 + 12y = 2y · 5y2 − 2y · 9y + 2y · 6

= 2y(5y2 − 9y + 6)
6. 2x2 − x − 6
a · c = 2 · (−6) = −12
−x = −4x + 3x
2x2 − x − 6 = 2x2 − 4x + 3x − 6
= 2x(x − 2) + 3(x − 2)
= (x − 2)(2x + 3)
7. x3 = x3
3x = 3 · x
The coefficients have no common prime factor. The
GCF of the powers of x is x because 1 is the smallest
exponentof x. Thus the GCF is x.

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Review 107
8. 5x4 = 5 · x4 20. 8y5 − 48y3 = 8y3 · y2 − 8y3 · 6 = 8y3(y2 − 6)

x2 = x 2 21. 6x3y+24x2y2−42xy3 =6xy·x2 + 6xy·4xy−6xy · 7y2 =
The coefficients have no common prime factor. The GCF 6xy(x2 + 4xy − 7y2)
of the powers of x is x2 because 2 is the smallest exponent
The trinomial x2 + 4xy − 7y2 cannot be factored, so the
of x. Thus the GCF is x2.
factorization is complete.
9. 6x5 = 2 · 3 · x5 22. 6 − 11t + 4t2, or 4t2 − 11t + 6
−12x3 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 3 · x3 We will use the FOIL method.
Each coefficient has factors of 2 and 3. The GCF of the (1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1).
powers of x is x3 because 3 is the smallest exponent of x.
(2) We can factor 4t2 as
Thus the GCF is 2 · 3 · x3, or 6x3.
(4t+ )(t+ ) or (2t+ )(2t+ ).
10. −8x = −1 · 2 · 2 · 2 · x
(3) The constant term is positive and the middle term
−12 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 3 is negative, so we look for pairs of negative factors
16x2 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · x2 of 6. The possibilities are −1, −6 and −2, −3.
Each coefficient has two factors of 2. The GCF of the powers The factors can also be written as −6, −1 and −3,
of x is x0 because −12 has no x-factor. Thus the GCF is 2 · 2
−2.
· x0, or 4.
(4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and
11. 15x3y2 = 3 · 5 · x3 · y2 (3) such that the sum of their products is the middle
term, −11t.
5x2y = 5 · x2 · y
The factorization is (4t − 3)(t − 2).
40x4y3 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 5 · x4 · y3
Each coefficient has a factor of 5. The GCF of the powers 23. + 4z − 5
z2
of x is x2 because 2 is the smallest exponent of x. The GCF Look for a pair of factors of −5 whose sum is 4. The
of the powers of y is y because 1 is the smallest exponent of numbers we want are 5 and −1.
y. Thus the GCF is 5x2y.
z2 + 4z − 5 = (z + 5)(z − 1)
12. x2y4 = x2 · y4 24. 2z3 + 8z3 + 5z + 20 = 2z2(z + 4) + 5(z + 4)
−x3y3 = −1 · x3 · y3 = (z + 4)(2z2 + 5)
x3y2 = x3 · y2
25. 3p3 − 2p2 − 9p + 6 = p2(3p − 2) − 3(3p − 2)
x5y4 = · y4
x5
There is no common prime factor. The GCFs of the powers = (3p − 2)(p2 − 3)
of x and y are x2 and y2, respectively, because 2 is the 26. 10x8 − 25x6 − 15x5 + 35x3 = 5x3(2x5 − 5x3 − 3x2 + 7)
smallest exponent of each variable. Thus the GCF is x2y2.
27. 2w3 + 3w2 − 6w − 9 = w2(2w + 3) − 3(2w + 3)
13. x3 − 8x = x · x2 − x · 8 = x(x2 − 8)
= (2w + 3)(w2 − 3)
14. 3x 2 + 12x = 3 x· x + 3x · 4 = 3x(x + 4)
28. 4x4 − 5x3 + 3x2 = x2(4x2 − 5x + 3)
15. 2y2 + 8y − 4 = 2 · y2 + 2 · 4y − 2 · 2 = 2(y2 + 4y − 2) The trinomial 4x2 − 5x + 3 cannot be factored, so the
The trinomial y2 + 4y −2 cannot be factored, so the fac- factorization is complete.
torization is complete.
29. 6y2 + 7y − 10
16. 3t6 − 5t4 − 2t3 = t3 · 3t3 − t3 · 5t − t3 · 2 = t3(3t3 − 5t − 2) We will use the ac-method.
17. x2 + 4x + 3 (1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1).
Look for a pair of factors of 3 whose sum is 4. The numbers (2) Multiply 6 and −10: 6(−10) = −60.
we want are 1 and 3. (3) Look for a factorization of −60 in which the sum of
x2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 1)(x + 3) the factors is 7. The numbers we want are 12 and
−5.
18. z2 − 4z + 4
Look for a pair of factors of 4 whose sum is −4. The (4) Split the middle term: 7y = 12y − 5y.
numbers we want are −2 and −2. (5) Factor by grouping.2
6 2+7 10 = 6 + 12 5 10
z2 − 4z + 4 = (z − 2)(z − 2), or (z − 2)2
y y− y y− y−
19. x2 + 4x2 + 3x + 12 = x2(x + 4) + 3(x + 4) = 6y(y + 2) − 5(y + 2)
= (x + 4)(x2 + 3) = (y + 2)(6y − 5)

Ⓧ
30. 3x2 − 3x − 18 = 3(x2 − x − 6) 39. 4y2 − 7yz − 15z2

Consider x2 − x − 6. Look for a pair of factors of −6 whose We will use the FOIL method.
sum is −1. The numbers we want are −3 and 2. (1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1).
x2−x−6 = (x−3)(x+2), so 3x2−3x−18 = 3(x−3)(x+2). (2) We can factor 4y2 as
31. 6x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 2 = 2x2(3x + 2) + (3x + 2) (4y+ )(y+ ) or (2y+ )(2y+ ).
= (3x + 2)(2x2 + 1) (3) Factor the last term, −15z2. The possibilities are
−z, 15z and z, −15z and −3z, 5z and 3z, −5z.
32. 15 − 8w + w2, or w2 − 8w + 15
The factors can also be written as 15z, −z and
Look for a pair of factors of 15 whose sum is −8. The
numbers we want are −3 and −5. −15z, z and 5z, −3z and −5z, 3z.
15 − 8w + w2 = (w − 3)(w − 5)
(3) such that the sum of their products is the middle
33. 8x3 + 20x2 + 2x + 5 = 4x2(2x + 5) + (2x + 5) term, −7yz.
= (2x + 5)(4x2 + 1) The factorization is (4y + 5z)(y − 3z).
34. 10z2 − 21z − 10 40. 3x3 + 21x2 + 30x = 3x(x2 + 7x + 10)
We will use the FOIL method. Consider x2 + 7x + 10. Look for a pair of factors of 10
(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1). whose sum is 7. The numbers we want are 2 and 5.
(2) We can factor 10z2 as x2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 2)(x + 5), so 3x3 + 21x2 + 30x =
3x(x + 2)(x + 5).
(3) (z+ )(10z+ ) or (2z+
Factor the last term,
)(5z+ ).
41. x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 6 = x2(x − 3) − 2(x − 3)
−10. The possibilities are −1,

10 and −10, 1 and −2, 5 and 2, −5. = (x − 3)(x2 − 2)
The factors can also be written as 10, −1 and 1, 42. 9y2 + 6y + 1

−10 and 5, −2 and −5, 2. We will use the ac-method.
(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1).
term, −21z. (2) Multiply 9 and 1: 9 · 1 = 9.
The factorization is (2z − 5)(5z + 2). (3) Look for a factorization of 9 in which the sum of the
factors is 6. The numbers we want are 3 and 3.
35. 6x2 + 7x + 2
(4) Split the middle term: 6y = 3y + 3y.
We will use the ac-method.
(5) Factor by grouping.

9y2 + 6y + 1 = 9y2 + 3y + 3y + 1
(2) Multiply 6 and 2: 6 · 2 = 12. = 3y(3y + 1) + (3y + 1)
(3) Look for a factorization of 12 in which the sum of = (3y + 1)(3y + 1), or (3y + 1)2
the factors is 7. The numbers we want are 3 and 4.
(4) Split the middle term: 7x = 3x + 4x. 43. y2 + 6y + 8
Look for a pair of factors of 8 whose sum is 6. The numbers
we want are 2 and 4.
6x2 + 7x + 2 = 6x2 + 3x + 4x + 2
y2 + 6y + 8 = (y + 2)(y + 4)
= 3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)
44. 6y2 + 33y + 45 = 3(2y2 + 11y + 15)
= (2x + 1)(3x + 2)
We will use the FOIL method to factor 2y2 + 11y + 15.
36. x2 − 10xy + 24y2 (1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1.)
Look for a pair of factors of 24y2 whose sum is −10y. The
(2) We can factor 2y2 as
factors we want are −4y and −6y.
(2y+ )(y+ ).
x2 − 10xy + 24y2 = (x − 4y)(x − 6y)
(3) The constant term and the middle term are both
37. 6z3 + 3z2 + 2z + 1 = 3z2(2z + 1) + (2z + 1)
positive, so we look for pairs of positive factors of
= (2z + 1)(3z2 + 1) 15. The possibilities are
38. a3b7 + a4b5 − a2b3 + a5b6 = a2b3(ab4 + a2b2 − 1 + a3b3) 1, 15 and 3, 5.
We can also write these factors as
Ⓧ
15, 1 and 5, 3.

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Review 109
(4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and 51. 4x2 + 11xy + 6y2
(3) such that the sum of their products is the middle We will use the ac-method.
term, 11y.
The factorization of 2y2 +11y +15 is (2y +5)(y +3),
so 6y2 + 33y + 45 = 3(2y + 5)(y + 3). (2) Multiply 4 and 6y2: 4 · 6y2 = 24y2
(3) Look for a factorization of 24y2 in which the sum
45. x3 − 7x2 + 4x − 28 = x2(x − 7) + 4(x − 7)
of the factors is 11y. The numbers we want are 3y and
= (x − 7)(x2 + 4) 8y.
46. 4 + 3y − y2 = −y2 + 3y + 4 = −1(y2 − 3y − 4) (4) Split the middle term: 11xy = 3xy + 8xy.
To factor y2 − 3y − 4, look for a pair of factors of −4 whose (5) Factor by grouping:
sum is −3. The numbers we want are −4 and 1. Thusy2
− 3y − 4 = (y − 4)(y + 1). Then we have 4x2 + 11xy + 6y2 = 4x2 + 3xy + 8xy + 6y2
4 + 3y − y2 = −1(y − 4)(y + 1), or = x(4x + 3y) + 2y(4x + 3y)
(−y + 4)(y + 1), or = (4x + 3y)(x + 2y)
(y − 4)(−y − 1) 52. 6 − 5z − 6z2 = −6z2 − 5z + 6 = −1(6z2 + 5z − 6)

47. 16 2
16 60 = 4(4 2 4 15) We will use the FOIL method to factor 6z2 + 5z − 6.
x − x− x − x− (1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or 1.)
We will factor 4x2 − 4x − 15 using the ac-method. −

(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1.) (2) We can factor 6z2 as
(2) Multiply 4 and −15: 4(−15) = −60. (z+ )(6z+ ) or (2z+ )(3z+ ).
(3) Look for a factorization of −60 in which the sum of (3) Factor the last term, −6. The possibilities are −1,
the factors is −4. The numbers we want are 6 and 6 and 1, −6 and −2, 3 and 2, −3.
−10. The factors can also be written as 6, −1 and −6, 1
(4) Split the middle term: −4x = 6x − 10x. and 3, −2 and −3, 2.
(5) Factor by grouping. (4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and
4x2 − 4x − 15 = 4x2 + 6x − 10x − 15
term, 5z.
= 2x(2x + 3) − 5(2x + 3)
The factorization of 6z2 + 5z — 6 is (2z + 3)(3z − 2),
= (2x + 3)(2x − 5)
so we have
Then 16x2 − 16x − 60 = 4(2x + 3)(2x − 5).
6 − 5z − 6z2 = −1(2z + 3)(3z − 2), or
48. 10a2 − 11ab + 3b2 (−2z − 3)(3z − 2), or
We will use the FOIL method.
(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or 1). (2z + 3)(−3z + 2)
53. 12t3 + 8t2 − 9t − 6 = 4t2(3t + 2) − 3(3t + 2)
− = (3t + 2)(4t2 − 3)
(2) We can factor 10a2 as
(a+ )(10a+ ) or (2a+ )(5a+ ). y2 + 9y + 1 8 = (y + 3)(y + 6). Then y3 + 9y2 + 18y = y(y
+ 3)(y + 6).
(3) The constant term is positive and the middle term
is negative, so we look for pairs of negative factors
of 3b2. The possibilities are −b, 3b and b, −3b.
We can also write these factors as 3b, —b and −3b,
b.
term, −11ab.
The factorization is (2a − b)(5a − 3b).
49. 6w3 − 15w2 − 10w + 25 = 3w2(2w − 5) − 5(2w − 5)
= (2w − 5)(3w2 − 5)
50. y3 + 9y2 + 18y = y(y2 + 9y + 18)
To factor y2 + 9y + 18, look for a pair of factors of 18
whose sum is 9. The numbers we want are 3 and 6. Thus

