Intermediate Algebra With Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold Solutions Manual 1

Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra with
Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold

Krieger 0321500032 9780321500038
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Chapter 4: Systems of Linear Equations
4.1: Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Concepts
1. No, two straight lines cannot have exactly two points of intersection.
2. 3x + 2 y = 5
2x − y = 0 Answers may vary.
3. Numerically and graphically.

4. There is one solution.
5. There are no solutions.
6. There are infinitely many solutions. The two lines are identical.
7. (1, –2) since it satisfies both equations. The ordered pair (4, 4) does not satisfy 3x + y = 1.
8. (3, 1) since it satisfies both equations. The ordered pair (–3, –1) does not satisfy 3x + y = 10.
 13 
9.  −1,  since it satisfies both equations. The ordered pair (4, 6) does not satisfy 4x + 3y = 9.
 3 
10. (4, 0) since it satisfies both equations. The ordered pair (3, 5) does not satisfy 5x − 4 y = 20.
Graphical Solutions
11. See Figure 11. The solution is (1, 1).
Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13

12. See Figure 12. The solution is (–1, 2).
15. See Figure 15. The solution is (3, –2).
169 CHAPTER 4 Systems
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Equations in Two Variables SECTION 4.1 169

17. See Figure 17. The solution is (4, –1).
Figure 17 Figure 18
19. The solution is the intersection point (3, 1).
20. The solution is the intersection point (2, –1).
21. The two lines do not intersect. There are no solutions.
22. The two lines are identical. There are infinitely many solutions that satisfy {(x, y)| x + y = 2}.
23. The system can be solved graphically by solving each equation for y and then graphing.
−x + y = 1  y = x +1 and x + y = 3  y = 3 − x
The graphs (not shown) intersect at the point (1, 2). The system is consistent. The equations are independent.
x + y = 2  y = 2 − x and x − y = 2  y = x − 2
2x + y = 5  y = 5 − 2x and −2x + y = −3  y = 2x − 3
3 −x
x + 2 y = 3  y = and 2x − y = 1  y = 2x −1
2
x + y = 3  y = 3 − x and 2x + 2 y = 6  y = 3 − x
The graphs (not shown) are identical, {(x, y)|x + y = 3}. The system is consistent. The equations are
dependent.
x − y = 1  y = x −1 and − x + y = 3  y = x + 3
The graphs (not shown) are parallel. There are no solutions. The system is inconsistent.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
3x − y = 0  y = 3x and 2x + y = 5  y = 5 − 2x
−2x − y = −3  y = 3 − 2x and x + y = 2  y = 2 − x
−2x + y = 3  y = 2x + 3 and 4x − 2 y = 2  y = 2x −1
1 −x 1 −x
2x + 4 y = 2  y = and −x − 2 y = −1  y =
2 2
The graphs (not shown) are identical, {(x, y)|x + 2 y = 1}. The system is consistent. The equations are
dependent.
x + y = 6  y = 6 − x and x − y = 2  y = x − 2
x + y = 9  y = 9 − x and x − y = 3  y = x − 3
x − y = 4  y = x − 4 and 2x − 2 y = 4  y = x − 2
2x + y = 5  y = 5 − 2x and 4x + 2 y = 10  y = 5 − 2x
The graphs (not shown) are identical, {( x, y )|2x + y = 5}. The system is consistent. The equations are
dependent.
3x +1 3x +1
6x − 4 y = −2  y = and −3x + 2 y = 1  y =
2 2
The graphs (not shown) are identical, {( x, y )| −3x + 2 y = 1}. The system is consistent. The equations are
dependent.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
4 x −3 8x +1
4x − 3y = 3  y = and −8x + 6 y = 1  y =
3 6
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
2 −4 x 6 −5 x
4x + 3y = 2  y = and 5x + 2 y = 6  y =
3 2
The graphs (not shown) intersect at the point ( 2, − 2 ) . The system is consistent. The equations are
independent.
3x +4
−3x + 2 y = 4  y = and 4x − y = 3  y = 4x − 3
2
x +2
2x + 2 y = 4  y = 2 − x and x − 3y = −2  y =
3
The graphs (not shown) intersect at the point (1, 1).

x +5
6x − y = 3  y = 6x − 3 and x − 2 y = −5  y =
2

− x − y =  y = −x − 3 and x − y = 3  y = 2x − 6
1 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
The graphs (not shown) intersect at the point (1, − 4 ) .
3x −6
y = 1  y = 8 − 4x and − y = −1  y =
1 1 1 5
x+ x+
2 8 2 6 5
45. (a) x + y = 4: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: x + 0 = 4  x = 4; to find the y-intercept, let
x = 0 and solve for y: 0 + y = 4  y = 4.
x − y = −2: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: x − 0 = −2  x = −2; to find the y-intercept,
let x = 0 and solve for y: 0 − y = −2  − y = −2  y = 2.
(b) See Figure 45b. The solution is (1, 3).

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Figure 45b Figure 46b Figure 47b

46. (a) 2x + 3y = 12: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: 2x + 3(0) = 12  2x = 12  x = 6; to find
the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: 2(0) + 3y = 12  3y = 12  y = 4.
2x − y = 4: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: 2x − 0 = 4  2x = 4  x = 2; to find the y-

intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: 2(0) − y = 4  − y = 4  y = −4.

47. (a) −2x + 3y = 12: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: −2x + 3(0) = 12  −2x = 12  x = −6;
to find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: − 2(0) + 3y = 12  3 y = 12  y = 4.
−2x + y = 8: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: − 2x + 0 = 8  − 2x = 8  x = −4; to find
the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: − 2(0) + y = 8  y = 8.
(b) See Figure 47b. The solution is (–3, 2).

48. (a) −x + y = 2: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: − x + 0 = 2  −x = 2  x = −2; to find the
y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: − (0) + y = 2  y = 2.
x + y = 4: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: x + 0 = 4  x = 4; to find the y-intercept, let
x = 0 and solve for y: 0 + y = 4  y = 4.
Figure 48b
 y = − x +
1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
49. Note that x+ y= and x − y = −  y = x+ .
4 2 20 2 10 8 10 8 10
Graph Y1 = ( −1 2 ) X + ( 3 10 ) and Y2 = (1 8 ) X + ( 3 10 ) in [–1, 1, 0.1] by [–1, 1, 0.1]. See Figure 49.
The unique solution is the intersection point (0, 0.3).

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
 y = x + .
4 1 1 1 1 2 1
x − y =  y = x − and x − y = −
1 3 1
50. Note that
2 8 8 3 3 3 2 12 3 6
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Graph Y1 = ( 4 3) X − (1 3 ) and Y2 = ( 2 3) X + (1 6 ) in [0, 1, 1] by [0, 1, 1]. See Figure 50.
The unique solution is the intersection point (0.75, 0.6 ).

[–1, 1, 0.1] by [–1, 1, 0.1] [0, 1, 1] by [0, 1, 1]
Figure 49 Figure 50
1 5 7
51. Note that 0.1x + 0.2 y = 0.25  y = − x + and 0.7x − 0.3y = 0.9  y = x − 3.
2 4 3
Graph Y1 = ( −1 2 ) X + ( 5 4 ) and Y2 = ( 7 3 ) X − 3 in [–4, 4, 1] by [–4, 4, 1]. See Figure 51.
The unique solution is the intersection point (1.5, 0.5).

[–4, 4, 1] by [–4, 4, 1] [0, 2, 1] by [0, 2, 1]
Figure 51 Figure 52
23 563 11 43
52. Note that 2.3x + 4.3y = 5.63  y = − x+ and 1.1x − 3.6 y = 0.43  y = x− .
43 430 36 360
Graph Y1 = ( −23 43) X + ( 563 430 ) and Y2 = (11 36 ) X − ( 43 360 ) in [0, 2, 1] by [0, 2, 1]. See Figure 52.
The unique solution is the intersection point (1.7, 0.4).

53. Note that 0.1x + 0.2 y = 50  y = −0.5x + 250 and 0.3x − 0.1y = 10  y = 3x −100.
Graph Y1 = −0.5X + 250 and Y2 = 3X −100 in [0, 300, 50] by [0, 300, 50]. See Figure 53.
The unique solution is the intersection point (100, 200).
54. Note that 0.5x + 0.2 y = 14  y = −2.5x + 70 and −0.1x + 0.4 y = 6  y = 0.25x +15.
Graph Y1 = −2.5X + 70 and Y2 = 0.25X +15 in [0, 30, 5] by [0, 30, 5]. See Figure 54.
[0, 300, 50] by [0, 300, 50] [0, 30, 5] by [0, 30, 5]
Figure 53 Figure 54
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
[–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]
Figure 55 Figure 56
1 5 1 1
55. Note that x − 2 y = 5  y = x − and −2x + 4 y = −2  y = x − .
2 2 2 2
Graph Y1 = (1 2 ) X − ( 5 2 ) and Y2 = (1 2 ) X − (1 2 ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 55.
Since the lines are parallel, there is no solution.