Ⓧ
54. y2 + yz − 20z2
Look for a pair of factors of −20z2 whose sum is z. The
factors we want are 5z and −4z.
y2 + yz − 20z = (y + 5z)(y − 4z)
55. 9x2 − 6xy − 8y2
We will use the ac-method.
(2) Multiply 9 and −8y2: 9(−8y2) = −72y2.
(3) Look for a factorization of 72y2 in which the sum −
of the factors is 6y. The factors we want and 12y — −
and 6y.
(4) Split the middle term: −6xy = −12xy + 6xy.
9x2 − 6xy − 8y2 = 9x2 − 12xy + 6xy − 8y2
= 3x(3x − 4y) + 2y(3x − 4y)
= (3x − 4y)(3x + 2y)

Ⓧ
56. −3 + 8z + 3z2 = 3z2 + 8z − 3 (3) Factor the last term, 25. The middle term is neg-
We will use the FOIL method. ative, so we consider only pairs of negative factors.
(1) There is no common The possibilities are −1, −25 and −5, −5.
(2) We can factor 3 2 factor (other than 1 or −1).
The first pair of factors can also be written as −25,
z as −1.
(3z+ )(z+ ). (4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and
(3) We look for pairs of factors of −3. The possibilities (3) such that the sum of their products is the middle
are −1, 3 and 1, −3. term, −20t.
These factors can also be written as 3, —1 and −3, The factorization is (2t − 5)(2t − 5), or (2t − 5)2.
1.
63. t2 + 4t − 12
(4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and Look for a pair of factors of −12 whose sum is 4. The
(3) such that the sum of their products is the middle numbers we want are 6 and −2.
term, 8z.
t2 + 4t − 12 = (t + 6)(t − 2)
The factorization is (3z − 1)(z + 3).
57. m2 − 6mn − 16n2 64. 12 + 5z − 2z2 = −1(2z2 − 5z − 12)
Look for a pair of factors of −16n2 whose sum is −6n. The We use the FOIL method to factor 2z2 − 5z − 12.
(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or 1).
numbers we want are −8n and 2n. −

m2 − 6mn − 16n2 = (m − 8n)(m + 2n). (2) We can factor 2z2 as
(2z+ )(z+ ).
58. 2w2 − 12w + 18 = 2(w2 − 6w + 9)
(3) Factor the last term, −12. The possibilities are −1,
Consider w2 − 6w + 9. Look for a pair of factors of 9 whose 12 and 1, −12 and −2, 6 and 2, −6 and 3, −4 and
sum is −6. The numbers we want are −3 and −3.
−3, 4.
w2 − 6w + 9 = (w − 3)(w − 3), so 2w2 − 12w + 18 = These factors can also be written as 12, −1 and −12,
2(w − 3)(w − 3), or 2(w − 3)2. 1 and 6, −2 and −6, 2 and −4, 3 and 4, −3.
59. 18t3 − 18t2 + 4t = 2t(9t2 − 9t + 2) (4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and
We will use the ac-method to factor 9t2 − 9t + 2. term, −5z.
(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1.) The factorization of 2z2 — 5z − 12 is (2z + 3)(z − 4),
(2) Multiply 9 and 2: 9 · 2 = 18. so we have
(3) Look for a factorization of 18 in which the sum of 12 + 5z − 2z2 = −1(2z + 3)(z − 4), or
the factors is −9. The numbers we want are −6 and (−2z − 3)(z − 4), or
−3. (2z + 3)(−z + 4)
(4) Split the middle term: −9t = −6t − 3t.
65. 12 + 4y − y2 = −1(y2 − 4y − 12)
(5) Factor by grouping. To factor y2 − 4y − 12, look for a pair of factors of −12
9t2 − 9t + 2 = 9t2 − 6t − 3t + 2 whose sum is −4. The number we want are −6 and 2.
= 3t(3t − 2) − (3t − 2) (2) We can factor 4t2 as

= (3t − 2)(3t − 1) (4t+ )(t+ ) or (2t+ )(2t+ ).
Then 18t3 − 18t2 + 4t = 2t(3t − 2)(3t − 1).
60. 5z3 + 15z2 + z + 3 = 5z2(z + 3) + (z + 3)
= (z + 3)(5z2 + 1)
61. −14 + 5t + t2, or t2 + 5t − 14

Look for a pair of factors of −14 whose sum is 5. The
numbers we want are 7 and −2.
−14 + 5t + t2 = (t + 7)(t − 2)
62. 4t2 − 20t + 25

Ⓧ
y2 − 4y − 12 = (y − 6)(y + 2), so we have
12 + 4y − y2 = −1(y − 6)(y + 2), or
(−y + 6)(y + 2), or
(y − 6)(−y − 2)
66. Find the product of two binomials. For example, (ax2 +
b)(cx + d) = acx3 + adx2 + bcx + bd.
67. There is a finite number of pairs of numbers with the cor-
rect product, but there are infinitely many pairs with the
correct sum.
68. Since both constants are negative, the middle term will be
negative so (x 17)(x 18) cannot be a factorization of — −
x2 + 35x + 306.
69. No; both 2x+6 and 2x+8 contain a factor of 2, so 2 2, or 4, ·
must be factored out to reach the complete factorization.
In other words, the largest common factor is 4 not 2.

Ⓧ
64. (9 + w)(9 − w)
Exercise Set 5.5
66. (5x + 2)(5x − 2)
RC2. True 68. (3a + 4b)(3a − 4b)
RC4. False; the binomial 2x + 4 has a common factor of 2. 70. 24x2 − 54 = 6(4x2 − 9) = 6(2x + 3)(2x − 3)
72. 16x − 81x3 = x(16 − 81x2) = x(4 + 9x)(4 − 9x)
2. Yes
74. 1 x4 + 7 1 x 4− 7
4. No; there is a minus sign before 49. 25 25
6. No; 3x = 2 · x · 3 and 3x ÷= −2 · x · 76. (0.4p + 0.05)(0.4p − 0.05)

3.
78. (5a2 + 3)(5a2 − 3)
8. Yes
80. y4 − 1 = (y2 + 1)(y2 − 1)
10. (x − 10)2
= (y2 + 1)(y + 1)(y − 1)
12. (x + 10)2
82. 4x4 − 64 = 4(x4 − 16)
14. (x + 1) 2
= 4(x2 + 4)(x2 − 4)
16. 4 + x2 − 4x = x2 − 4x + 4 = (x − 2)2 = 4(x2 + 4)(x + 2)(x − 2)

18. (y + 9)2 84. (x8 − 1) = (x4 + 1)(x4 − 1)
20. 9 + t2 − 6t = t2 − 6t + 9 = (t − 3)2 = (x4 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x2 − 1)
22. (8 + a2)2, or (a2 + 8)2 = (x4 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)
24. 75 + 48a2 − 120a = 48a2 − 120a + 75 = 86. (x8 − 81) = (x4 + 9)(x4 − 9)
= (x4 + 9)(x2 + 3)(x2 − 3)
3(16a2 − 40a + 25) = 3(4a − 5)2

1 1
26. 2x2 − 40x + 200 = 2(x2 − 20x + 100) = 2(x − 10)2 88. x+ x−
5 5
1 1
28. x3 + 24x2 + 144x = x(x2 + 24x + 144) = x(x + 12)2 90. +3 3
q −q
2 2
30. 20p2 + 100p + 125 = 5(4p2 + 20p + 25) = 5(2p + 5)2 62. (w + 7z)(w − 7z)
32. (8 − 7x)2, or (7x − 8)2
34. (a2 + 7)2
36. (1 − a5)2
38. (5m + 2n)2
40. (x − 7y)2
42. (8p + t)2
44. (4m − 5n)2
46. Yes
48. No; the terms do not have different signs.

50. No; 80y2 is not a square.
52. Yes
54. (q + 1)(q − 1)
56. (x + 6)(x − 6)
58. (m + 8)(m − 8)
60. (p + v)(p − v)

Ⓧ
92. p4t4 − 1 = (p2t2 + 1)(p2t2 − 1)
= (p2t2 + 1)(pt + 1)(pt − 1)
94. x − 1.3y = 6.5
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and
solve for x.x − 1.3y = 6.5
x − 1.3(0) = 6.5
x = 6.5
The x-intercept is (6.5, 0).
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and
solve for y.x − 1.3y = 6.5
0 − 1.3y = 6.5
−1.3y = 6.5
y = −5
The y-intercept is (0, −5).
96.

Ⓧ
98.
Exercise Set 5.6
RC2. 27 = 3 3·3,·so the cube root of 27 is 3. Answer (c) is

correct.
RC4. 27x3 = 3x 3x
· 3x,· so the cube root of 27x is 3x.
3
(0, —3) Answer (g) is correct.

RC6. 1 = 1 1· 1,· so the cube root of 1 is 1. Answer (a) is
correct.
100. The shaded region consists of a semicircle with radius x and
a rectangle with length y and width x + x, or 2x. The area of RC8. 1000x12 = 10x4 10x
· 10x· , so the cube root of 1000x
4 4 12
1 is 10x4. Answer (h) is correct.
the shaded region is πx2 + 2xy.
2
2. a3 + 8 = (a + 2)(a2 − 2a + 4)
102. x(27x2 − 13)
4. c3 − 64 = (c − 4)(c2 + 4c + 16)
104. x2 − 5x + 25
There are no factors of 25 whose sum is −5. Thus, 6. x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)
x2 − 5x + 25 is not factorable. It is prime. 8. 27 3 + 1 = (3 + 1)(9 2 3 + 1)
x x x− x
106. 2(81x2 − 41) 10. p3 − 27 = (p − 3)(p2 + 3p + 9)
108. 4x4 − 4x2 = 4x2(x2 − 1) = 4x2(x + 1)(x − 1) 12. 64 125 3 = (4 5 )(16 + 20 + 25 2)
1 1 1 — x − x x x
110. 3x2 − = 3x2 − 3 · = 3 x2 − 14. 125 3 + 1 = (5 + 1)(25 2 5 + 1)
3 9 9
x x x− x
1 1
= 3 x+ x− 16. 27y3 + 64 = (3y + 4)(9y2 − 12y + 16)
3 3
112. x2 − 2.25 = x2 − (1.5)2 = (x + 1.5)(x − 1.5) 18. x3 − y3 = (x − y)(x2 + xy + y2)
1
114. 3 24 2
0 81 = 0 81(4 2
1) 20. b3 + = 1 1 1
+ 2 +
b b − b
. x − . . x− 27 3 3 9
= 0.81(2x + 1)(2x − 1) 22. 3z3 −3 = 3(z3 − 1) = 3(z − 1)(z2 + z + 1)
116. 1.28x2 − 2 = 2(0.64x2 − 1) = 2[(0.8x) − 1 ] = 2 2
24. 54x3 + 2 = 2(27x3 + 1) = 2(3x + 1)(9x2 − 3x + 1)
2(0.8x + 1)(0.8x − 1) 26. ab3 + 125a = a(b3 + 125) = a(b + 5)(b2 − 5b + 25)
118. (y − 5) − 2
36q2 = (y − 5) − (6q)
2 2
= (y − 5 + 6q)(y − 5 − 6q) 28. 2y3 − 54z3 = 2(y3 − 27z3) = 2(y − 3z)(y2 + 3yz + 9z2)
120. a2n − 49b2n = (an)2 − (7bn)2 = 30. y3 + 0.125 = (y + 0.5)(y2 − 0.5y + 0.25)
(an + 7bn)(an − 7bn) 32. 125c6 − 8d6 = (5c2 − 2d2)(25c4 + 10c2d2 + 4d4)
122. 9x18 + 48x9 + 64 = (3x9)2 + 2 · 3x9 · 8 + 82 34. 3z5 − 3z2 = 3z2(z3 − 1)
= (3x9 + 8) 2
= 3z2(z − 1)(z2 + z + 1)
124. (x + 7) − 4x − 24 =
2
(x2 + 14x + 49) − 4x − 24 36. t6 + 1 = (t2 + 1)(t4 − t2 + 1)
= x2 + 10x + 25
38. p6 − q 6
= (x + 5)2
= (p3 + q3)(p3 − q3)
126. 49(x + 1) − 42(x + 1) + 9 = [7(x + 1) − 3] =
2 2
= (p + q)(p2 − pq + q2)(p − q)(p2 + pq + q2)
(7x + 7 − 3)2 = (7x + 4)2 40. 9 + 64 9 = ( 3 + 4 3)( 6 4 3 3 + 16 6)
a b a b a − ab b
128. For c = a2, 2 · a · 3 = 24. Then a = 4, so c = 4 = 16. 2
13 0. Enter y1 = x − 49 and y2 = (x − 7)(x + 7) and look
2

Ⓧ
27 3
at a 9 x2 + 3xy + y
42. 125 x − y = 5 x − y
3 3 2
25 5
table of values. The y1-and y2-values are the same, so the
44. 0.125r3−0.216s3 = (0.5r−0.6s)(0.25r2 + 0.3rs + 0.36s2)
factorization is correct.
46. (a−4 b−9 )2 = (a−4 )−2 (b−9 )−2 = a8 b18
132. Enter y1 = x2 — 49 and y2 = (x 7)
− and look at a tableof
2
values. The y1-and y2-values are not the same, so the 48. (2y5 + 3)(2y5 − 3) = (2y5)2 − 32 = 4y10 − 9
factorization is not correct. 50. (x − 0.1)(x + 0.5) = x2 + 0.4x − 0.05

Ⓧ
52. The model shows a cube with volume a3 from which a 22. 45 − 3x − 6x2 = −3(−15 + x + 2x2) =
portion whose volume is b3 has been removed. This leaves
−3(2x − 5)(x + 3), or 3(−2x + 5)(x + 3x), or
a remaining volume which can be expressed as a2(a − b)+
ab(a−b)+b2(a−b), or (a−b)(a2 +ab+b2). Thus, a3 −b3 = 3(2x − 5)(−x − 3)
(a − b)(a2 + ab + b2). Note that 3(−2x + 5)(x + 3) can also be expressed as
8
54. 3
1 2 1 4 1 3(5 − 2x)(3 + x).
3
2 1 2
x + y = x+ y x − xy + y
27 64 3 4 9 6 16 24. x2 + 8x + 5
7
56. 7 3
1 1 2 1 1 There is no common factor. There are no factors of 5
3 + +
x − =7 x − =7 x− x x whose sum is 8. The polynomial cannot be factored. It is
8 8 2 2 4
58. (1 − x)3 + (x − 1)6 prime.
= [−(x − 1)]3 + (x − 1)6 26. 5x5 − 80x = 5x(x4 − 16) = 5x(x2 + 4)(x2 − 4) =
= (x − 1) [−1 + (x − 1) ]
3 3
5x(x2 + 4)(x + 2)(x − 2)
= (x − 1) [(x − 1) − 1][(x − 1) + (x − 1) + 1]
3 2
28. t8 − 1 = (t4 + 1)(t4 − 1) =
= (x − 1) (x − 3
2)(x2 − 2x + 1 + x − 1 + 1) (t4 + 1)(t2 + 1)(t2 − 1) =
= (x − 1) (x − 3
2)(x2 − x + 1) (t4 + 1)(t2 + 1)(t + 1)(t − 1)
60. y4 − 8y3 −y+8 30. x6 − 2x5 + 7x4 = x4(x2 − 2x + 7)
= y3(y − 8) − (y − 8)
5 2
32. 6a −
= (y − 8)(y3 − 1) 4
= (y − 8)(y − 1)(y2 + y + 1) 34. 125a3 − 8b3 = (5a − 2b)(25a2 + 10ab + 4b2)

36. xy(x − y)
Exercise Set 5.7
38. 10p4q4 + 35p3q3 + 10p2q2 = 5p2q2(2p2q2 + 7pq + 2)
RC2. If there are two terms, determine whether the binomial 40. (a3 + b)(5c − 1)
is a difference of squares or a sum or a difference of 42. (p − q)(3 − q2)
cubes.
44. a2 − 3a + ay − 3y = a(a − 3) + y(a − 3) =
RC4. If there are four terms, try factoring by grouping. (a − 3)(a + y)
RC6. Always check by multiplying. 46. 2x2 − 4x + xy − 2y = 2x(x − 2) + y(x − 2) =
2. 2t2 − 18 = 2(t2 − 9) = 2(t + 3)(t − 3) (x − 2)(2x + y)
4. (y + 7)2 48. x2 + y2 − 2xy = x2 − 2xy + y2 = (x − y)2, or (y − x)2
6. (2y − 5)(4y + 1) 50. (3c + d)2
8. x3 − 18x2 + 81x = x(x2 − 18x + 81) = x(x − 9)2 52. (2xy + 3z)2
10. x3 − 5x2 − 25x + 125 = x2(x − 5) − 25(x − 5) =
54. (0.1x2 − 0.5y2)2, or 0.01(x2 − 5y2)2

(
x − 5)(x2 − 25) = (x − 5)(x + 5)(x − 5) =
(x − 5)2(x + 5) m[m2(m + 8) + 8(m + 8)] = m(m + 8)(m2 + 8)
12. 50x2 − 32 = 2(25x2 − 16) = 2(5x + 4)(5x − 4)
14. 20x3 − 4x2 − 72x = 4x(5x2 − x − 18) =

4x(5x + 9)(x − 2)
16. t2 + 25 is a sum of squares with no common factor. It
cannot be factored. It is prime.
18. m4 + 8m3 + 8m2 + 64m =
m(m3 + 8m2 + 8m + 64) =
Ⓧ
56. 4p2q + pq2 + 4p3 = p(4pq + q2 + 4p2) = 64. p5q2 + 3p4q − 10p3 = p3(p2q2 + 3pq − 10) =
p(4p2 + 4pq + q2) = p(2p + q) 2
p3(pq + 5)(pq − 2)
58. (3b + a)(b − 6a) 66. 2s6t2 + 10s3t3 + 12t4 = 2t2(s6 + 5s3t + 6t2) =
60. (xy + 5)(xy + 3) 2t2(s3 + 3t)(s3 + 2t)
62. (pq + 6)(pq + 1)
20. 2x6 + 8x5 + 8x4 = 2x4(x2 + 4x + 4) = 2x4(x + 2)2 1 1
68. p+ b p− b
7 7

Ⓧ
70. 16p3 + 54q3 = 2(8p3 + 27q3)

= 2(2p + 3q)(4p2 − 6pq + 9q2) Exercise Set 5.8
72. 15a4 − 15b4 = 15(a4 − b4) =
RC2. False; see Example 5 on page 375 in the text.
15(a2 + b2)(a2 − b2) =
RC4. True; see page 377 in the text.
15(a2 + b2)(a + b)(a − b)
74. 2. −2, 7
81a4 − b4 = (9a2 + b2)(9a2 − b2) =
(9a2 + b2)(3a + b)(3a − b) 4. −6, 8
76. m3 − 7m2 − 4m + 28 = m2(m − 7) − 4(m − 7) = 6. 13, −53
(m − 7)(m2 − 4) = (m − 7)(m + 2)(m − 2) 8. 0, −5
78. 4ab5 − 32b4 + a2b6 = a2b6 + 4ab5 − 32b4 = 10. 0, 19
9
b4(a2b2 + 4ab − 32) = b4(ab + 8)(ab − 4) 12. − , −8
80. 8x3y3 − 6x2y2 − 5xy = xy(8x2y2 − 6xy − 5) = 2
9 1
xy(4xy − 5)(2xy + 1) 14. − ,
4 2
14 5
82. −3 + (−5) + 12 + (−7) = −8 + 12 + (−7) 16. − ,
= 4 + (−7) 13 6
9
= −3 18. 0,
7 .7 2 8
1 8
84. 0.5∧ 3.8∧ 6 0 20. ,
35 28 5
3 6 22. −3, 50
3 5
1
10 24. −5, 75,
5
3.86 ÷ 0.5 = 7.72, so −3.86 ÷ 0.5 = −7.72 26. x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
86. 3(−2) − 2 + | − 4 − (−1)| = 3(−2) − 2 + | − 3| (x + 6)(x + 1) = 0
= 3(−2) − 2 + 3 x = −6 or x = −1
= −6 − 2 + 3
28. x2 + 4x − 21 = 0
= −8 + 3
(x + 7)(x − 3) = 0
= −5
x = −7 or x = 3
1 1
88. − >− 30. x2 − 9x + 14 = 0
3 2
90. Prime (x − 7)(x − 2) = 0
1 4 1 1 x = 7 or x = 2
92. x2 − x + = (x2 − 5x + 4) = (x − 4)(x − 1) 32. x2 − 3x = 0

5 5 5 5
94. x3 + x2 − (4x + 4) = x3 + x2 − 4x − 4 = (y + 1)(y2 − 4y − 21)

= x2(x + 1) − 4(x + 1) = (y + 1)(y − 7)(y + 3)
= (x + 1)(x2 − 4)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x − 2)
96. 3x4 − 15x2 + 12 = 3(x4 − 5x2 + 4) =
3(x2 − 4)(x2 − 1) = 3(x + 2)(x − 2)(x + 1)(x − 1)
98. y2(y + 1) − 4y(y + 1) − 21(y + 1)

Ⓧ
x(x − 3) = 0 36. 100 = x2
x = 0 or x = 3 0 = x2 − 100
34. x2 + 0 = (x + 10)(x − 10)
16x = 0 x = −10 or x = 10
x(x + 16) = 0 38. 4x2 −9 = 0
x=0 or x = −16 (2x + 3)(2x − 3) = 0
3 3
x=− or x =
2 2

Ⓧ
40. 0 = 25 + x2 + 10x x−3 = 0 or x+2 = 0

0= x2 + 10x + 25 x=3 or x = −2
0 = (x + 5)(x + 5) The x-intercepts are (3,0) and (−2, 0).
x = −5 60. We let y = 0 and solve for x.
42. 1 + = 2x x2 0 = 2x2 + 3x − 9
x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 0 = (2x − 3)(x + 3)
(x − 1)(x − 1) = 0
2x − 3 = 0 or x+3 = 0
x=1
2x = 3 or x = −3
44. 7x2 = 8x 3
x= or x = −3
2
7x2 − 8x = 0 3
The x-intercepts are , 0 and (−3, 0).
x(7x − 8) = 0 2
8 62. We let y = 0 and solve for x.

x=0 or x=
7 0 = x2 + 2x − 8
46. 3x2 − 7x = 20 0 = (x + 4)(x − 2)
3x2 − 7x − 20 = 0
x+4 = 0 or x−2 = 0
(3x + 5)(x − 4) = 0
5 x = −4 or x=2
x=− or x = 4 The x-intercepts are (−4, 0) and (2, 0).
3
48. 2y2 + 12y = −10 64. The solutions of the equation are the first coordinates of
2y2 + 12y + 10 = 0 the x-intercepts of the graph. From the graph we see that
2( 2 the x-intercepts are (−3, 0) and (2, 0), so the solutions of
y + 6y + 5) = 0 the equation are −3 and 2.

2(y + 5)(y + 1) = 0
66. The solutions of the equation are the first coordinates of
y = −5 or y = −1 the x-intercepts of the graph. From the graph we see that
the x-intercepts are (−3, 0) and (2, 0), so the solutions of
50. x(x − 5) = 14 the equation are −3 and 2.
x2 − 5x = 14
68. a2 + b2
x2 − 5x − 14 = 0
(x − 7)(x + 2) = 0 70. 6 − 3x ≥ −18

−3x ≥ −24 Subtracting 6
x=7 or x = −2
x ≤8 Dividing by −3 and reversing the
52. 64a2 = 81 inequality symbol
64a2 − 81 = 0 The solution set is {x|x ≤ 8}.
72. 1
(8a + 9)(8a − 9) = 0 x − 6x + 10 ≤ x − 5x
9 9 2
a=− or a=
8 8 1
2 x − 6x + 10 ≤ 2(x − 5x) Multiplying by 2 to
54. 3x2 + 8x = 9 + 2x 2
clear the fraction
3x2 + 6x − 9 = 0 x − 12x + 20 ≤ 2x − 10x
3(x2 + 2x − 3) = 0 −11x + 20 ≤ −8x Collecting like terms

3(x + 3)(x − 1) = 0 20 ≤ 3x Adding 11x
20
x = −3 or x=1 ≤x Dividing by 3
3 ,
56. 12x2 + 17x − 5 = 0 20 ,
(3x + 5)(4x − 1) = 0 The solution set is x|x ≥ .