3 5 3 5
56. Note that 3x + 4 y = 5  y = − x + and 6x + 8 y = 10  y = − x + .
4 4 4 4
Graph Y1 = ( −3 4 ) X + ( 5 4 ) and Y2 = ( −3 4 ) X + ( 5 4 ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 56.
Since the lines coincide, there are infinitely many solutions of the form {( x, y ) |3x + 4 y = 5}.
Numerical Solutions
57. Since y1 = y2 = 3 when x = 2, the solution is (2, 3).
58. Since y1 = y2 = 5 when x = −2, the solution is (–2, 5).
59. Since y1 = y2 = 1 when x = 1, the solution is (1, 1).
60. Since y1 ≠ y2 for all x, there is no solution.
61. Note that x + y = 3  y = 3 − x and x − y = 7  y = x − 7.
Table Y1 = 3 − X and Y2 = X − 7 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 61.
Since Y1 = Y2 = −2 when X = 5, the solution is (5, –2).
62. Note that 2x + y = 3  y = 3 − 2x and 3x − y = 7  y = 3x − 7.
Table Y1 = 3 − 2X and Y2 = 3X − 7 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 62.
Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64

3 5
63. Note that 3x + 2 y = 5  y = − x + and −x − y = −5  y = −x + 5.
2 2
Table Y1 = ( −3 2 ) X + ( 5 2 ) and Y2 = −X + 5 with TblStart = –8 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 63.
Since Y1 = Y2 = 10 when X = −5, the solution is (–5, 10).
2 7 3 13
64. Note that 2x + 3y = 3.5  y = − x + and 3x + 2 y = 6.5  y = − x + .
3 6 2 4
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Table Y1 = ( −2 3 ) X + ( 7 6 ) and Y2 = ( −3 2 ) X + (13 4 ) with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 0.5. See Figure 64.
Since Y1 = Y2 = −0.5 when X = 2.5, the solution is (2.5, –0.5).
1 4
65. Note that 0.5x − 0.1y = 0.1  y = 5x −1 and 0.1x − 0.3y = −0.4  y = x+ .
3 3
Table Y1 = 5X −1 and Y2 = (1 3 ) X + ( 4 3) with TblStart = –1 and ∆Tbl = 0.5. See Figure 65.
Since Y1 = Y2 = 1.5 when X = 0.5, the solution is (0.5, 1.5).
1 15
 y = −2x − 3 and  y = − x + .
x y 1 x y 5
66. Note that + =− + =
3 6 2 6 3 2 2 2
Table Y1 = −2X − 3 and Y2 = ( −1 2 ) X + (15 2 ) with TblStart = –10 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 66.
Figure 65 Figure 66
1 1 1 2
67. x + ay = 1  ay = −x + 1  y = − x + ; 2x + 2ay = 4  2ay = −2x + 4  y = − x + . So the graphs of
a a a a
 1
the two lines have the same slope  −  but different y-intercepts. Therefore, the lines are parallel and do not
 a 
intersect, so there are no solutions.
68. −ax + y = 4  y = ax + 4; ax + y = 4  y = −ax + 4. The lines have slopes whose product is –1 so the lines
are perpendicular and intersect at exactly one point. Both lines have y-intercept 4, so the point (0, 4) must be
the point of intersection, and hence the solution of the system.
Writing and Solving Equations
69. (a) Let x and y represent the two numbers. Then the system needed is x + y = 18 and x − y = 6.
(b) Note that x + y = 18  y = −x +18 and x − y = 6  y = x − 6.

The graphs of these equations (not shown) intersect at the point (12, 6). The numbers are 12 and 6.
70. (a) Let x and y represent the two numbers. Then the system needed is 2x − y = 5 and x + y = 16.
(b) Note that 2x − y = 5  y = 2x − 5 and x + y = 16  y = −x +16.
71. (a) Let x and y represent the time spent running at 6 mph and 8 mph respectively.
Then the system needed is x + y = 1 and 6x + 8 y = 7.
7 −6 x
(b) Note that x + y = 1  y = 1− x and 6x + 8 y = 7  y = .
8
The graphs of these equations (not shown) intersect at the point (0.5, 0.5).
The athlete ran for 0.5 hour at 6 mph and for 0.5 hour at 8 mph.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
72. (a) Let x and y represent the time spent driving 40 mph and 60 mph respectively.
Then the system needed is x + y = 2 and 40x + 60 y = 90.
2 3
(b) Note that x + y = 2  y = −x + 2 and 40x + 60 y = 90  y = − x + .
3 2
The graphs of these equations (not shown) intersect at the point (1.5, 0.5).
The car was driven for 1.5 hour at 40 mph and for 0.5 hour at 60 mph.
73. (a) Let x and y represent the length and width of the rectangle respectively.
Then the system needed is 2x + 2 y = 76 and x − y = 4.
(b) Note that 2x + 2 y = 76  y = −x + 38 and x − y = 4  y = x − 4.
The graphs of these equations (not shown) intersect at the point (21, 17).
The length of the rectangle is 21 inches and the width is 17 inches.
74. (a) Let x represent the length of the longest side and y represent the length of each of the shorter sides.
Then the system needed is x + 2 y = 100 and x − y = 10.
1
(b) Note that x + 2 y = 100  y = − x + 50 and x − y = 10  y = x −10.
2
The length of the longest side is 40 inches and the length of each of the shorter sides is 30 inches.
75. (a) Let x and y represent the measure of the largest angle and the measure of one of the equal angles
respectively.
Then the system needed is x + 2 y = 180 and x − y = 60.
1
(b) Note that x + 2 y = 180  y = − x + 90 and x − y = 60  y = x − 60.
2
The measure of the largest angle is 100° and the measure of each of the smaller angles is 40°.
76. (a) Let x and y represent the price of a box of popcorn and the price of a soft drink respectively.
Then the system needed is 2x + 3y = 7 and 3x + 2 y = 8.
2 7 3
(b) Note that 2x + 3y = 7  y = − x + and 3x + 2 y = 8  y = − x + 4.
3 3 2
Popcorn costs $2 per box and soft drinks cost $1 each.
Applications
77. Let x and y represent the number of times Kentucky and UCLA have appeared respectively. Then the system
needed is x + y = 80 and x − y = 8. By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown) we
find the intersection point is (44, 36). Kentucky appeared 44 times and UCLA appeared 36 times.
177 CHAPTER 4 Systems ofThe
Linear
Substitution
Equationsand Elimination Methods SECTION 4.2 177
78. Let x and y represent the amount spent on travel and the amount spent on hardware respectively. Then the
1
system needed is x + y = 40 and y = x. By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not
3
shown) we find the intersection point is (30, 10). $30 billion was spent on travel and $10 billion on computer
hardware.
79. Let x and y represent the number of home runs hit by McGwire and Sosa respectively. Then the system
needed is x + y = 136 and x − y = 4. By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown)
we find the intersection point is (70, 66). McGwire hit 70 home runs and Sosa hit 66.
80. Let x and y represent the amount borrowed at 10% and 5% respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 4000 and 0.1x + 0.05y = 250. By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown)
we find the intersection point is (1000, 3000). The student borrowed $1000 at 10% and $3000 at 5%.
81. Let x represent the amount invested at 4% interest, and y represent the amount invested at 5% interest. Then
the system needed is x + y = 600 and y = x +100. By solving the first equation for y and graphing both
equations (figure not shown) we find the intersection point is (250, 350). $250 is invested at 4% and $350 is
invested at 5%.
82. Let x and y represent the length and width, respectively. Then the system needed is 2x + 2 y = 14 and
x = y +1. By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown) we find the intersection point
is (4, 3). The building has dimensions 4 yards by 3 yards.
4.2: The Substitution and Elimination Methods

Concepts
1. Substitution and elimination.
2. No, all methods will produce the same solution. However, calculator solutions are sometimes rounded.
3. Elimination yields a contradiction.
4. Elimination yields an identity.
5. Solve the first equation for y.
6. Multiply the second equation by –2.
Substitution Method
7. Substituting y = 2x into the second equation yields the following:
3x + ( 2x ) = 5  5x = 5  x = 1 and so y = 2 (1)  y = 2. The solution is (1, 2).
8. Substituting y = x +1 into the second equation yields the following:
x + 2 ( x +1) = 8  3x = 6  x = 2 and so y = ( 2 ) +1  y = 3. The solution is (2, 3).
9. Substituting x = 2 y −1 into the second equation yields the following:

( 2 y −1) + 5y = 20  7 y = 21  y = 3 and so x = 2 ( 3 ) −1  x = 5. The solution is (5, 3).
Linear
Substitution
10. Substituting x = 3y into the second equation yields the following:

Linear
Substitution
− ( 3y ) + 2 y = 4  − y = 4  y = −4 and so x = 3 ( −4 )  x = −12. The solution is (–12, –4).
11. Note that x − 2 y = 0  x = 2 y. Substituting x = 2 y into the second equation yields the following:
3 ( 2 y ) + y = 7  7 y = 7  y = 1 and so x = 2 (1)  x = 2. The solution is (2, 1).
This result is supported by the graph’s intersection point of (2, 1).

8 −2 x 8 −2 x
12. Note that 2x + 3y = 8  y = . Substituting y = into the second equation yields:
3 3
 8 −2 x  8 −2 ( −2 )
3x − 2 = −14  13x = −26  x = −2 and so y = 
 y = 4. The solution is (–2, 4).
 
 3  3
This result is supported by the graph’s intersection point of (–2, 4).
13. Substituting y = 3x into the second equation yields the following:
x + ( 3x ) = 4  4x = 4  x = 1 and so y = 3 (1) = 3. The solution is (1, 3).
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is (1, 3).
1
14. Substituting x = y into the second equation yields the following:
2
1   1
2 y + y = 4  2 y = 4  y = 2 and so x = ( 2 ) = 1. The solution is (1, 2).
 
 2  2
15. Note that x + y = 2  y = 2 − x. Substituting y = 2 − x into the second equation yields:
2x − ( 2 − x ) = 1  3x − 2 = 1  3x = 3  x = 1 and so y = 2 − (1) = 1. The solution is (1, 1).
16. Note that x − y = 2  x = y + 2. Substituting x = y + 2 into the second equation yields:
( y + 2 ) + 2 y = −1  3y = −3  y = −1 and so x = ( −1) + 2 = 1. The solution is (1, −1) .
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is (1, −1) .
17. Note that x − 2 y = −4  x = 2 y − 4. Substituting x = 2 y − 4 into the first equation yields:
2 ( 2 y − 4 ) + 3y = 6  7 y = 14  y = 2 and so x = 2 ( 2 ) − 4 = 0. The solution is ( 0, 2 ) .
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is ( 0, 2 ) .
18. Note that 2x − y = 2  y = 2x − 2. Substituting y = 2x − 2 into the second equation yields:
3x + 2 ( 2x − 2 ) = 10  7x = 14  x = 2 and so y = 2 ( 2 ) − 2 = 2. The solution is ( 2, 2 ) .

Linear
Substitution
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is ( 2, 2 ) .
Linear
Substitution
19. Note that 4x + y = 3  y = −4x + 3. Substituting y = −4x + 3 into the second equation yields:
1 1
2x − 3(−4x + 3) = −2  2x +12x − 9 = −2  14x = 7  x = and so y = −4   + 3  y = 1. The solution is
2  2 
 1 
,1 .
 
 2 
20. Note that 2x − y = 3  y = 2x − 3. Substituting y = 2x − 3 into the first equation yields:
3x + 4(2x − 3) = 32  3x + 8x −12 = 32  11x = 44  x = 4 and so y = 2(4) − 3  y = 5. The solution is
( 4, 5 ) .
21. Note that x − 2 y = 0  x = 2 y. Substituting x = 2 y into the second equation yields:

1 1 1 1 1
−3(2 y) + 2 y = −1  −6 y + 2 y = −1  −4 y = −1  y = and so x = 2 = . The solution is , .
   
4 4 2  2 4 
22. Note that −x + 3y = 3  −x = −3y + 3  x = 3y − 3. Substituting x = 3y − 3 into the second equation yields:
1 1 11 1 1 3 6 3
2(3y − 3) + 5 y = −  6 y − 6 + 5y = −  11y =  y = and so x = 3 − 3  x = −  x = − .
2 2 2 2  
2 2 2 2
 3 1
The solution is − , .
 
 2 2 
23. Note that −x + 3y = 0  x = 3y. Substituting x = 3y into the first equation yields:
2 ( 3y ) − 5 y = −1  y = −1 and so x = 3 ( −1)  x = −3. The solution is (–3, –1).
24. Note that −10x + 5 y = 60  y = 2x +12. Substituting y = 2x +12 into the first equation yields:
5x +10 ( 2x +12 ) = −5  25x = −125  x = −5 and so y = 2 ( −5 ) +12  y = 2. The solution is (–5, 2).
25. Note that x − y = 1  x = y +1. Substituting x = y +1 into the second equation yields:
2 ( y +1) + 6 y = −2  8 y = −4  y
1  1 1 1 1
and so x = − +1  x = . The solution is ,− .
=−    
2  2  2  2 2
26. Note that 4x − y = −4  y = 4x + 4. Substituting y = 4x + 4 into the second equation yields:
 1 
and so y = 4   + 4  y = 6. The solution is  , 6 .
1 1
−2x + 5 ( 4x + 4 ) = 29  18x = 9  x =
   
2 2 2
   
27. Note that 2x − y = 6  y = 2x − 6. Substituting y = 2x − 6 into the first equation yields:
1 1 1
x − ( 2x − 6 ) = 1  − x = −2  x = 4 and so y = 2 ( 4 ) − 6 = 2. The solution is ( 4, 2 ) .
2 2 2
Linear
Substitution
28. Note that x − 2 y = 12  x = 2 y +12. Substituting x = 2 y +12 into the first equation yields:
3 1
( 2 y +12 ) + y = 5  2 y = −4  y = −2 and so x = 2 ( −2 ) +12 = 8. The solution is (8, − 2 ) .
4 2
1 1
29. Note that x − y = −1  x = 2 y − 6. Substituting x = 2 y − 6 into the second equation yields:
6 3
Linear
Substitution
y = 7  y = 9  y = 6 and so x = 2 ( 6 ) − 6 = 6. The solution is ( 6, 6 ) .

1 5 3
( 2 y − 6) +
3 6 2
3 1 1 3 1 3
30. Note that x− y = 4  y = x − 4. Substituting y = x − 4 into the second equation yields:
5 10 10 5 10 5
2 3  1 3 
x+ x − 4 = 6  x = 10 and so y = (10 ) − 4  y = 20. The solution is (10, 20 ) .
 
5 5  10 5
1 1 4 4
31. Note that x − y = 3  x = y +12. Substituting x = y +12 into the first equation yields:
4 3 3 3
14  2 4  4
y +12 + y = −2  y = −8  y = −6 and so x = ( −6 ) +12  x = 4. The solution is (4, –6).
 
2 3 3 3 3
 
 y = 2x − . Substituting y = 2x − into the second equation yields:

1 1 7 7 7
32. Note that x− y=
5 10 40 4 4
1 1 7  11 3 3 1 1 7  3
x− 2x − =  − x=−  x = and so y = 2  −  y = − .
 
4 5 4 40 20 40 2 2 4 4
   
 1 3
The solution is  , −  .
 2 4 
33. Note that 0.1x + 0.4 y = 1.3  x = −4 y +13. Substituting x = −4 y +13 into the second equation yields:
0.3 ( −4 y +13 ) − 0.2 y = 1.1  −1.4 y = −2.8  y = 2 and so x = −4 ( 2 ) +13  x = 5.
The solution is (5, 2).
34. Note that 2.7x − 0.1y = 0.76  y = 27x − 7.6. Substituting y = 27x − 7.6 into the first equation yields:
1.5x − 4.1( 27x − 7.6 ) = −1.6  −109.2x = −32.76  x = 0.3 and so y = 27 ( 0.3) − 7.6  y = 0.5.
The solution is (0.3, 0.5).
35. Note that x − y = 5  x = y + 5. Substituting x = y + 5 into the second equation yields:
2 ( y + 5 ) − 2 y = 10  10 = 10 and this result is an identity. The system is dependent.
36. Note that −x + 2 y = 5  x = 2 y − 5. Substituting x = 2 y − 5 into the second equation yields:
2 ( 2 y − 5 ) − 4 y = 10  −10 = 10 and this result is a contradiction. The system is inconsistent.

5 5 5
37. Note that − x − y = 2  y = − x − 2. Substituting y = − x − 2 into the first equation yields:
3 3 3
 5 
5x + 3  − x − 2 = 6  5x − 5x − 6 = 6  −6 = 6, a contradiction. Therefore the system is inconsistent and
 3 
Linear
Substitution
there are no solutions.

38. Note that −x + 2 y = 1  x = 2 y −1. Substituting x = 2 y −1 into the first equation yields:
2 ( 2 y −1) − 4 y = 5  4 y − 2 − 4 y = 5  −2 = 5, a contradiction. Therefore the system is inconsistent and
there are no solutions.

Linear
Substitution
39. Note that x + 3y = −2  x = −3y − 2. Substituting x = −3y − 2 into the second equation yields:
1 3 3 3
− ( −3y − 2 ) − y = 1  y +1− y = 1  1 = 1, an identity. Therefore the system is dependent and the
2 2 2 2
solution set is {(x, y) | x + 3y = −2} .
40. Note that 2x − 4 y = 4  2x = 4 y + 4  x = 2 y + 2. Substituting x = 2 y + 2 into the second equation yields:
−3 ( 2 y + 2 ) + 6 y = −6  −6 y − 6 + 6 y = −6  −6 = −6, an identity. Therefore the system is dependent and
the solution set is {(x, y) | x − 2 y = 2} .

Elimination Method
41. Adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
x− y =5
x+ y =9
2x = 14 Thus, x = 7. And so ( 7 ) − y = 5  y = 2. The solution is (7, 2).
This result is supported by the graph’s intersection point of (7, 2).

3x − 2 y = 9
5x + 2 y = 7
8x = 16 Thus, x = 2. And so 3 ( 2 ) − 2 y = 9  −2 y = 3  y = −1.5. The solution is (2, –1.5).
This result is supported by the graph’s intersection point of (2, –1.5).

x+ y =3
x − y =1
2x = 4 Thus, x = 2. And so ( 2 ) + y = 3  y = 1. The solution is ( 2, 1) .
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is ( 2, 1) .
44. Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
4x − 2 y = 6
x + 2 y = −1
5x = 5 Thus, x = 1. And so (1) + 2 y = −1  y = −1. The solution is (1, −1) .
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is (1, −1) .
45. Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
8x − 2 y = 8
x + 2y =1
9x = 9 Thus, x = 1. And so (1) + 2 y = 1  y = 0. The solution is (1, 0 ) .
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is (1, 0 ) .
46. Multiplying the first equation by −1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
−x + y = −1
x + 4y = 6 5y = 5
Linear
Substitution
Thus,
y = 1. And The solution is ( 2, 1) .
so x
− (1)
=1
 x
= 2.
Linear
Substitution
By solving each equation for y and graphing each (figure not shown), the intersection point is ( 2, 1) .

x+ y = 4
x− y = 2
2x = 6 Thus, x = 3 . And so 3 + y = 4  y = 1. The solution is (3, 1).
48. Adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.

x − 3y = 5
− x + 5 y = −7
2 y = −2 Thus, y = −1. And so x − 3(−1) = 5  x = 2. The solution is (2, –1).
49. Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
3x + y = −5
−3x + 2 y = −1
3y = −6 Thus y = −2. And so −3x − (−2) = 5  −3x = 3  x = −1. The solution is (–1, –2).
50. Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
2x − 3y = −13
x + 3y = 7
3x = −6 Thus x = −2. And so −2 + 3y = 7  3y = 9  y = 3. The solution is (–2, 3).