3
Ⓧ
5 1
x=− or x= 74. y(y + 8) = 16(y − 1)
3 4
y2 + 8y = 16y − 16
58. We let y = 0 and solve for x.
y2 − 8y + 16 = 0
0 = x2 − x − 6
(y − 4)(y − 4) = 0
0 = (x − 3)(x + 2) y=4

Ⓧ
76. (t − 5)2 = 2(5 − t) 10. Solve: 232 − 23 = N

t2 − 10t + 25 = 10 − 2t N = 506 games
t2 − 8t + 15 = 0
12. Solve: n2 − n = 90
(t − 5)(t − 3) = 0
n = −9 or n = 10
t = 5 or t = 3
Only 10 checks in the original problem. There are 10 teams
78. 25 in the league.

x2 — =0
36 1
5 14. Solve: N = (402 − 40)
5 2
x+ x− = 0 N = 780 handshakes
6 6
5 5
x=− or x= 1
6 6 16. Solve: 153 = (n2 — n)
2
27 1
80. 2 n = 18 or n = −17
x = Only 18 checks in the original problem. There were 18

25 3 people at the party.
27 2 1
x − =0
25 3
1 18. Let x and x + 1 represent the page numbers
1 2 =0
27 x Solve: x(x + 1) = 420
25 − 81
1 1 1 1 x = 20 or x = −21
27 x+ x− =0
5 9 5 9 Only 20 checks in the original problem.
5 5
x=− or x = The page numbers are 20 and 21.
9 9
82. −0.25, 0.88 20. Let x = the first integer. Then x + 2 = the second integer.
Solve: x(x + 2) = 224
Exercise Set 5.9 x = 14 or x = −16
The integers are 14 and 16 or −16 and −14.
RC2. Let x = the width and x + 1 = the length. Then we
have x(x + 1) = 20. Answer (b) is correct. 22. Let x = the first integer. Then x + 2 = the second integer.
RC4. Let x and x + 1 represent the lengths of the legs. Then Solve: x(x + 2) = 143
x = 11 or x = −13
1
we have x(x + 1) = 20. Answer (c) is correct.
2 The integers are 11 and 13 or −13 and −11.
2. Solve: (w + 4)w = 96 24. Solve: 122 + h2 = 152

w = −12 or w=8 h = −9 or h = 9
Only 8 checks in the original problem. The length is 8 + 4, or 2

12 m, and the width is 8 m. x = −12 or x = 7
− Since the base must be positive, 12 cannot be a solution. The
4. Solve: 5w · w = 320 number 7 checks. The base of the sail is 7 ft, and the height is
w = −8 or w = 8 7 + 5, or 12 ft.
Only 8 checks in the original problem The width is 8 ft,
and the length is 5 · 8, or 40 ft.
1
6. Solve: b(b − 3) = 35
2
b = −7 or b = 10
Since the base must be positive, 7−cannot be a solution. The
number 10 checks. The base is 10 cm, and the height
is 10 − 3, or 7 cm.
1
8. Solve: x(x + 5) = 42
Ⓧ
Only 9 checks in the original problem. Each brace
reaches9 ft vertically.
26. Let h = the length of the hypotenuse, in feet. Then
h − 16 = the length of the leg, in feet.
Solve: 242 + (h − 16)2 = h2
h = 26
The length of the hypotenuse is 26 ft, and the length
of the leg is 10 ft.
28. Solve: 152 + (x − 5)2 = x2

x = 25, so x − 5 = 25 − 5 = 20.
The height of the antenna is 20 m.
30. Let x = the length of the unknown leg and x + 2 =
the length of the hypotenuse, in cm.
Solve: 82 + x2 = (x + 2)2
x = 15, so x + 2 = 15 + 2 = 17.
The lengths of the other two sides are 15 cm and 17 cm.

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Vocabulary Reinforcement 117
32. Let s = the length of a side of the square, in ft. Since the width of the roof cannot be negative, we usew
Solve: s(s + 7) = 18 = 15 ft. The roof consists of two rectangles, each of which
has dimensions 15 ft by 32 ft. We find the area of the roof:
s = −9 or s = 2
Only 2 checks in the original problem. If s = 2, thens 2 · 32 · 15 = 960
+ 7 = 2 + 7 = 9. The dimensions of the rectangular window Since a square of shingles covers 100 ft2, we divide 960 by
are 2 ft by 7 ft, and the dimensions of the square window 100 to find the number of squares needed: 960 ÷ 100 = 9.6.
are 2 ft by 2 ft. Assuming it is not possible to buy a fraction of a square,
we round up, finding that 10 squares would be needed.
34. Solve: 0 = 48t − 16t2
t = 0 or t = 3 48. Let x = the depth of the gutter, in inches.
Solve: x(20 − 2x) = 50
t = 0 represents the time before the rocket is launched;
t = 3 represents the time when the rocket returns to the x = 5 in.
ground. The rocket will crash into the ground 3 sec after
50. We add labels to the drawing in the text.
it is launched.
36. Solve: x2 + (x + 2)2 = 130

x = −9 or x = 7
Only 7 checks in the original problem. The integers are 7 60 cm
and 9. 36 cm
2 1 4
38. = 1 5
− − − − =−
3 6 6 6 6 63 cm
40. 2 · 62 ÷ (−2) · 3 − 8 = 2 · 36 ÷ (−2) · 3 − 8
= 72 ÷ (−2) · 3 − 8 First we will use the Pythagorean theorem to find y.
= −36 · 3 − 8 y2 + 362 = 602
= −108 − 8 y2 + 1296 = 3600
y2 − 2304 = 0
= −116
(y + 48)(y − 48) = 0
42. 1.2 + (−2) + 3.4 = 1.2 − 8 + 3.4
3
y + 48 = 0 or y − 48 = 0
= −6.8 + 3.4
y = −48 or y = 48
= −3.4 Since y cannot be negative, we use y = 48. Now we sub-
44. 2{x − 3[4 − (x − 1)] + x} = 2{x − 3[4 − x + 1] + x} tract to find z.
z = 63 − 48 = 15
= 2{x − 3[5 − x] + x}
Now we use the Pythagorean theorem to find x.
= 2{x − 15 + 3x + x}
152 + 362 = x2
= 2{5x − 15}
225 + 1296 = x2
= 10x − 30
1521 = x2
46. From the drawing in the text we see that the length of each
0 = x2 − 1521
half of the roof is 32 ft. Next we need to find the width w
of each half of the roof, in ft. Then we will find the area of 0 = (x + 39)(x − 39)
the roof and determine how many squares of shingles are x + 39 = 0 or x − 39 = 0
needed. We make a drawing.
x = −39 or x = 39
Since x cannot be negative, −39 cannot be a solution.
Thus, we find that x is 39 cm.
Chapter 5 Vocabulary Reinforcement

25 ft
16 ft 1. To factor a polynomial is to express it as a product.

2. A factor of a polynomial P is a polynomial that can be
used to express P as a product.
3. A factorization of a polynomial is an expression that names
To find w, solve: 9 + 12 =2 2
w2 that polynomial as a product.
w = −15 or w = 15 4. When factoring, always look first for a common factor.

Ⓧ
5. When factoring a polynomial with four terms, try factoring 6. 6y2 + 7y − 3

by grouping. (1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1).
6. A trinomial square is the square of a binomial. (2) Multiply 6 and −3: 6(−3) = −18.
7. The principle of zero products states that if ab = 0, then (3) Look for a factorization of −18 in which the sum of
a = 0 or b = 0. the factors is 7. The numbers we want are 9 and
−2.
8. The factorization of a difference of squares is the product
of the sum and the difference of two terms. (4) Split the middle term: 7y = 9y − 2y.
Chapter 5 Concept Reinforcement 6y2 + 7y − 3 = 6y2 + 9y − 2y − 3
= 3y(2y + 3) − (2y + 3)
1. False; for example, w + x + y + z cannot be factored by
grouping. = (2y + 3)(3y − 1)
7. 4x2 + 4x + 1 = (2x)2 + 2 · 2x · 1 + 12 = (2x + 1)2
2. This is true because the constant and the middle term are
both positive. 8. 18x2 − 8 = 2(9x2 − 4)
3. False; 5 · 0 = 0, but 5 = 0. = 2[(3x)2 − 22]
4. True; see page 375 in the text. = 2(3x + 2)(3x − 2)
9. 27 − 125x3 = 33 − (5x)3
Chapter 5 Study Guide
= (3 − 5x)(9 + 15x + 25x2)
1. 8x3y2 = 2 · 2 · 2 · x3 · y2 1 1 3
10. q3 + 8a3 = q + (2a)3
−20xy3 = −1 · 2 · 2 · 5 · x · y3 8 2
1 4
1
32x2y = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · x2 · y = q + 2a q2 − qa + 4a2
Each coefficient has two factors of 2. The GCFs of the 2
powers of x and of y are x and y, respectively, because 1 11. x2 + 4x = 5

is the smallest exponent of both x and y. Thus the GCF
is 2 · 2 · x · y, or 4xy. x2 + 4x − 5 = 0
(x + 5)(x − 1) = 0
2. 27x5 − 9x3 + 18x2 = 9x2 · 3x3 − 9x2 · x + 9x2 · 2
x+5 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
= 9x2(3x3 − x + 2)
x = −5 or x=1
3. z3 − 3z2 + 4z − 12 = z2(z − 3) + 4(z − 3) The solutions are −5 and 1.
= (z − 3)(z2 + 4)
4. x2 + 6x + 8 Chapter 5 Review Exercises
Look for a pair of factors of 8 whose sum is 6. The numbers term, −7z.
we want are 2 and 4. The factorization of 2z2 − 7z − 4 is (2z + 1)(z − 4), so
6z2 − 21z − 12 = 3(2z + 1)(z − 4).
x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
5. 6z2 − 21z − 12
(1) Factor out the largest common factor.
6z2 − 21z − 12 = 3(2z2 − 7z − 4)
Now we factor 2z2 − 7z − 4.
(2) We can factor 2z2 as
(2z+ )(z+ ).
(3) We can factor −4 as
−1, 4 and 1, −4 and 2, −2.
These factors can also be written as
4, −1 and −4, 1 and −2, 2.
c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright Ⓧ
1. −15y2 = −1 · 3 · 5 · y2
25y6 = 5 · 5 · y6
Each coefficient has a factor of 5. There are no other com-
mon prime factors. The GCF of the powers of y is y2
because 2 is the smallest exponent of y. Thus the GCF is
5y2.
2. 12x3 = 2 · 2 · 3 · x3
−60x2y = −1 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 · x2 · y
36xy = 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · x · y
Each coefficient has two factors of 2 and one factor of 3.
There are no other common prime factors. The GCF of
the powers of x is x because 1 is the smallest exponent of
x. The GCF of the powers of y is 1 because 12x3 has no
y-factor. Thus the GCF is 2 · 2 · 3 · x · 1, or 12x.
3. 5 − 20x6
= 5(1 − 4x6) 5 is a common factor.
= 5(1 2x3)(1 + 2x3) Factoring the difference −
of squares

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Review Exercises 119
4. x2 − 3x = x(x − 3) 19. x3 − x2 − 30x = x(x2 − x − 30) = x(x − 6)(x + 5)

5. 9x2 — 4 = (3x + 2)(3x − 2) Factoring a difference of 20. 4x2 − 25 = (2x + 5)(2x − 5)
squares 21. 9x2 + 25 − 30x = 9x2 − 30x + 25 = (3x − 5)2
6. x2 + 4x − 12 22. 6 2 2
We look for a pair of factors of −12 whose sum is 4. The x − 28x − 48 = 2(3x − 14x − 24)
numbers we need are 6 and −2. = 2(3x + 4)(x − 6)
x2 + 4x − 12 = (x + 6)(x − 2) 23. x2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3)2
7. x2 + 14x + 49 = x2 + 2 · x · 7 + 72 = (x + 7)2 24. 2x2 − 7x − 4 = (2x + 1)(x − 4)
8. 6x3 + 12x2 + 3x = 3x(2x2 + 4x + 1) 25. 18x2 − 12x + 2 = 2(9x2 − 6x + 1) = 2(3x − 1)2