2x + y = 4
2 x −y =−2 1 1   1 
Thus, x = . And so 2 + y = 4  y = 3. The solution is ,3 .
   
4x = 2 2 2 2
   
− 2x − 3y = 6
2 x − y =4 5  5 3 3 3 5
Thus, y = − . And so 2x −  −  = 4  2x =  x = . The solution is  , −  .
4 2
−4 y = 10 2  2 2 4  
53. Multiplying the second equation by –2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
6x − 4 y = 12
−6 x −10 y =12 12  12  36 6
Thus, y = − . And so 6x − 4  −  = 12  6x =  x= .
−14 y = 24 7  7  7 7
 6 12 
7 7 
54. Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
5x + 4 y = 8
x −4 y =10 7  7
Thus, x = 3. And so ( 3) − 4 y = 10  − 4 y = 7  y = − . The solution is  3, − .
Linear
Substitution
6x = 18 4  4
55. Multiplying the second equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate both variables.
Linear
Substitution
2x − 4 y = 5
−2x + 4 y = 18
0 = 23 This is always false and the system is inconsistent. No solutions.
56. Multiplying the first equation by –2 and adding the two equations will eliminate both variables.
−2x + 6 y = −10
2x − 6 y = 1
0 = −9 This is always false and the system is inconsistent. No solutions.
−4x − 2 y = −4
4x + 2 y = 4
0=0 This is always true and the system is dependent with solutions: {( x, y ) |2x + y = 2}.
−7x − 2 y = −28
This is always true and the system is dependent with solutions:
7x + 2 y = 28
0=0 {( x, y ) |7x + 2 y = 28}.
1 2
59. Multiply the first equation by − , the second equation by and add the equations to eliminate the variable
2 15
y.
−x − 2 y = 11
10 x +2 y =−16 5  5 188 47
Thus, x . And so 2 − + 4 y = −22  4 y  y .
=−    =− =−
9x = −5 9  9 9 9
 5 47 
The solution is − , − .
 
 9 9 
60. Multiplying the second equation by –4 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
− 3x + 20 y = 67
−8x − 20 y = −188
−11x = −121 Thus, x = 11. And so 2 (11) + 5 y = 47  5 y = 25  y = 5. The solution is (11, 5).
61. Multiply the first equation by 30, the second equation by –20 and add the equations to eliminate the variable
y.
9x + 6 y = 24
−8x − 6 y = −22
x=2 Thus, x = 2. And so 0.3 ( 2 ) + 0.2 y = 0.8  0.2 y = 0.2  y = 1. The solution is (2, 1).
− 2.4x − 8.6 y = −3.4
2.4x −1.5 y = 1.38
−10.1y = −2.02 T e olution is (0.7, 0.2).
h s
Linear
Substitution
Thus, y= And so
0.2. 1.2x +
4.3 ( 0.
2) =
1.7 
1.2x =
0.84
 x=
0.7.
63. Note that 2x − y = −13  y = 2x +13. Substituting y = 2x +13 into the first equation yields:
2x + 3 ( 2x +13) = 7  8x = −32  x = −4 and so x = 2 ( −4 ) +13 = 5. The solution is ( −4, 5 ) .

Linear
Substitution

2x − 3y = −25
x + 3y = 10
3x = −15 Thus, x = −5. And so ( −5 ) + 3y = 10  y = 5. The solution is ( −5, 5 ) .
65. Note that 5u + v = 2  v = 2 − 5u. Substituting v = 2 − 5u into the first equation yields:
1 1 1 1 1
3u − 5 ( 2 − 5u ) = 4  28u = 14  u = and so v = 2 − 5 = − . The solution is ,− .
   
2 2 2  2 2 
66. Multiplying the first equation by 3 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable v.
12u − 9v = −6
−8u +9v = 5 1  1 1  1 1
Thus, u = − . And so 4  − − 3v = −2  v = . The solution is  − , .
4u = −1 4  4 3  4 3
67. Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate both variables.
4r − 6t = 14 This is an identity. The system is dependent with solutions of the form
−4r + 6t = −14
0=0 {( r, t ) 2r − 3t = 7}.
2r − 2t = 20 This is an identity. The system is dependent with solutions of the form
−2r + 2t = −20
0=0 {( r, t ) r − t = 10}.
69. Multiplying the first equation by −1 and adding the two equations will eliminate both variables.
−m + n = −5
m−n = 7
0=2 This is a contradiction. The system is inconsistent and has no solutions.
3
70. Multiplying the second equation by and adding the two equations will eliminate both variables.
2
6m + 9n = 4
−6m − 9n = 3
0=7 This is a contradiction. The system is inconsistent and has no solutions.
3 3
71. Note that 2x − 3y = 2  x = y +1. Substituting x = y +1 into the second equation yields:
2 2
3  1  3
3 y +1 − 5y = 4  − y = 1  y = −2 and so x = ( −2 ) + 1 = −2. The solution is ( −2, − 2 ) .
 
2  2 2
72. Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
2x + 6 y = 5
2
−2x − 7 y = − 11
4 1 1 5 1 1 1
Linear
Substitution
Thus, y = . And so x + 3   =  x = . The solution is  ,  .

− y = − 14 4  4  4 2 2 4
73. Note that 0.1x − 0.3y = −5  x = 3y − 50. Substituting x = 3y − 50 into the second equation yields:
0.5 ( 3y − 50 ) +1.1y = 27  2.6 y = 52  y = 20 and so x = 3 ( 20 ) − 50 = 10. The solution is (10, 20 ) .

Linear
Substitution
74. Note that −0.1x − 0.5 y = 1.3  x = −5 y −13. Substituting x = −5 y −13 into the first equation yields:
0.6 ( −5 y −13 ) − 0.2 y = 1.8  − 3.2 y = 9.6  y = −3 and so x = −5 ( −3 ) −13 = 2. The solution is ( 2, − 3 ) .
75. Multiplying the first equation by −4 and the second equation by 4 will eliminate the variable z when adding.
−2 y + 2z = 4
3y − 2z = 4
y =8 Thus, y = 8. And so −2 ( 8 ) + 2z = 4  z = 10. The solution is ( 8, 10 ) .
76. Multiplying the first equation by −4 and the second equation by 4 will eliminate the variable z when adding.
−3y − z = −52
− y + z = −12
−4 y = −64 Thus, y = 16. And so − (16 ) + z = −12  z = 4. The solution is (16, 4 ) .
77. Multiplying the first equation by −5 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
−x + 2 y = 3
x − y =1
y=4 Thus, y = 4. And so x − ( 4 ) = 1  x = 5. The solution is ( 5, 4 ) .
78. Multiplying the first equation by 10 and the second equation by 20 will eliminate the variable y when adding.
x − 2 y = 20
−4x + 2 y = −38
−3x = −18 Thus, x = 6. And so ( 6 ) − 2 y = 20  y = −7. The solution is ( 6, − 7 ) .
Using More Than One Method

79. Note that x − y = 4  y = x − 4 and x + y = 6  y = −x + 6.
Graphical: Graph Y1 = X − 4 and Y2 = −X + 6 in [0, 10, 1] by [0, 2, 1]. See Figure 79a.
Numerical: Table Y1 = X − 4 and Y2 = −X + 6 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 79b.
Since Y1 = Y2 = 1 when X = 5, the solution is (5, 1).
Symbolic: Adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
x− y = 4
x+ y = 6
2x = 10 Thus, x = 5. And so ( 5 ) − y = 4  − y = −1  y = 1. The solution is (5, 1).
[0, 10, 1] by [0, 2, 1] [0, 5, 1] by [–5, 0, 1]
Figure 79a Figure 79b Figure 80a Figure 80b

Linear
Substitution
80. Note that 2x − y = 7  y = 2x − 7 and 3x + y = 3  y = −3x + 3.

Linear
Substitution
Graphical: Graph Y1 = 2X − 7 and Y2 = −3X + 3 in [0, 5, 1] by [–5, 0, 1]. See Figure 80a.
The unique solution is the intersection point (2, –3).
Numerical: Table Y1 = 2X − 7 and Y2 = −3X + 3 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 80b.
Symbolic: Adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
2x − y = 7
3x + y = 3
5x = 10 Thus, x = 2. And so 2 ( 2 ) − y = 7  − y = 3  y = −3. The solution is (2, –3).
5 9
81. Note that 5x + 2 y = 9  y = − x + and 3x − y = 1  y = 3x −1.
2 2
Graphical: Graph Y1 = ( −5 2 ) X + ( 9 2 ) and Y2 = 3X −1 in [0, 3, 1] by [0, 3, 1]. See Figure 81a.

Numerical: Table Y1 = ( − 5 2 ) X + ( 9 2 ) and Y2 = 3X −1 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 81b.

Symbolic: Multiplying the second equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
5x + 2 y = 9
6x − 2 y = 2
11x = 11 Thus, x = 1. And so 5 (1) + 2 y = 9  2 y = 4  y = 2. The solution is (1, 2).
[0, 3, 1] by [0, 3, 1] [–5, 0, 1] by [0, 5, 1]

1 17 1 7
82. Note that −x + 4 y = 17  y = x+ and 3x + 6 y = 21  y = − x + .
4 4 2 2
Graphical: Graph Y1 = (1 4 ) X + (17 4 ) and Y2 = ( −1 2 ) X + ( 7 2 ) in [–5, 0, 1] by [0, 5, 1]. See Figure 82a.
The unique solution is the intersection point (–1, 4).

Numerical: Table Y1 = (1 4 ) X + (17 4 ) and Y2 = ( −1 2 ) X + ( 7 2 ) with TblStart = –5 and ∆Tbl = 1. See
Figure 82b.
Symbolic: Multiplying the first equation by 3 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
−3x +12 y = 51
3x + 6 y = 21
18 y = 72 Thus, y = 4. And so −x + 4(4) = 17  − x = 1  x = −1. The solution is (–1, 4).

Linear
Substitution
3x −8.5 −2 x +3
83. Note that 3x − 2 y = 8.5  y = and 2x + 4 y = 3  y = .
2 4
Graphical: Graph Y1 = ( 3X − 8.5 ) 2 and Y2 = ( −2X + 3 ) 4 in [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]. See Figure 83a.
The unique solution is the intersection point ( 2.5, − 0.5 ) .
Numerical: Table Y1 = ( 3X − 8.5 ) 2 and Y2 = ( −2X + 3 ) 4 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 0.5. See Figure
83b.
Since Y1 = Y2 = −0.5 when X = 2.5, the solution is ( 2.5, − 0.5 ) .
Symbolic: Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
6x − 4 y = 17
2x + 4 y = 3
8x = 20 Thus, x = 2.5. And so 2 ( 2.5 ) + 4 y = 3  y = −0.5. The solution is ( 2.5, − 0.5 ) .
[–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1] [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]

−x −1.8 2 x −0.8
84. Note that −x − 3y = 1.8  y = and 2x − 5 y = 0.8  y = .
3 5
Graphical: Graph Y1 = ( −X −1.8 ) 3 and Y2 = ( 2X − 0.8 ) 5 in [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]. See Figure 84a.
The unique solution is the intersection point ( −0.6, − 0.4 ) .
Numerical: Table Y1 = ( −X −1.8 ) 3 and Y2 = ( 2X − 0.8 ) 5 with TblStart = –1 and ∆Tbl = 0.1. See Figure
84b.
Since Y1 = Y2 = −0.4 when X = −0.6, the solution is ( −0.6, − 0.4 ) .
Symbolic: Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
−2x − 6 y = 3.6
Thus, y = −0.4. And so 2x − 5 ( −0.4 ) = 0.8  x = −0.6. The solution is
2x − 5y = 0.8
−11y = 4.4 ( −0.6, − 0.4 ) .
85. Multiplying the second equation by –1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y:
ax + y = 4
−x − y = −4
(a −1)x = 0 Thus x = 0 since a ≠ 1. And so 0 + y = 4  y = 4. The solution is (0, 4).
86. Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x:
Linear
Substitution
−2x − y = −1
2x + ay = a
(a −1) y = a −1 Thus y = 1 since a ≠ 1. And so 2x +1 = 1  x = 0. The solution is (0, 1).
Applications
87. Let x and y represent the number fat calories burned by the heavier and lighter athlete respectively. Then the
system needed is x − y = 58 and x + y = 290. Adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
x − y = 58
x + y = 290
2x = 348 Thus, x = 174. And so (174 ) − y = 58  y = −116  y = 116.
The heavier athlete burned 174 fat calories or 174 ÷ 9 = 19.3 fat grams. The lighter athlete burned 116 fat
calories or 116 ÷ 9 = 12.8 fat grams.
88. Let x and y represent the time spent on the rowing machine and stair climber respectively. Then the system
needed is x + y = 60 and 10x +11.5 y = 633. Multiplying the first equation by –10 and adding the two
equations will eliminate the variable x.
−10x −10 y = −600
10x + 11.5 y = 633

1.5 y = 33 Thus, y = 22. And so x + ( 22 ) = 60  x = 38.
The athlete spent 38 minutes on the rowing machine and 22 minutes on the stair climber.
89. Let x and y represent the amount of 10% and 80% solution respectively. Then the system needed is x + y = 4
and 0.10x + 0.80 y = 0.50 ( 4 ) . Multiplying the second equation by –10 and adding the two equations will
eliminate the variable x.
x +y=4
−x −8 y =−20 16  16  12 16
Thus, y = . And so x +  = 4  x = . Drain and replace gallons.
−7 y = −16 7  
7 7 7
90. Let x and y represent the amount of 10% and 25% solution respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 20 and 0.10x + 0.25 y = 0.18 ( 20 ) . Multiplying the second equation by –10 and adding the two
equations will eliminate the variable x.
x + y = 20
−x − 2.5y = −36
−1.5y = −16 Thus, y = 10.6. And so x + (10.6 ) = 20  x = 9.3.
Mix 9.3 mL of 10% acid with 10.6 mL of 25% acid.

91. Let x and y represent the number of premium and regular rooms respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 50 and 115x + 80 y = 4945. Multiplying the first equation by −80 and adding will eliminate y.
−80x − 80 y = −4000
Linear
Substitution
115x + 80 y = 4945
35x = 945 Thus, x = 27. And so ( 27 ) + y = 50  y = 23.
Linear
Substitution
The hotel rented 27 premium rooms and 23 regular rooms.

92. Let x and y represent the number of dimes and quarters respectively. Then the system needed is x + y = 111
and 0.10x + 0.25 y = 18. Multiplying the second equation by −10 and adding will eliminate x.
x + y = 111
−x −2.5 y =−180 Thus, y = 46. And so x + ( 46 ) = 111  x = 65. There are 65 dimes and 46
−1.5 y = −69 quarters.
93. Let x and y represent the larger and smaller angles respectively. Then the system needed is x + y = 180 and
x − 2 y = 30. Multiplying the first equation by 2 and adding will eliminate y.
2x + 2 y = 360
x − 2 y = 30
3x = 390 Thus, x = 130. And so (130 ) + y = 180  y = 50. The angles are 50° and 130°.
94. Let x and y represent the measures of the smaller and larger angles, respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 90 and y = 2x − 6. Substituting y = 2x − 6 into the first equation yields:
x + 2x − 6 = 90  3x = 96  x = 32 and so y = 2(32) − 6  y = 58. The angles are 32° and 58°.
95. Let x and y represent the numbers of males and females (in millions) in 2003, respectively. Then the system
needed is x + y = 291 and y = x + 5. Substituting y = x + 5 into the first equation yields:
x + x + 5 = 291  2x = 286  x = 143 and so y = 143 + 5  y = 148. In 2003, there were 143 million males
and 148 million females in the United States.
96. Let x and y represent the per capita incomes of Alaska and Arizona respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 56, 000 and x − y = 4000. Adding the two equations will eliminate y.
x + y = 56, 000
x − y = 4000
2x = 60, 000 Thus, x = 30, 000. And so ( 30, 000 ) − y = 4000  y = 26, 000.
The per capita income for Alaska was $30,000 and the per capita income for Arizona was $26,000.
97. Let x and y represent the average speed of the plane and the jet stream respectively. Using the formula
d = r t and converting the times to minutes, the system is 2400 = ( x − y )( 250 ) and 2400 = ( x + y )( 225 ) .
These equations may be written as follows: 5x − 5 y = 48 and 3x + 3y = 32.

Multiplying the first equation by 3, the second by 5 and adding the equations will eliminate the variable y.
15x −15 y = 144
15 x +15 y =160 152  152  8  8
Thus, x = . And so 3 + 3y = 32  3y =  y = .
 15 
30x = 304 15   5 15
Linear
Substitution
152 8
Plane: miles per minute or 608 mph; jet stream: miles per minute or 32 mph.
15 15
98. Let x and y represent the speed of the airplane and the speed of the jetstream respectively. Then the system
needed is x + y = 600 and x − y = 500. Adding the two equations will eliminate y.
Linear
Substitution
x + y = 600 Thus, x = 550. And so ( 550 ) + y = 600  y = 50.

x − y = 500
2x = 1100
The speed of the airplane is 550 mph and the speed of the jetstream is 50 mph.
99. Let x and y represent the speed of the boat and the speed of the current respectively. Then the system needed
is x + y = 30 and x − y = 20. Adding the two equations will eliminate y.
x + y = 30
x − y = 20
2x = 50 Thus, x = 25. And so ( 25 ) + y = 30  y = 5.
The speed of the boat is 25 mph and the speed of the current is 5 mph.
100. Let x and y represent the speed of the tugboat and the current respectively. Using the formula d = r t the
system is 165 = ( x − y )( 33) and 165 = ( x + y )(15 ) . These equations may be written: x − y = 5 and
x + y = 11.
Adding the equations together will eliminate the variable y.

x− y =5
x + y = 11
2x = 16 Thus, x = 8. And so 8 + y = 11  y = 3.
The tugboat travels at a rate of 8 mph and the river flows at a rate of 3 mph.
101. Let x and y represent the amount borrowed at 8% and at 9% respectively. The system needed is x + y = 3500
and 0.08x + 0.09 y = 294. Multiplying the first equation by –8, the second by 100 and adding the equations
will eliminate the variable x.