The trinomial 2x2 + 4x + 1 cannot be factored, so the 26. 3x2 − 27 = 3(x2 − 9) = 3(x + 3)(x − 3)
factorization is complete. 27. 15 − 8x + x2 = x2 − 8x + 15 = (x − 3)(x − 5)
9. x3 + x2 + 3x + 3 28. 25x2 − 20x + 4 = (5x − 2)2
= (x3 + x2) + (3x + 3)
29. 49b10 + 4a8 − 28a4b5 = 49b10 − 28a4b5 + 4a8
= x2(x + 1) + 3(x + 1) Factoring by grouping
= (7b5)2 − 2 · 7b5 · 2a4 + (2a4)2
= (x + 1)(x2 + 3)
= (7b5 − 2a4)2
10. 6x2 − 5x + 1
30. x2y2 + xy − 12 = (xy + 4)(xy − 3)
There is no common factor (other than 1). This polynomial
has three terms, but it is not a trinomial square. Multiply the 31. 12a2 + 84ab + 147b2 = 3(4a2 + 28ab + 49b2) =
leading coefficient and the constant, 6 and 1: 3(2a + 7b)2
6 · 1 = 6. Try to factor 6 so that the sum of the factors is 32. m2 + 5m + mt + 5t = (m2 + 5m) + (mt + 5t)
−5. The numbers we want are −2 and −3: −2(−3) = 6
and —2+ (− 3) = −5. Split the middle term and factor by

grouping. = m(m + 5) + t(m + 5)
6x2 − 5x + 1 = 6x2 − 2x − 3x + 1 = (m + 5)(m + t)

= (6x2 − 2x) + (−3x + 1) 33. 32x4 − 128y4z4 = 32(x4 − 4y4z4) =
= 2x(3x − 1) − 1(3x − 1) 32(x2 + 2y2z2)(x2 − 2y2z2)
= (3x − 1)(2x − 1) 34. 5y3 + 40t3 = 5(y3 + 8t3)
11. x4 − 81 = (x2 + 9)(x2 − 9) = (x2 + 9)(x + 3)(x − 3) = 5[y3 + (2t)3]
12. 9x3 + 12x2 − 45x = 5(y + 2t)(y2 − 2yt + 4t2)
= 3x(3x2 + 4x−15) 3x is a common factor. 35. (x − 1)(x + 3) = 0
= 3x(3x − 5)(x + 3) Using trial and error x − 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
13. 2x2 − 50 = 2(x2 − 25) = 2(x + 5)(x − 5) x = 1 or x = −3
14. x4 + 4x3 − 2x − 8 = (x4 + 4x3) + (−2x − 8) The solutions are 1 and −3.
= x3(x + 4) − 2(x + 4) 36. x2 + 2x − 35 = 0
= (x + 4)(x3 − 2) (x + 7)(x − 5) = 0
15. 16x4−1 = (4x2 + 1)(4x2−1) = (4x2 + 1)(2x + 1)(2x−1) x+7 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
16. 8 6
32 5
+4 4
= 4 (2
4 2
8 + 1) x = −7 or x=5
x − x x x x− x
18. x2 + 9 is a sum of squares with no common factor, so it is
The trinomial 2x2 − 8x + 1 cannot be factored, so the
prime.
factorization is complete.
17. 75 + 12x2 + 60x = 12x2 + 60x + 75
= 3(4x2 + 20x + 25)
= 3(2x + 5)2

Ⓧ
The solutions are −7 and 5.
37. x2 + 4x = 0
x(x + 4) = 0
x = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 0 or x = −4
The solutions are 0 and −4.

Ⓧ
38. 3x2 + 2 = 5x Solve.

1
3x2 − 5x + 2 = 0 15 = b(b + 1)
(3x − 2)(x − 1) = 0 2
1 1
3 15 = b2 + b
x − 2 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 2 2
1 2 1
3x = 2 or x=1 0= b + b − 15
2 2 2
x= or x=1 1 1
3 2·0 = 2 b2 + b − 15 Clearing fractions

2 2 2
The solutions are and 1.
3 0 = b2 + b − 30
39. x2 = 64 0 = (b + 6)(b − 5)
x2 − 64 = 0 b+6 = 0 or b − 5 = 0
(x + 8)(x − 8) = 0 b = −6 or b=5
−
x + 8 = 0 or x − 8 = 0 Check. The length of the base cannot be negative, so 6
x = −8 or x=8 cannot be a solution. If b = 5, then b + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 and
1
The solutions are −8 and 8. the area is 2 · 5 · 6 = 15 cm2. The number 5 checks.
State. The base is 5 cm, and the height is 6 cm.
40. 16 = x(x − 6)
16 = x2 − 6x 44. Familiarize. Let x = the smaller integer. Then x + 2 is
the other integer.

0 = x2 − 6x − 16
Translate.
0 = (x − 8)(x + 2)
Smaller larger
x − 8 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 times is 288.
even integer even integer
x = 8 or x = −2 ` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
The solutions are 8 and −2. (x + 2) = 288
x ·
41. Let y = 0 and solve for x. Solve.
0= x2 + 9x + 20 x(x + 2) = 288
0 = (x + 5)(x + 4) x2 + 2x = 288
x + 5 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 x2 + 2x − 288 = 0
(x + 18)(x − 16) = 0
x = −5 or x = −4
x + 18 = 0 or x − 16 = 0
The x-intercepts are (−5, 0) and (−4, 0).
x = −18 or x = 16
42. Let y = 0 and solve for x. If x = −18, then x + 2 = −18 + 2 = −16.
0=22
x − 7x − 15 If x = 16, then x + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18.

0 = (2x + 3)(x − 5) Check. −18 and −16 are consecutive even integers and
2x + 3 = 0 or x − 5 = 0 −18(−16) = 288. Similarly, 16 and 18 are consecutive even
integers and 16 · 18 = 288. Both pairs of integers check.
2x = −3 or x=5
3 State. The integers are −18 and −16 or 16 and 18.

x=− or x=5
2 45. Familiarize. Let z = the length of the zipline, in ft. The

The x-intercepts are — 3, 0 and (5, 0). zipline is the hypotenuse of the right triangle with legs of
2 length 58 ft and 840 ft.
43. Familiarize. Let b = the length of the base, in cm. Then b + 1 = the height.

Ⓧ
Translate. We use the formula for the area of a triangle. Translate. We use the Pythagorean theorem.
1 a2 + b2 = c2
A = bh
2 58 + 8402 = z2
2
1
15 = b(b + 1) Substituting Solve.
2
582 + 8402 = z2
708, 964 = z2
0 = z2 − 708, 964
0 = (z + 842)(z − 842)
z + 842 = 0 or z − 842 = 0
z = −842 or z = 842

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Review Exercises 121
Check. The length must be positive, so −842 cannot be Check. The length of a side of the square cannot be nega-
a solution. We have 582 + 8402 = 708, 964 = 8422, so the tive, so −
12 cannot be a solution. If the length of a side of the
answer checks. original square is 6 km, then the length of a side of the
State. The zipline is 842 ft long. enlarged square is 6 + 3, or 9 km. The area of the enlarged
square is (9 km)2, or 81 km2, so the answer checks.
46. Familiarize. We make a drawing. Let d = the distance State. The length of a side of the original square is 6 km.
from the base of the tree to the point where each cable
is attached to the tree. Then d + 1 = the distance from the 48. x2 − 9x + 8 = (x − 1)(x − 8)
base of the tree to the point on the ground where each cable Answer B is correct.
is anchored. The distances are in feet.
49. 15x2 + 5x − 20 = 5(3x2 + x − 4)
✚
✚ = 5(3x + 4)(x − 1)
✚ Answer A is correct.
✚
5
✚ d
✚ 50. Familiarize. Let w = the width of the margins, in cm.
✚ Then the printed area on each page has dimensions 20−2w
✚
✚ by 15 −2w. The area of the margins constitutes one-half the
✚
d+1 area of each page, so the printed area also constitutes one-
half of the area.
Translate.
Translate. We use the Pythagorean theorem. P̀rint˛eḑ areax is òne˛-ḩalxf of t̀otal˛¸areax.
a 2 + b 2 = c2
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
(d + 1)2 + d2 = 52 Substituting 1
(20 − 2w)(15 − 2w) = · 20 · 15
Solve. 2
(d + 1)2 + d2 = 52 Solve.
1
d2 + 2d + 1 + d2 = 25 (20 − 2w)(15 − 2w) = · 20 · 15

2
2d2 + 2d + 1 = 25 300 − 70w + 4w2 = 150
2d2 + 2d − 24 = 0 150 − 70w + 4w2 = 0
d2 + d − 12 = 0 Dividing by 2 4w2 − 70w + 150 = 0
(d + 4)(d − 3) = 0 2(2w2 − 35w + 75) = 0
d+4 = 0 or d − 3 = 0 2w2 − 35w + 75 = 0 Dividing by 2
(2w − 5)(w − 15) = 0
d = −4 or d=3
Check. A distance cannot be negative, so we check only 2w − 5 = 0 or w − 15 = 0
3. If d = 3, then d +1 = 3 + 1 = 4 and 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 2w = 5 or w = 15
25 = 52. The answer checks. w = 2.5 or w = 15
State. The distance from the base of the tree to the point Check. If w = 15, then 20 2w and
— 15 2w are−both negative.
where each cable is attached to the tree is 3 ft. The distance Since the dimensions of the printed area cannot be
from the base of the tree to the point on the ground where negative, 15 cannot be a solution. If w = 2.5, then 20 2w
each cable is anchored is 4 ft. = 20
— 2(2.5) = 20− 5 = 15 and 15− 2w = −
15 —2(2.5) = 15 −5 = 10. Thus the printed area is 15 10,
· or
47. Familiarize. Let s = the length of a side of the original
150 cm2. This is one-half of the total area of the page,20 ·
square, in km. Then s + 3 = the length of a side of the
enlarged square. 15, or 300 cm2. The number 2.5 checks.
State. The width of the margins is 2.5 cm.
Translate.
Area of enlarged square is `81˛¸

kmx2 . 51. Familiarize. Let n = the number.
` ˛¸ x
↓ ↓ ↓ Translate.
( 2
s + 3) = 81 The cube of the square of

is twice
Solve. a number the number.
` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x
(s + 3)2 = 81 s2 + 6s − 72 = 0
s2 + 6s + 9 = 81
(s + 12)(s − 6) = 0
Ⓧ
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
s + 12 = 0 or s − 6 = 0 3 2
s = −12 or s =6 n = 2· n
Solve.
n3 = 2n2
n3 − 2n2 = 0
n2(n − 2) = 0
n · n(n − 2) = 0

Ⓧ
n = 0 or n = 0 or n − 2 = 0 16 ft. Since 162 +302 = 1156 = 342, the number 30 checks.

n = 0 or n = 0 or n=2 When x is 30 ft, then x + 5 is 35 ft.
Check. If n = 0, then n3 = 03 = 0, n2 = 02 = 0, and State. The height of the telephone pole is 35 ft.
0 = 2 · 0. If n = 2, then n3 = 23 = 8, n2 = 22 = 4, and
8 = 2 · 4. Both numbers check. 54. x2 + 25 = 0
State. The number is 0 or 2. Since x2 + 25 cannot be factored, the equation has no so-
lution.
52. Familiarize. Let w = the width of the original rectangle,
in inches. Then 2w = the length, in inches. The new 55. (x − 2)(x + 3)(2x − 5) = 0
length and width are 2w + 20 and w − 1, respectively. x − 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0
Translate. x = 2 or x = −3 or 2x = 5
T̀he n˛ew̧ areax is 160. 5
x = 2 or x = −3 or x=
2
↓
↓ ↓ 5
160 The solutions are 2, −3, and
.
(2w + 20)(w − 1) = 2
Solve. 56. (x−3)4x2 + 3x(x−3)−(x−3)10 = 0
(2w + 20)(w − 1) = 160