−8x − 8 y = −28, 000
8x + 9 y = 29, 400
y = 1400 Thus, y = 1400. And so x +1400 = 3500  x = 2100.
There was $2100 borrowed at 8% and $1400 borrowed at 9%.

102. Let x and y represent the amount borrowed at 4% and at 6% respectively. The system needed is x + y = 5000
and 0.04x + 0.06 y = 254. Multiplying the second by −25 and adding the equations will eliminate x.
x + y = 5000
−x −1.5 y = −6350
−0.5 y = −1350 Thus, y = 2700. And so x + ( 2700 ) = 5000  x = 2300.
There was $2300 borrowed at 84% and $2700 borrowed at 6%.

103. Let x and y represent the cost of each day credit and each night credit respectively. The system needed is
12x + 6 y = 1800 and x − y = 30. Multiplying the second by 6 and adding the equations will eliminate y.
Linear
Substitution
12x + 6 y = 1800
6x − 6 y = 180
18x = 1980 Thus, x = 110. And so (110 ) − y = 30  y = 80.
Linear
Substitution
Day credits cost $110 each and night credits cost $80 each.
104. Let x and y represent the number of computers sold in 2000 and 2001 respectively. The system needed is
x + y = 264 and is 1.129x = y. By substitution we have x +1.129x = 264  2.129x = 264  x ≈ 124.
And so (124 ) + y = 264  y ≈ 140.
About 124 million in 2000 and about 140 million in 2001.

2
105. Multiplying the second equation by and adding the equations will eliminate W 2.
3
W1 −W2 = 0
W1 + W2 ≈ 231
2W1 ≈ 231 Thus, W1 ≈ 115.5. And so (115.5 ) −W2 = 0  W2 = 115.5.
The weight exerted on each rafter is about 115.5 pounds.

106. Adding the equations will eliminate W2 .
W1 + 2W2 = 300
3W1 − 2W2 = 0
(1 + 3 )W 1 = 300 Thus, W1 ≈ 109.8. And so (109.8 ) + 2W2 = 300  W2 ≈ 134.5.
The weights exerted on the rafter are W1 ≈ 109.8 pounds and W2 ≈ 134.5 pounds.
107. Let x and y represent the length and width of the court respectively. The system needed is 2x + 2 y = 296 and
is x − y = 44. Multiplying the first equation by 0.5 and adding the equations will eliminate the variable y.
(a) x + y = 148
x − y = 44
2x = 192 Thus, x = 96. And so 2 ( 96 ) + 2 y = 296  2 y = 104  y = 52.
The court has a length 96 feet and a width 52 feet.

Note that 2x + 2 y = 296  y = −x +148 and x − y = 44  y = x − 44.
(b) Graph Y1 = −X +148 and Y2 = X − 44 in [0, 150, 10] by [0, 100, 10]. See Figure 107b.
(c) Table Y1 = −X +148 and Y2 = X − 44 with TblStart = 92 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 107c.

[0, 150, 10] by [0, 100, 10] [0, 2000, 100] by [0, 2000, 100]
Figure 107b Figure 107c Figure 108b Figure 108c

Linear
Substitution
108. Let x and y represent the number of $55 and $40 tickets sold respectively. The system needed is
x + y = 2000 and is 55x + 40 y = 90,500. Multiplying the first equation by –40 and adding the equations will
eliminate the variable y.
(a) −40x − 40 y = −80, 000
55x + 40 y = 90,500
15x = 10,500 Thus, x = 700. And so ( 700 ) + y = 2000  y = 1300.
There were 700 tickets sold at $55 per ticket and 1300 tickets sold at $40 per ticket.
11 4525
Note that x + y = 2000  y = −x + 2000 and 55x + 40 y = 90,500  y = − x+ .
8 2
(b) Graph Y1 = −X + 2000 and Y2 = ( −11 8 ) X + ( 4525 2 ) in [0, 2000, 100] by [0, 2000, 100]. See Figure
108b.
(c) Table Y1 = −X + 2000 and Y2 = ( −11 8 ) X + ( 4525 2 ) with TblStart = 650 and ∆Tbl = 10. See Figure
108c.
Checking Basic Concepts for Sections 4.1 & 4.2

1
1. Note that 2x − y = 5  y = 2x − 5 and −x + 3y = 0  y = x.
3
(a) Graph Y1 = 2X − 5 and Y2 = (1 3) X in [0, 5, 1] by [0, 2, 1]. See Figure 1a.

(b) Table Y1 = 2X − 5 and Y2 = (1 3 ) X with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 1b.

Yes, the answers agree.
[0, 5, 1] by [0, 2, 1]
Figure 1a Figure 1b
2. Note that x + 4 y = 14  x = 14 − 4 y. Substituting x = 14 − 4 y into the first equation yields the following:
4 (14 − 4 y ) − 3y = −1  −19 y = −57  y = 3 and so x = 14 − 4 ( 3 )  x = 2. The solution is (2, 3).
3. Multiply the first equation by 2, the second equation by 3 and add the equations to eliminate the variable y.
8x − 6 y = −34
7 
Thus, x = − . And so 4 −  − 3y = −17  −3y = −3  y = 1.
−18x +6 y =69 7
−10x = 35 2  2 
193 CHAPTER 4 Systems of Linear Equations
Systems of Linear Inequalities SECTION 4.3 193
 7 
The solution is − , 1 . The system is not dependent. The system is not inconsistent.
 
 2 
4. (a) Let x and y represent the larger and smaller angles respectively. Then the system needed is x + y = 90
and x − y = 40.
(b) Adding the two equations will eliminate y.
x + y = 90
x − y = 40
2x = 130 Thus, x = 65. And so ( 65 ) + y = 90  y = 25. The angles are 65° and 25°.
4.3: Systems of Linear Inequalities

Concepts
1. Two
2. Yes, many points may satisfy a system of inequalities.
3. Yes, since 5 ( 3) − 2 (1) = 13 > 8. No, since 5(2) − 2(1) = 8 </ 8.
4. No, since 2 ( 3) − 4 = 2 </ 1. The second inequality is not satisfied. (–2, 0) is a solution because
−2 − 2(0) = −2 ≥ −8 and 2(−2) − 0 = −4 < 1.

5. solid
6. dashed
Linear Inequalities
7. See Figure 7.
8. See Figure 8.

9. See Figure 9.
10. See Figure 10.
11. See Figure 11.

12. See Figure 12.
13. See Figure 13.
14. See Figure 14.

15. See Figure 15.
16. See Figure 16.
17. See Figure 17.

18. See Figure 18.
19. See Figure 19.
20. See Figure 20.

21. See Figure 21.

22. See Figure 22.
23. See Figure 23.

24. See Figure 24.
25. See Figure 25.
26. See Figure 26.
Figure 25 Figure 26
Systems of Inequalities
27. See Figure 27.
28. See Figure 28.

29. See Figure 29.
30. See Figure 30.
31. See Figure 31.

32. See Figure 32.
33. See Figure 33.
34. See Figure 34.

35. See Figure 35.
36. See Figure 36.
Figure 35 Figure 36
37. See Figure 37.
38. See Figure 38.
Figure 37 Figure 38
39. See Figure 39.
40. See Figure 40.
41. See Figure 41.
42. See Figure 42.

43. See Figure 43.
44. See Figure 44.
45. See Figure 45.

46. See Figure 46.
47. See Figure 47.
48. See Figure 48.

49. This region can be shaded using the Shade feature of the TI-83, found under the DRAW menu.
Shade ( −3, 5 ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 49.
Shade ( −X, X +1) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 50.
[–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]

1 10
Note that x + 2 y ≥ 8  y ≥ − x + 4 and 6x − 3 y ≥ 10  y ≤ 2x − .
2 3
Shade ( ( −1 2 ) X + 4, 2X − (10 3) ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 51.
Shade ( 2.1X − 3.5, 2.1X −1.7 ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 52.
−0.9 3.2 1.9 1.3
Note that 0.9x + 1.7 y ≤ 3.2  y ≤ x+ and 1.9x − 0.7 y ≤ 1.3  y ≥ x− .
1.7 1.7 0.7 0.7
Shade ( (1.9 0.7 ) X − (1.3 0.7 ) , ( − 0.9 1.7 ) X + ( 3.2 1.7 ) ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 53.
[–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]

21 51 5 18
Note that 21x ≥ 31y − 51  y ≤ x+ and 5x −17 y ≤ 18  y ≥ x − .
31 31 17 17
Shade ( ( 5 17 ) X − (18 17 ) , ( 21 31) X + ( 51 31) ) in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 54.
55. b; The point (1, 8) satisfies this inequality. Only graph b contains this point.
56. d; The point (0, 0.5) satisfies this system of inequalities. Only graph d contains this point.
57. a; The point (1, –7) satisfies this inequality. Only graph a contains this point.
58. c; The point (–2, 2) satisfies this system of inequalities. Only graph c contains this point.
59. The equation of a horizontal line through the point (0, 2) is y = 2. The inequality is y ≥ 2.
60. The equation of a line through the points (0, 4) and (2, 0) is y = −2x + 4. The inequality is y ≤ −2x + 4.
61. The equation of a vertical line through the point (–2, 0) is x = −2. The equation of a line through the points
(0, 0) and (1, 1) is y = x. The system of inequalities is y ≥ x and x ≥ −2.
62. The equation of a line through the points (0, 4) and (4, 0) is y = −x + 4. The equation of a line through the
points (0, 0) and (1, 1) is y = x. The system of inequalities is y > x and y < −x + 4.
Applications
63. First note that the amount of candy cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Also, if the cost must be less than
$15, the inequality 3x + 5 y < 15 must be satisfied. See Figure 63.
64. First note that the number of tickets and bags of popcorn cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Also, if the
cost is not to exceed $32, the inequality 8x + 4 y ≤ 32 must be satisfied. See Figure 64.