(4x2 + 3x − 10)(x − 3) = 0 Factoring out
2w2 + 18w − 20 = 160 x−3
2w2 + 18w − 180 = 0 (4 x − 5)(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0 Factoring
2(w2 + 9w − 90) = 0 4x2 + 3x − 10
w2 + 9w − 90 = 0 4x − 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
(w + 15)(w − 6) = 0 4x = 5 or x = −2 or x=3
5
w + 15 = 0 or w − 6 = 0 x= or x = −2 or x= 3
w = −15 or w =6 4
5
Check. The dimensions of the rectangle cannot be nega- The solutions are , −2, and 3.
4
tive, so −15 cannot be a solution. If w = 6, then 2w =
2 · 6 = 12, 2w + 20 = 12 + 20 = 32 and w − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5. Chapter 5 Discussion and Writing Exercises
The area of a rectangle with dimensions 32 by 5 is 32 · 5,
or 160, so the answer checks.
State. The length of the original rectangle is 12 in. and 1. Although x3 —
8x2 +15x can be factored as (x2 5x)(x
− 3),−this
the width is 6 in. is not a complete factorization of the polynomial since x2
5x =
—x(x 5). Gwen
− should be advised always to look for
53. Familiarize. First we can use the Pythagorean theorem to a common factor first.
find x, in ft. Then the height of the telephone pole isx +
5. 2. Josh is correct, because answers can easily be checked by
multiplying.
Translate. We use the Pythagorean theorem.
a 2 + b 2 = c2 3. For x = −3:
1 2 (x − 4)2 = (−3 − 4)2 = (−7)2 = 49
x + 1 + x = 34
2 2
2 (4 − x)2 = [4 − (−3)]2 = 72 = 49
Solve. We solve the equation. For x = 1:
2
1 (x − 4)2 = (1 − 4)2 = (−3)2 = 9
x+1 + x2 = 342
2 (4 − x)2 = (4 − 1)2 = 32 = 9
1
x2 + x + 1 + x2 = 1156 5x + 154 = 0 or x − 30 = 0
4
5x = −154 or x = 30
x2 + 4x + 4 + 4x2 = 4624 Multiplying by 4
x = −30.8 or x = 30
5x2 + 4x + 4 = 4624
− Check. Since the length x must be positive, 30.8 cannotbe a
5x2 + 4x − 4620 = 0 1 1
solution. If x is 30 ft, then x + 1 is · 30 + 1, or
(5x + 154)(x − 30) = 0 2 2

Ⓧ
In general, (x − 4)2 = [−(−x + 4)]2 = [−(4 − x)]2 =
(−1)2(4 − x)2 = (4 − x)2.
4. The equation is not in the form ab = 0. The correct
pro-cedure is:
(x − 3)(x + 4) = 8
x2 + x − 12 = 8
x2 + x − 20 = 0
(x + 5)(x − 4) = 0
x+5 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −5 or x=4

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Test 123
5. One solution of the equation is 0. Dividing both sides of 3. x2 + 25 − 10x = x2 − 10x + 25

the equation by x, leaving the solution x = 3, is equivalent
= x2 − 2 · x · 5 + 5 2
to dividing by 0.
= (x − 5)2
6. She could use the measuring sticks to draw a right angle as
4. 6y2 − 8y3 + 4y4 = 4y4 − 8y3 + 6y2 =
shown below. Then she could use the 3-ft and 4-ft sticks
to extend one leg to 7 ft and the 4-ft and 5-ft sticks to extend 2y2 · 2y2 − 2y2 · 4y + 2y2 · 3 = 2y2(2y2 − 4y + 3)
the other leg to 9 ft. Since 2y2 − 4y + 3 cannot be factored, the factorization is
complete.
4 ft 5. x3 + x2 + 2x + 2
= (x3 + x2) + (2x + 2)
= x2(x + 1) + 2(x + 1) Factoring by grouping
5 ft
3 ft 3 ft = (x + 1)(x2 + 2)
4 ft 4 ft 5 ft
6. x2 − 5x = x · x − 5 · x = x(x − 5)
7. x3 + 2x2 − 3x
Next she could draw another right angle with either the
7-ft side or the 9-ft side as a side. = x(x2 + 2x − 3) x is a common factor.
3 ft = x(x + 3)(x − 1) Factoring the trinomial
8. 28x − 48 + 10x2
4 ft = 10x2 + 28x − 48
= 2(5x2 + 14x − 24) 2 is a common factor.
= 2(5x − 6)(x + 4) Factoring the trinomial
3 ft
9. 4x2 − 9 = (2x) − 32 2
Difference of squares
4 ft 5 ft = (2x + 3)(2x − 3)
10. x2 − x − 12
Then she could use the sticks to extend the other side
to the appropriate length. Finally she would draw the We look for a pair of factors of −12 whose sum is −1. The
numbers we need are −4 and 3.
remaining side of the rectangle.
4 ft 5 ft x2 − x − 12 = (x − 4)(x + 3)
11. 6m3 + 9m2 + 3m
= 3m(2m2 + 3m + 1) 3m is a common factor.
7 ft = 3m(2m + 1)(m + 1) Factoring the trinomial
12. 3w2 − 75 = 3(w2 − 25) 3 is a common factor.
= 3(w2 − 52) Difference of squares
9 ft
= 3(w + 5)(w − 5)
13. 60x + 45x2 + 20
= 45x2 + 60x + 20
Chapter 5 Test
= 5(9x2 + 12x + 4) 5 is a common factor.
= 5[(3x)2 + 2 · 3x · 2 + 22] Trinomial square
1. 28x3 = 2 · 2 · 7 · x3 = 5(3 2
x + 2)
48x7 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · x7
The coefficients each have two factors of 2. There are no 14. 3x4 − 48
other common prime factors. The GCF of the powers ofx = 3(x4 − 16) 3 is a common factor.
is x3 because 3 is the smallest exponent of x. Thus the = 3[(x2)2 −4 ]
2
Difference of squares
GCF is 2 · 2 · x3, or 4x3. = 3(x2 + 4)(x2 − 4)
2. x2 − 7x + 10 = 3(x2 + 4)(x2 − 22) Difference of squares
We look for a pair of factors of 10 whose sum is −7. The = 3(x2 + 4)(x + 2)(x − 2)
numbers we need are −2 and −5.
15. 49x2 − 84x + 36
x2 − 7x + 10 = (x − 2)(x − 5) = (7 )2 2 7 6 + 62 Trinomial square
x − · x·

Ⓧ
= (7x − 6)2

Ⓧ
16. 5x2 − 26x + 5 25. x2 − x − 20 = 0

There is no common factor (other than 1). This polynomial (x − 5)(x + 4) = 0
has 3 terms, but it is not a trinomial square. Usingthe ac-
method we first multiply the leading coefficient and the x − 5 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
constant term: 5 5 = 25.
· Try to factor 25 so that the sum of x = 5 or x = −4
the factors is 26. The — numbers we want are 1 and 25: − The solutions are 5 and −4.
1( 25)
— = 25
− and
− 1+ ( 25) =− 26. −Split the−middle term
and factor by grouping: 26. 2x2 + 7x = 15
5x2 − 26x + 5 = 5x2 − x − 25x + 5 2x2 + 7x − 15 = 0
= (5x2 − x) + (−25x + 5) (2x − 3)(x + 5) = 0
= x(5x − 1) − 5(5x − 1) 2x − 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
= (5x − 1)(x − 5) 2x = 3 or x = −5
3
17. x4 + 2x3 − 3x − 6 x= or x = −5
2
= (x4 + 2x3) + (−3x − 6) 3
The solutions are and 5.
= x3(x + 2) − 3(x + 2) Factoring by grouping 2 −
= (x + 2)(x3 − 3) 27. x(x − 3) = 28

18. 80 − 5x4 x2 − 3x = 28
= 5(16 − x4) 5 is a common factor. x2 − 3x − 28 = 0
= 5[4 − 2
(x2)2] Difference of squares (x − 7)(x + 4) = 0
= 5(4 + x2)(4 − x2) x − 7 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
= 5(4 + x2)(22 − x2) Difference of squares x = 7 or x = −4
= 5(4 + x2)(2 + x)(2 − x) The solutions are 7 and −4.
19. 6t3 + 9t2 − 15t 28. We let y = 0 and solve for x.
= 3t(2t2 + 3t − 5) 3t is a common factor. 0 = x2 − 2x − 35
= 3t(2t + 5)(t − 1) Factoring the trinomial 0 = (x + 5)(x − 7)

20. 4x2
− 4x − 15 x+5 = 0 or x − 7 = 0
= (2x + 3)(2x − 5) Using trial and error x = −5 or x=7
or the ac-method The x-intercepts are (−5, 0) and (7, 0).
21. 3m2 − 9mn − 30n2 29. We let y = 0 and solve for x.
= 3(m2 − 3mn − 10n2) 3 is a common factor 0 = 3x2 − 5x + 2
= 3(m − 5n)(m + 2n) Factoring the trinomial 0 = (3x − 2)(x − 1)
22. 3x − 2 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
1000a3 − 27b3 = (10a)3 − (3b)3
3x = 2 or x=1
= (10a − 3b)(100a2 + 30ab + b2) 2
23. x2 − 3x = 0 x= or x=1
3
x(x − 3) = 0 2
The x-intercepts are ,0 and (1, 0).
3
x = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = 0 or x=3 30. Familiarize. Let w = the width, in meters. Then w +2 =

The solutions are 0 and 3. the length. Recall that the area of a rectangle is
(length) · (width).
24. 2x2 = 32 Translate. We use the formula for the area of a rectangle.
2x2 − 32 = 0 48 = (w + 2)w
2(x2 − 16) = 0 Solve.
2(x + 4)(x − 4) = 0 48 = (w + 2)w
x+4 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 48 = w2 + 2w
x = −4 or x=4 0 = w2 + 2w − 48
The solutions are −4 and 4. 0 = (w + 8)(w − 6)

Ⓧ
Chapter 5 Test 125
w+8 = 0 or w − 6 = 0 33. 2y4 − 32 = 2(y4 − 16)

w = −8 or w=6 = 2(y2 + 4)(y2 − 4)
Check. The width cannot be negative, so −8 cannot be = 2(y2 + 4)(y + 2)(y − 2)
a solution. If w = 6, then w + 2 = 8 and the area is(8
Answer A is correct.
m) · (6 m), or 48 m2. The number 6 checks.
State. The length is 8 m and the width is 6 m. 34. Familiarize. Let w = the width of the original rectangle,
in meters. Then 5w = the length. The new width and
31. Familiarize. Using the labels on the drawing in the length are w + 2 and 5w − 3, respectively.
text, we let h = the height of the triangle, in cm, and Translate. We will use the formula for the area of a rect-
2h + 6 = the base. Recall that the area of a triangle is angle, Area = (length) · (width).
1
· (base) · (height). 60 = (5w − 3)(w + 2)
2
Translate. We use the formula for the area of a triangle. Solve.
1 60 = (5w − 3)(w + 2)
28 = · (2h + 6) · h
2 60 = 5w2 + 7w − 6
Solve.
1 0 = 5w2 + 7w − 66
28 = (2h + 6)h
2 0 = (5w + 22)(w − 3)
28 = h2 + 3h 5w + 22 = 0 or w − 3 = 0
0 = h2 + 3h − 28 5w = −22 or w =3
22
0 = (h + 7)(h − 4) w=− or w=3
5
h+7 = 0 or h − 4 = 0 22
h = −7 or h=4 Check. The width cannot be negative, so − cannot

5
Check. The height cannot be negative, so −7 cannot be a be a solution. If w = 3, then 5w = 5 · 3 = 15. The new
solution. If h = 4, then 2h +6 = 2 · 4 + 6 = 8 + 6 = 14 and dimensions are w + 2, or 3 + 2, or 5 and 5w — 3, or 15 − 3,
the area is 1 · (14 cm) · (4 cm), or 28 cm2. The number 4 or 12, and the new area is 12 ·5, or 60. The number 3
2 checks.
checks.
State. The original length is 15 m and the original width
State. The height is 4 cm and the base is 14 cm. is 3 m.
32. Familiarize. Using the labels on the drawing in the text, 35. (a + 3)2 − 2(a + 3) − 35
we let x = the distance between the two marked points, in We can think of a + 3 as the variable in this expression. Then
feet. If the corner is a right angle, the lengths 3 ft, 4 ft, and we find a pair of factors of −35 whose sum is −2. The
x will satisfy the Pythagorean theorem. numbers we want are −7 and 5.
Translate. (a + 3)2 − 2(a + 3) − 35 = [(a + 3) − 7][(a + 3) + 5] =
a 2 + b 2 = c2 (a − 4)(a + 8)
32 + 42 = x2 Substituting We could also do this exercise as follows:
Solve. (a + 3)2 − 2(a + 3) − 35 = a2 + 6a + 9 − 2a − 6 − 35
32 + 42 = x2 = a2 + 4a − 32
9 + 16 = x2 = (a − 4)(a + 8)
25 = x2 36. 20x(x + 2)(x − 1) = 5x3 −
24x − 14x2 (20x2
0 = x2 − 25 + 40x)(x − 1) = 5x − 24x − 14x2 20x3 +
3
0 = (x + 5)(x − 5) 20x2 − 40x = 5x3 − 24x − 14x2
x+5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0 15x3 + 34x2 − 16x = 0

x(15x2 + 34x − 16) = 0
x = −5 or x=5
Check. The distance cannot be negative, so 5− cannot be x(3x + 8)(5x − 2) = 0
a solution. If x = 5, then we have 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = x = 0 or 3x + 8 = 0 or 5x − 2 = 0
52, so the answer checks. x = 0 or 3x = −8 or 5x = 2
State. The distance between the marked points should be
8 2
5 ft.
x = 0 or x=− x=
83 or 5
The solutions are 0, − 2
, and .
3 5

Ⓧ
37. x2 − y2 = (x + y)(x − y) = 4 · 6 = 24, so choice D is correct.

Ⓧ
8. 1 − [14 + 28 ÷ 7 − (6 + 9 ÷ 3)]
Cumulative Review Chapters 1 - 5 = 1 − [14 + 4 − (6 + 3)]
= 1 − [14 + 4 − 9]
2 2 7 14
1. = · = = 1 − [9]
3 3 7 21 = −8
5 5 3 15
= · =
7 7 3 21 9. (2 2 −1)3 = 23( 2)3( −1)3 = 8 6 −3 8x6
14 15 x y x y x y = 3
y
Since is to the left of 5 on the number line, 10. 3x −2x−3
5
3x5 · 2x−3 6x2
21 14 15 2 21
we have < , or < . · =− =−

21 4x3 9x2 4x3 · 9x 2 36x5
4 4 1121 3 7
44 6 · x2 · 1 1 6 · x2
= − =− ·
2. − =− · =− 6 · 6 · x2 · x3 6 · x3 6 · x2
7 7 11 77
8 8 7 56 1
=−
− =− · =− 6x3
11 11 7 77
44 56 11. (2x − 3x + x − 4) + (x4 − x − 5x2)
2 3
Since −is to the right of − on the number line, we

77 77 = x4 − 3x3 + 2x2 − 5x2 + x − x − 4
44 56 4 8
have − > − , or − > − . = x4 − 3x3 − 3x2 − 4
77 77 7 11
3. 2 06 + ( 4 79) ( 3 08) = 2 06 + ( 4 79) + 3 08 12. (2x2y2 + xy − 2xy2) − (2xy − 2xy2 + x2y)
. − . − −. . − . . = 2x2y2 + xy − 2xy2 − 2xy + 2xy2 − x2y
= −2.73 + 3.08
= 2x2y2 + xy − 2xy − 2xy2 + 2xy2 − x2y
= 0.35
= 2x2y2 − xy − x2y
4. We do the long division 5.652 ÷ 3.6 and make the answer
negative.
1.5 7 13. x−1 −

3.6∧ 5.6∧ 5 2 x3 − x2
36 3x2 − x
20 5
3x2 − 3x
18 0
2x + 1
252
252 2x − 2
0 3
3
We have 5.652 ÷ 3.6 = 1.57, so 5.652 ÷ (−3.6) = −1.57. The answer is x2 + 3x + 2 + .
2 3 6 2 3 2 3 1 x−1
2 3 6
5. — · · − · 14. (2t − 3)2 = (2t)2 − 2 · 2t · 3 + 32 = 4t2 − 12t + 9
− 7 = 9 8 7= 3 · · · 7
9 8
·· ·3·2·2·2·
1 2 ·3· 2 ·3 15. (x2 — 3)(x2 + 3) = (x2)2 — 32 = x4 − 9
=− ·
2·7 3·3·2·2 16. We will use FOIL.

1
= − (2x + 4)(3x − 4) = 2x · 3x − 2x · 4 + 4 · 3x − 4 · 4
14
21 7 21 2 21 · 2 = 6x2 − 8x + 12x − 16
6. ÷ = · =−
5 −2 5 −7 5·7 = 6x2 + 4x − 16

Ⓧ
3·7·2 3·2 7 17. 2x(x3 + 3x2 + 4x) = 2x · x3 + 2x · 3x2 + 2x · 4x
=− =− ·
5 ·7 5 7 = 2x4 + 6x3 + 8x2

6
=− 18. 2y2 + 3y + 4
5
7. [3x + 2(x − 1)] − [2x − (x + 3)] 2y − 1
= [3x + 2x − 2] − [2x − x − 3] — 2y2
− 3y −4
4y3 + 6y2 + 8y
= [5x − 2] − [x − 3]
4y3 + 4y2 + 5y − 4
= 5x − 2 − x + 3
2
= 4x + 1 2 2 2 4
19. x+ x− = x2 − = x2 −
3 3 3 9

Ⓧ
Cumulative Review Chapters 1 - 5 127
20. x2 + 2x − 8 (5) Factor by grouping.

Look for a pair of factors of −8 whose sum is 2. The 6p2 + pq − q2 = 6p2 + 3pq − 2pq − q2
numbers we want are 4 and −2.
= 3p(2p + q) − q(2p + q)
x2 + 2x − 8 = (x + 4)(x − 2)
= (2p + q)(3p − q)
21. 4x2 − 25
29. 10x3 + 52x2 + 10x
= (2x)2 − 52 Difference of squares
= (2x + 5)(2x − 5)
(1) Factor out the common factor.
22. 3x3 − 4x2 + 3x − 4 10x3 + 52x2 + 10x = 2x(5x2 + 26x + 5)
= x2(3x − 4) + (3x − 4) Now factor 5x2 + 26x + 5.
= (3x − 4)(x2 + 1) (2) We can factor 5x2 + 26x + 5 as
23. x2 − 26x + 169 (5x+ )(x+ ).
= x2 − 2 · x · 13 + 132 Trinomial square (3) The constant term and the middle term are both
= (x − 13)2 positive, so we find pairs of positive factors of 5.
The only possibility is 1, 5. We can also write this
24. 75x2 − 108y2 as 5, 1.
= 3(25x2 − 36y2) Factoring out the common
factor
= 3[(5x)2 − (6y)2] Difference of squares term, 26x.
= 3(5x + 6y)(5x − 6y) The factorization of 5x2 + 26x + 5 is (5x + 1)(x + 5),
25. 6x2 − 13x − 63 so 10x3 + 52x5 + 10x = 2x(5x + 1)(x + 5).
We will use the FOIL method. 30. 49x3 − 42x2 + 9x
(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1). = x(49x2 − 42x + 9)
(2) We can factor 6x2 as = x[(7x)2 − 2 · 7x · 3 + 32] Trinomial square
(6x+ )(x+ ) or (3x+ )(2x+ ). = x(7x − 3) 2
(3) Factor −63. The possibilities are −1, 63 and 1, −63 31. 3x2+ 5x − 4
and −3, 21 and 3, −21 and −7, 9 and 7, −9.
We can try to factor this trinomial using the FOIL method or
These factors can also be written as 63, −1, and the ac-method. We find that it is prime.
−63, 1 and 21, −3 and −21, 3 and 9, −7 and −9, 7.
(4) Look for combinations of factors from steps (2) and 32. 75x3 + 27x = 3x(25x2 + 9)
(3) such that the sum of their products is the middle The binomial 25x2 + 9 cannot be factored, so the factor-
term, −13x. ization is complete.
The factorization is (3x + 7)(2x − 9). 33. 3x8 − 48y8
26. x4 − 2x2 − 3 = 3(x8 − 16y8) Difference of squares
Look for a pair of factors of −3 whose sum is −2. The = 3(x4 + 4y4)(x4 − 4y4) Difference of squares
numbers we want are −3 and 1.
= 3(x
+ 4 4y4)(x2
+ 2y22)(x2
− 2y2)
34. 14 2
x + 28 + 42x = 14x + 42x + 28

x4 − 2x2 − 3 = (x2 − 3)(x2 + 1)
= 14(x2 + 3x + 2)
27. 4y3 − 6y2 − 4y + 6 = 2(2y3 − 3y2 − 2y + 3) To factor x + 3x + 2, look for a pair of factors of 2 whose
2
= 2[y2(2y − 3) − (2y − 3)] sum is 3. The numbers we want are 1 and 2.

= 2(2y − 3)(y2 − 1) Then x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2), so 14x2 + 28 + 42x =
= 2(2y − 3)(y + 1)(y − 1) 14(x + 1)(x + 2).
28. 6p2 + pq − q2 35. 2x5 − 2x3 + x2 − 1 = 2x3(x2 − 1) + (x2 − 1)
We will use the ac-method. = (x2 − 1)(2x3 + 1)

(1) There is no common factor (other than 1 or −1). = (x + 1)(x − 1)(2x3 + 1)
(2) Multiply 6 and −q2: 6(−q2) = −6q2 36. 3x − 5 = 2x + 10
(3) Find a factorization of −6q2 in which the sum of the factors is q. The factors we want are 3q and −2q.

Ⓧ
(4) Split the middle term: pq = 3pq − 2pq. x − 5 = 10 Subtracting 2x
x = 15 Adding 5
The solution is 15.

Ⓧ
37. 3y + 4 > 5y − 8 44. 14y2 = 21y

−2y + 4 > −8 Subtracting 5y 14y2 − 21y = 0
−2y > −12 Subtracting 4 7y(2y − 3) = 0
y<6 Dividing by − 2 and reversing 7y = 0 or 2y − 3 = 0
the inequality symbol
y = 0 or 2y = 3
The solution set is {y|y < 6}. 3
y = 0 or y=
2
3
38. (x − 15) x+ 1 =0 The solutions are 0 and .
4 2
1
x − 15 = 0 or x + =0 45. 1.6 − 3.5x = 0.9
4
1 10(1.6 − 3.5x) = 10(0.9) Clearing decimals
x = 15 or x=−
4 16 − 35x = 9
1
The solutions are 15 and . −35x = −7
−4 1
x = , or 0.2
39. −98x(x + 37) = 0 5
1
−98x = 0 or x + 37 = 0 The solution is , or 0.2.
5
x = 0 or x = −37
46. (x + 3)(x − 4) = 8
x2 − x − 12 = 8
40. x3 + x2 = 25x + 25
x2 − x − 20 = 0
x3 + x2 − 25x − 25 = 0 (x − 5)(x + 4) = 0
x2(x + 1) − 25(x + 1) = 0
x − 5 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
(x + 1)(x2 − 25) = 0
x = 5 or x = −4
(x + 1)(x + 5)(x − 5) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
x = −1 or x = −5 or x= 5 47. 1.5x − 3.6 ≤ 1.3x + 0.4
The solutions are −1, −5 and 5. 10(1.5x − 3.6) ≤ 10(1.3x + 0.4) Clearing decimals
15x − 36 ≤ 13x + 4
41. 2x2 = 72
2x ≤ 40 Subtracting 13x and
2x2 − 72 = 0 adding 36
2(x2 − 36) = 0 x ≤ 20
2(x + 6)(x − 6) = 0 The solution set is {x|x ≤ 20}.
x+6 = 0 or x − 6 = 0 48. 2x − [3x − (2x + 3)] = 3x + [4 − (2x + 1)]
x = −6 or x=6 2x − [3x − 2x − 3] = 3x + [4 − 2x − 1]
The solutions are −6 and 6. 2x − [x − 3] = 3x + [3 − 2x]
42. 9x2 + 1 = 6x 2x − x + 3 = 3x + 3 − 2x
9x2 − 6x + 1 = 0 x+3 = x+3
(3x − 1)(3x − 1) = 0 3=3 Subtracting x
3x − 1 = 0 or 3x − 1 = 0 We get an equation that is true for all real numbers. Thus,
3x = 1 or 3x = 1 all real numbers are solutions of the original equation.
1 1 49. y = mx + b
x= or x= The solutions are −7 and −10.
3 3
1
The solution .
3
43. x2 + 17x + 70 = 0
(x + 7)(x + 10) = 0
x+7 = 0 or x + 10 = 0
x = −7 or x = −10

Ⓧ
y−b =
mx
Subtract
y
ing b
−b
=
x
Dividing
by m
m
50. Familiarize. Let x and x + 2
represent the integers.
Translate.
The sum of the integers is
102.
` ˛¸ x
↓ ↓ ↓
x + (x + 2) =
102

Ⓧ
Solve. Solve.
x + (x + 2) = 102 1000 = 2(w + 200) + 2w
2x + 2 = 102 1000 = 2w + 400 + 2w
2x = 100 1000 = 4w + 400
x = 50 600 = 4w
If x = 50, then x + 2 = 50 + 2 = 52. 150 = w
Check. 50 and 52 are consecutive even integers and their If w = 150, then w + 200 = 150 + 200 = 350.
sum is 50 + 52, or 102. The answer checks. Check. 350 m is 200 m longer than 150 m, and 2 · 350 +
State. The integers are 50 and 52. 2 · 150 = 700 + 300 = 1000 m. The answer checks.
State. The lot is 350 m by 150 m.
51. Familiarize. Let x and x + 2 represent the integers.
Translate. 54. Familiarize. Let b = the amount that was borrowed. The
The product of the integers is 360. simple interest after 1 year is 12% · b, or 0.12b.
` ˛¸ x Translate.
↓ ↓ ↓
x(x + 2) = 360 Amount amount to pay

plus interest is
borrowed off loan.
Solve. ` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x
x(x + 2) = 360 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
x2 + 2x = 360 b + 0.12b = 7280
x2 + 2x − 360 = 0 Solve.
(x + 20)(x − 18) = 0 b + 0.12b = 7280
1.12b = 7280 (b = 1 · b)
x + 20 = 0 or x − 18 = 0
b = 6500 Dividing by 1.12
x = −20 or x = 18
Check. 12% of $6500 is $780, and $6500 + $780 = $7280.
If x = −20, then x + 2 = −20 + 2 = −18. The answer checks.
If x = 18, then x + 2 = 18 + 2 = 20.
State. $6500 was borrowed.
Check. −20 and −18 are consecutive even integers and
−20(−18) = 360. Also, 18 and 20 are consecutive even 55. Familiarize. Let h = the length of the hypotenuse, in
integers and 18 · 20 = 360. Both pairs of integers check. meters. Then the length of one leg of the triangle is h − 9.
State. The integers are −20 and −18 or 18 and 20. Translate. We use the Pythagorean theorem, a2+b2 = c2,
substituting 15 for a, h − 9 for b, and h for c.
52. Familiarize. Let h = the height of the window, in feet.
Then h + 3 = the length. 152 + (h − 9)2 = h2
Translate. We multiply the length and the height (or Solve.
width) to find the area. 152 + (h − 9)2 = h2
(h + 3)h = 18 225 + h2 − 18h + 81 = h2
Solve. 225 − 18h + 81 = 0 Subtracting h2
(h + 3)h = 18 306 − 18h = 0
h2 + 3h = 18 306 = 18h
h3 + 3h − 18 = 0 17 = h
(h + 6)(h − 3) = 0 Check. If h = 17, then h — 9 = 17 − 9 = 8. We have
152 + 82 = 225 + 64 = 289 = 172. The answer checks.
h+6 = 0 or h − 3 = 0
State. The length of the hypotenuse is 17 m.
h = −6 or h=3
Check. Since the height of the window cannot be nega- 56. Familiarize. Let x = the length of the first piece of wire,
tive, we check only 3. If h = 3, then the length is 3 + 3, or in meters. Then 2x = the length of the second piece and
6. We see that the length is 3 ft more than the height. 1
x = the length of the third piece.
The area is 6 ft · 3 ft, or 18 ft2. The answer checks. 3
State. The length of the window is 6 ft, and the height is Translate.
3 ft. First Second Third Total

plus plus is
piece piece piece length.
53. Familiarize. Let w = the width of the lot, in meters. ` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x
Then w + 200 = the length. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
Translate. We use the formula P = 2l + 2w. x Inc. + 2x + x = 100
c 2015 Pearson Education,
Copyright Ⓧ
1000 = 2(w + 200) + 2w
3

Ⓧ
Solve. 59. 3x + 4y = −12

1 To find the x-intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve for x.
x + 2x + x = 100
3 3x + 4 · 0 = −12
10
x = 100 3x = −12
3
3 300 x = −4
x= · 100 = = 30
10 10
1 1 The x-intercept is (−4, 0).
If x = 30, then 2x = 2 · 30 = 60 and x = · 30 = 10. To find the y-intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve for y.
3 3
Check. The length of the second piece of wire, 60 m, is twice 3 · 0 + 4y = −12
30 m, the length of the first piece. Also, the lengthof the 4y = −12
1
third piece, 10 m, is of 30 m. The sum of the y = −3
3
length is 30 + 60 + 10 = 100 m. The answer checks. The y-intercept is (0, −3).
State. The lengths of the first, second, and third piecesof Find a third point as a check. Let x = 4.
wire are 30 m, 60 m, and 10 m, respectively.
3 · 4 + 4y = −12
57. Familiarize. Let p = the price of the shoes before the 12 + 4y = −12
reduction. Then the price after the reduction is p − 25%
of p, or p − 0.25p, or 0.75p. 4y = −24
Translate. y = −6
P̀rice afte˛r¸reductionx is $21.75. A third point is (4, −
6). Plot this point and the intercepts
and draw the graph.
↓ ↓ ↓
0.75p = 21.75
Solve.
0.75p = 21.75
21.75
p= = 29
0.75
Check. 25% of $29 is 0.25($29), or $7.25, and
$29 − $7.25 = $21.75, the reduced price. The answer
checks.
State. Before the reduction, the price of the shoes was 60. (x + 3)(x − 5) ≤ (x + 2)(x − 1)
$29.
x2 − 2x − 15 ≤ x2 + x − 2
58. Familiarize. Let x = the width of the base, in ft. Then −3x − 15 ≤ −2 Subtracting x2 and x
the height is also x.
−3x ≤ 13
Translate. 13
1 x ≥− Dividing by −3 and
A = bh 3
reversing the inequality
2
1 . symbol
98 = · x · x . 13
2
The solution set is x..x ≥ − .
Solve. 3
1 x−3 2x + 5 4x + 11
98 = · x · x 61. = LCD is 26
2 2 — 26 13 ,
196 = x2
0 = x2 − 196 x−3 2x + 5 4x + 11
26 − = 26 ·
2 26 + 5 13
0 = (x + 14)(x − 14) 2x
x−3 26 = 2(4 + 11)
26
· − · x
x + 14 = 0 or x − 14 = 0 2 26
1
x = −14 or x = 14 · 14 · 14 = 98, the area. The answer checks.
Check. The lengths must be positive, so −14 cannot be a 2
solution. When the base and height are each 14, we have State. The height and the base are each 14 ft.

Ⓧ
13(x − 3) − (2x + 5) = 8x + 22
13x − 39 − 2x − 5 = 8x + 22
11x − 44 = 8x + 22
3x = 66
x = 22
The solution is
22.

Ⓧ
62. (x + 1)2 = 25
x2 + 2x + 1 = 25
x2 + 2x − 24 = 0
(x + 6)(x − 4) = 0
x+6 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −6 or x=4
63. x2(x − 3) − x(x − 3) − 2(x − 3)
= (x − 3)(x2 − x − 2)
= (x − 3)(x − 2)(x + 1)
64. 4a2 − 4a + 1 − 9b2 − 24b − 16
= 4a2 − 4a + 1 − (9b2 + 24b + 16)
= (2a − 1)2 − (3b + 4)2
= [(2a − 1) + (3b + 4)][(2a − 1) − (3b + 4)]
= (2a − 1 + 3b + 4)(2a − 1 − 3b − 4)
= (2a + 3b + 3)(2a − 3b − 5)
65. cx2 − 40x + 16 will be the square of a binomial if it is of
the form (Ax − B)2, or A2x2 − 2 · Ax · B + B2. Then
−40x = −2 · Ax · 4
−40x = −8Ax
5=A
Then we have (5x − 4)2 = 25x2 − 40x + 16, so c = 25.
66. Familiarize. Let r = the radius of the original circle, in
cm. Then r + 2 = the radius of the new circle.
Translate.
Area of Area of
is 4 times
new circle original circle.
` ˛¸ x ` ˛¸ x
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
π(r + 2)2 =4 · πr2
Solve.
π(r + 2)2 = 4 · πr2
π(r2 + 4r + 4) = 4πr2
r2 + 4r + 4 = 4r2 Dividing by π
0= 3r2 − 4r − 4
0 = (3r + 2)(r − 2)
3r + 2 = 0 or r − 2 = 0
3r = −2 or r=2
2
r = − or r=2
3
Check. The length of the radius cannot be negative, so we
check only 2. The area of the original circle is π 22 ·= 4π. The
radius of the new circle is 2 + 2, or 4, and the area is
π · 42 = 16π. Since 16π = 4 · 4π, the answer checks.
State. The length of the radius of the original circle is
2 cm.

Ⓧ

Introductory Algebra 12th Edition Bittinger Solutions Manual 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introductory Algebra 12th Edition Bittinger Solutions Manual 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Each coeﬃcient has 3 factors of 2.

There are no other

RC2. (9x)(3) = 27x; answer (c) is correct.

RC4. 9x(4x − 3) = 36x2 − 27x; answer (a) is correct.

16. −x2 = −1 · x2 26. 5x3(x2 + 2)

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

58. 7x3 − 14x2 − x + 2 = 7x2(x − 2) − (x − 2) = 30. (x2 − 3)(x2 + 2)

50. 2y2 +24y +72=2(y2 +12y +36)=2(y +6)(y +6)=2(y +6)2

= 2y[y3(2y2 + 1) − 3(2y2 + 1)]

RC4. False; (x + 5)(x − 2) = x2 + 3x − 10 x2 − 3x − 10. (−z − 12)(z − 3), or

4. (x + 1)(x + 8) 28. (b2 − 3)(b2 + 8)

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

74. −2y + 11y = 108 1 2

, 14 , RC4. (2x + 1)(5x + 2) = 10x2 + 9x +2 = 10x2 + 21x + 2; the

p+w 2. (3x − 4)(x + 1)

88. a2 + ba − 50 20. (7x + 4)(5x + 2)

1 (−2x − 5)(x − 3), or

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3(2x − 3)(3x + 1) 5(3a − 4b)(a + b)

40. 6x2 − 33x + 15 = 3(2x2 − 11x + 5) =

48. 15x3 + 19x2 − 10x = x(15x2 + 19x − 10) = 80.

56. 144x5 + 168x4 + 48x3 = 24x3(6x2 + 7x + 2) =

62. 18x3 − 21x2 − 9x = 3x(6x2 − 7x − 3) =

90.-94. Left to the student

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. 15x2 − 19x − 10 = 15x2 − 25x + 6x − 10 =

2. x2 + 3x + x + 3 = x(x + 3) + (x + 3) = (x + 3)(x + 1) 24x(x − 2) + (x − 2) = (x − 2)(24x + 1)

4. a2 + 5a − 2a − 10 = a(a + 5) − 2(a + 5) = 42. 17x − 4x2 + 15 = −4x2 + 17x + 15 =

16. 5x 2 + 17x + 6 = 5 x2 + 2 x+ 15 x + 6 = 50. −9 + 18x2 − 21x = 18x2 − 21x − 9 =

x(5x + 2) + 3(5x + 2) = (5x + 2)(x + 3) 3[3x(2x − 3) + (2x − 3)] = 3(2x − 3)(3x + 1)

24. 6x2 + 13x + 6 = 6x2 + 9x + 4x + 6 = 15x 10x − 9x

3(2 − 3x) − 2x(2 − 3x) = (2 − 3x)(3 − 2x) 32. 2x2 − 5x + 2 = 2x2 − 4x − x + 2 =

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

5)(3x − 2) x(3x + 5)(5x − 2)

62. 15x3 + 19x2 − 10x = x(15x2 + 64. 1 − p − 2p2 = −2p2 − p + 1 = −1(2p2 + p − 1) =

5x(7x − 4) − 2(7x − 4) = (7x − 4)(5x − 2) or (p + 1)(−2p + 1)

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24x3[2x(3x + 2) + (3x + 2)] = 5(3a − 4b)(a + b)

82. 12a2 − 17ab + 6b2 = 12a2 − 8ab − 9ab + 6b2 =

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Review

1. True; the smallest natural number is 1, and the

5. 10y3 − 18y2 + 12y = 2y · 5y2 − 2y · 9y + 2y · 6

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 5x4 = 5 · x4 20. 8y5 − 48y3 = 8y3 · y2 − 8y3 · 6 = 8y3(y2 − 6)

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. 3x2 − 3x − 18 = 3(x2 − x − 6) 39. 4y2 − 7yz − 15z2

−10. The possibilities are −1,

The factors can also be written as 10, −1 and 1, 42. 9y2 + 6y + 1

(5) Factor by grouping.

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

(y − 4)(−y − 1) 52. 6 − 5z − 6z2 = −6z2 − 5z + 6 = −1(6z2 + 5z − 6)

We will factor 4x2 − 4x − 15 using the ac-method. −

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

numbers we want are −8n and 2n. −

= 3t(3t − 2) − (3t − 2) (2) We can factor 4t2 as

61. −14 + 5t + t2, or t2 + 5t − 14

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright c 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

RC2. True 68. (3a + 4b)(3a − 4b)

6. No; 3x = 2 · x · 3 and 3x ÷= −2 · x · 76. (0.4p + 0.05)(0.4p − 0.05)

16. 4 + x2 − 4x = x2 − 4x + 4 = (x − 2)2 = 4(x2 + 4)(x + 2)(x − 2)