65. First note that the number of CD players and radios cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Then, if the
business must manufacture at least as many radios as CD players, the inequality y ≥ x must be
satisfied. Also, the total number made each day cannot exceed 40 so the inequality x + y ≤ 40 must be
satisfied. See Figure 65.

66. First note that the number of large and small crates cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Then, if the
business can manufacture no more than 40 large crates and 30 small crates, the inequalities x ≤ 40 and y ≤ 30
must be satisfied. See Figure 66.
Figure 66
67. (a) The range is approximately 105 to 134 bpm.
(b) The inequalities are y ≤ −0.6 ( x − 20 ) +140 and y ≥ −0.5 ( x − 20 ) +110.
68. (a) The inequalities are 7P − 5T ≤ −70 and 35P − 3T ≥ 140.

(b) The point (40, 15) is located in the region representing grasslands. Yes, these values satisfy the
inequalities.
69. The person weighs less than recommended.
70. About 150 to 200 pounds.
71. The inequalities are 25h − 7w ≤ 800 and 5h − w ≥ 170.
72. People differ in body build, which makes it more appropriate to use a range of values.
73. First note that the amounts of candy and peanuts cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Also,
3x ≤ 6  x ≤ 2 and 2y ≤ 8  y ≤ 4. See Figure 73.
Figure 73 Figure 74.

74. First note that the amounts of candy and peanuts cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Also, if the total
spent must be at least $6 but not more than $12 then the inequalities 3x + 2 y ≥ 6 and 3x + 2 y ≤ 12 must be
satisfied. See Figure 74.
Group Activity Solutions

1. (a) The linear system needed is 1987a + b = 12 and 1997a + b = 70.
(b) Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the equations together will eliminate the variable b.
−1987a − b = −12
1997a +b = 70
10a = 58 Thus, a = 5.8. And so 1987 ( 5.8 ) + b = 12  b = −11,512.6.
To solve this system graphically or numerically on a calculator we must rewrite each equation:
−1987a − b = −12 becomes −1987x − y = −12 and 1997a + b = 70 becomes 1997x + y = 70.
Now solve each equation for y and graph or table as needed (not shown). The solutions found
graphically or numerically will be x = 5.8 and y = −11,512.6. These answers correspond to the
answers above.
2. (a) The linear system needed is 1987c + d = 63 and 1997c + d = 18.

(b) Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the equations together will eliminate the variable d.
−1987c − d = −63
1997c +d =18
10c = −45 Thus, c = −4.5. And so 1987 ( −4.5 ) + d = 63  d = 9004.5.
To solve this system graphically or numerically on a calculator we must rewrite each equation:
−1987c − d = −63 becomes −1987x − y = −63 and 1997c + d = 18 becomes 1997x + y = 18.
Now solve each equation for y and graph or table as needed (not shown). The solutions found
graphically or numerically will be x = −4.5 and y = 9004.5. These answers correspond to the answers
above.
3. 5.8x −11,512.6 = −4.5x + 9004.5  10.3x = 20,517.1  x ≈ 1992

They shared an equal percentage of the market in 1992. CD sales were greater than cassette sales after 1992.
201 CHAPTER 4 Systems of Linear
Introduction
Equations to Linear Programming SECTION 4.4 201
4.4: Introduction to Linear Programming

Concepts
1. linear programming
2. objective
3. feasible solutions
4. linear inequalities
5. vertex
6. objective
Regions of Feasible Solutions
7. See Figure 7.
8. See Figure 8.

9. See Figure 9.
10. See Figure 10.
11. See Figure 11.

12. See Figure 12.
13. See Figure 13.
14. See Figure 14.
Introduction

15. See Figure 15.
16. See Figure 16.
17. See Figure 17.

18. See Figure 18.
19. See Figure 19.
Figure 19 Figure 20
20. See Figure 20.
Linear Programming
21. The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices.
For (1, 1) , R = 4 (1) + 5 (1) = 9. For (1, 3) , R = 4 (1) + 5 ( 3) = 19. For ( 4, 1) , R = 4 ( 4 ) + 5 (1) = 21.
For ( 4, 3) , R = 4 ( 4 ) + 5 ( 3 ) = 31. The maximum value is R = 31.

For ( 0, 0 ) , R = 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0. For ( 0, 4 ) , R = 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 4 ) = 12. For ( 4, 0 ) , R = 2 ( 4 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 8.
The maximum value is R = 12.

For ( 0, 2 ) , R = ( 0 ) + 3 ( 2 ) = 6. For ( 0, 5 ) , R = ( 0 ) + 3 ( 5 ) = 15. For ( 3, 3 ) , R = ( 3 ) + 3 ( 3 ) = 12.
Introduction
For ( 5, 0 ) , R = ( 5 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 5. For ( 2, 0 ) , R = ( 2 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 2. The maximum value is R = 15.

For ( 0, 3 ) , R = 12 ( 0 ) + 9 ( 3 ) = 27. For ( 0, 5 ) , R = 12 ( 0 ) + 9 ( 5 ) = 45. For ( 5, 0 ) , R = 12 ( 5 ) + 9 ( 0 ) = 60.
For ( 3, 0 ) , R = 12 ( 3) + 9 ( 0 ) = 36. The maximum value is R = 60.
25. The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices.

For (1, 1) , C = 2 (1) + 3 (1) = 5. For (1, 3) , C = 2 (1) + 3 ( 3) = 11. For ( 4, 1) , C = 2 ( 4 ) + 3 (1) = 11.
For ( 4, 3) , C = 2 ( 4 ) + 3 ( 3) = 17. The minimum value is C = 5.

For ( 0, 0 ) , C = 3 ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) = 0. For ( 0, 4 ) , C = 3 ( 0 ) + ( 4 ) = 4. For ( 4, 0 ) , C = 3 ( 4 ) + ( 0 ) = 12.
The minimum value is C = 0.

For ( 0, 2 ) , C = 5 ( 0 ) + ( 2 ) = 2. For ( 0, 5 ) , C = 5 ( 0 ) + ( 5 ) = 5. For ( 3, 3) , C = 5 ( 3 ) + ( 3 ) = 18.
For ( 5, 0 ) , C = 5 ( 5 ) + ( 0 ) = 25. For ( 2, 0 ) , C = 5 ( 2 ) + ( 0 ) = 10. The minimum value is C = 2.

0 ) = 10.
For ( 0, 3 ) , C = 2 ( 0 ) + 7 ( 3 ) = 21. For ( 0, 5 ) , C = 2 ( 0 ) + 7 ( 5 ) = 35. For ( 5, 0 ) , C = 2 ( 5 ) + 7 (
For ( 3, 0 ) , C = 2 ( 3) + 7 ( 0 ) = 6. The minimum value is C = 6.
29. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 0), (0, 150), and (150, 0).
The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 0 ) , R = 3 ( 0 ) + 5 ( 0 ) = 0.
For ( 0, 150 ) , R = 3 ( 0 ) + 5 (150 ) = 750. For (150, 0 ) , R = 3 (150 ) + 5 ( 0 ) = 450.
For ( 0, 8 ) , R = 6 ( 0 ) + 5 ( 8 ) = 40. For ( 8, 0 ) , R = 6 ( 8 ) + 5 ( 0 ) = 48. The maximum value is R = 48.
The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 0 ) , R = ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0.

Introduction
33. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 0), (0, 2), (1.5, 1.5) and (2,
0).
Note: to find the intersection point (1.5, 1.5), solve the system of equations 3x + y = 6 and x + 3y = 6.
For ( 0, 2 ) , R = 12 ( 0 ) + 9 ( 2 ) = 18. For (1.5, 1.5 ) , R = 12 (1.5 ) + 9 (1.5 ) = 31.5.
For ( 2, 0 ) , R = 12 ( 2 ) + 9 ( 0 ) = 24. The maximum value is R = 31.5.
34. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 0), (0, 4), (3, 3) and (4, 0).
Note: to find the intersection point (3, 3), solve the system of equations x + 3y = 12 and 3x + y = 12.
For ( 0, 4 ) , R = 10 ( 0 ) + 30 ( 4 ) = 120. For ( 3, 3 ) , R = 10 ( 3 ) + 30 ( 3) = 120.
For ( 4, 0 ) , R = 10 ( 4 ) + 30 ( 0 ) = 40. The maximum value is R = 120.
The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 1) , R = 3 ( 0 ) + 7 (1) = 7.
For ( 0, 3 ) , R = 3 ( 0 ) + 7 ( 3) = 21. For (1, 0 ) , R = 3 (1) + 7 ( 0 ) = 3 . The maximum value is R = 21.
The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 0 ) , C = ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0.
For ( 0, 2 ) , C = ( 0 ) + 2 ( 2 ) = 4. For ( 3, 2 ) , C = ( 3) + 2 ( 2 ) = 7. For ( 3, 0 ) , C = ( 3) + 2 ( 0 ) = 3.
The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices. For (1, 1) , C = 3 (1) + (1) = 4.
For (1, 3) , C = 3 (1) + ( 3 ) = 6. For ( 5, 3) , C = 3 ( 5 ) + ( 3) = 18. For ( 5, 1) , C = 3 ( 5 ) + (1) = 16.

39. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 4), and (4, 0).
Note that this region is unbounded. The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices.
For ( 0, 4 ) , C = 8 ( 0 ) +15 ( 4 ) = 60. For ( 4, 0 ) , C = 8 ( 4 ) +15 ( 0 ) = 32. The minimum value is C = 32.
40. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 3), and (4, 0).
Note that this region is unbounded. The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices.
Introduction
For ( 0, 3 ) , C = ( 0 ) + 2 ( 3) = 6. For ( 4, 0 ) , C = ( 4 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 4. The minimum value is C = 4.

Introduction
The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 2 ) , C = 30 ( 0 ) + 40 ( 2 ) = 80.
For ( 0, 6 ) , C = 30 ( 0 ) + 40 ( 6 ) = 240. For ( 3, 0 ) , C = 30 ( 3) + 40 ( 0 ) = 90.
For ( 2, 0 ) , C = 30 ( 2 ) + 40 ( 0 ) = 60. The minimum value is C = 60.
The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 1) , C = 50 ( 0 ) + 70 (1) = 70.
For ( 0, 2 ) , C = 50 ( 0 ) + 70 ( 2 ) = 140. For ( 3, 0 ) , C = 50 ( 3) + 70 ( 0 ) = 150.
For (1, 0 ) , C = 50 (1) + 70 ( 0 ) = 50. The minimum value is C = 50.
43. Let x and y represent the amount of candy and coffee respectively. The business can sell no more than a total
of 100 pounds so x + y ≤ 100. Also, because at least 20 pounds of candy must be sold each day
x ≥ 20. Finally, the amount of coffee cannot be negative so y ≥ 0. Here the revenue function is
R = 4x + 6 y. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (20, 0), (20,
80), and (100, 0). The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices. For
( 20, 0 ) , R = 4 ( 20 ) + 6 ( 0 ) = 80.
For ( 20, 80 ) , R = 4 ( 20 ) + 6 ( 80 ) = 560. For (100, 0 ) , R = 4 (100 ) + 6 ( 0 ) = 400.
To maximize revenue, the business should sell 20 pounds of candy and 80 pounds of coffee.
44. Let x and y represent the number of CD players and radios respectively. The business must make a total of at
least 50 CD players and radios so x + y ≥ 50. Also, because at least as many CD players as radios must be
manufactured y ≤ x. Finally the quantities cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Here the cost function is
C = 20x +10 y. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (25, 25), and
(50, 0). Note that this region is unbounded. The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices.
For ( 25, 25 ) , C = 20 ( 25 ) +10 ( 25 ) = 750. For ( 50, 0 ) , C = 20 ( 50 ) +10 ( 0 ) = 1000.
To minimize cost, the business should manufacture 25 CD players and 25 radios.

45. Let x and y represent the amount of Brand X and Brand Y respectively. Since each ounce of Brand X
contains 20 units of vitamin A, each ounce of Brand Y contains 10 units of vitamin A and the total amount of
vitamin A must be at least 40 units, 20x +10 y ≥ 40. Since each ounce of Brand X contains 10 units of
vitamin C, each ounce of Brand Y contains 10 units of vitamin C and the total amount of vitamin C must be at
least 30 units, 10x + 10 y ≥ 30. Finally the quantities cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Here the cost
function is C = 0.90x + 0.60 y. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices
Introduction
are (0, 4), (1, 2) and (3, 0). Note that this region is unbounded. To find the intersection point (1, 2) solve the
system of equations 20x +10 y = 40 and 10x +10 y = 30. The minimum value of C occurs at one of the
vertices.
Introduction
For ( 0, 4 ) , C = 0.90 ( 0 ) + 0.60 ( 4 ) = 2.40. For (1, 2 ) , C = 0.90 (1) + 0.60 ( 2 ) = 2.10.
For ( 3, 0 ) , C = 0.90 ( 3) + 0.60 ( 0 ) = 2.70.
To minimize cost, 1 ounce of Brand X and 2 ounces of Brand Y should be mixed.

46. Let x and y represent the amount of Brand X and Brand Y respectively. Since each unit of Brand X contains
20 grams of protein, each unit of Brand Y contains 10 grams of protein and the total amount of protein must
be at least 60 grams, 20x +10 y ≥ 60. Since each unit of Brand X contains 10 grams of fat, each unit of
Brand Y contains 10 grams of fat and the total amount of fat must be at least 40 grams,
10x + 10 y ≥ 40. Finally the quantities cannot be negative so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Here the cost function is
C = 0.75x + 0.50 y. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 6), (2,
2) and (4, 0). Note that this region is unbounded. To find the point (2, 2) solve the equations
20x +10 y = 60 and 10x +10 y = 40.
The minimum value of C occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 6 ) , C = 0.75 ( 0 ) + 0.50 ( 6 ) = 3.00.
For ( 2, 2 ) , C = 0.75 ( 2 ) + 0.50 ( 2 ) = 2.50. For ( 4, 0 ) , C = 0.75 ( 4 ) + 0.50 ( 0 ) = 3.00.
To minimize cost, 2 units of Brand X and 2 units of Brand Y should be mixed.

47. Let x and y represent the number of hamsters and mice respectively. Since the total number of animals cannot
exceed 50, x + y ≤ 50. Because no more than 20 hamsters can be raised, x ≤ 20. Here the revenue function
is R = 15x +10 y. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 50), (20,
30) and (20, 0). To find (20, 30) solve the equations x + y = 50 and x = 20. The maximum value of R occurs
at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 50 ) , R = 15 ( 0 ) +10 ( 50 ) = 500. For ( 20, 30 ) , R = 15 ( 20 ) +10 ( 30 ) = 600.
For ( 20, 0 ) , R = 15 ( 20 ) +10 ( 0 ) = 300. The maximum revenue is $600.
48. Let x and y represent the number of part X and part Y respectively. Since part X requires machine A for 3
hours, part Y requires machine A for 1 hour and machine A is only available for 60 hours, 3x + y ≤ 60. Since
part X requires machine B for 1 hour, part Y requires machine B for 2 hours and machine B is only available
for 50 hours, x + 2 y ≤ 50. Since the number of parts cannot be negative x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Here the profit
function is P = 300x + 250 y. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are
(0, 0), (0, 25), (14, 18) and (20, 0). To find (14, 18) solve the system of equations
3x + y = 60 and x + 2 y = 50.
The maximum value of P occurs at one of the vertices.

For ( 0, 0 ) , P = 300 ( 0 ) + 250 ( 0 ) = 0. For ( 0, 25 ) , P = 300 ( 0 ) + 250 ( 25 ) = 6250.
For (14, 18 ) , P = 300 (14 ) + 250 (18 ) = 8700. For ( 20, 0 ) , P = 300 ( 20 ) + 250 ( 0 ) = 6000.
Introduction
The maximum profit is attained when 14 of part X and 18 of part Y are manufactured.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Equations in Three Variables SECTION 4.5 207

1. The equation of a line through the points (0, 3) and (1, 1) is y = −2x + 3. The inequality is y ≤ −2x + 3.
2. See Figure 2.
Figure 2
To find the intersection point (2, 3) solve the system of equations 3x + 2 y = 12 and 4x + 4 y = 20.
For ( 0, 5 ) , R = 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 5 ) = 10. For ( 2, 3) , R = 3 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 3) = 12. For ( 4, 0 ) , R = 3 ( 4 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 12.
4.5: Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables

Concepts
1. No, three planes cannot intersect at exactly 2 points.
2.
x+ y+ z =5 Answers may vary.
2x − 3y + z = 7
x + 2 y − 4z = 2
3. Yes, since 1+ 2 + 3 = 6.
4. No, a solution must be an ordered triple.
5. Two
6. Three
7. No
8. Infinitely many
Solving Linear Systems
9. (1, 2, 3) satisfies all three inequalities.
10. (0, 4, 4) satisfies all three inequalities.
11. (–1, 1, 2) satisfies all three inequalities.
1 3 1
12.  2 , 2 , − 2  satisfies all three inequalities.
 
13. Substitute z = 1 into the second equation: 2 y + (1) = −1  2 y = −2  y = −1

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Substitute z = 1 and y = −1 into the first equation: x + ( −1) − (1) = 1  x − 2 = 1  x = 3
The solution is (3, –1, 1).

14. Substitute z = −1 into the second equation: y + 4 ( −1) = 0  y = 4
Substitute z = −1 and y = 4 into the first equation: 2x + ( 4 ) − 3 ( −1) = 1  2x = −6  x = −3
The solution is (–3, 4, –1).

3
15. Substitute z = 2 into the second equation: 2 y + 3 ( 2 ) = 3  2 y = −3  y = −
2
3  3 17 17
Substitute z = 2 and y = − into the first equation: −x − 3 − + ( 2 ) = −2  − x = −  x=
 
2  2  2 2
 17 3 
The solution is  , − , 2  .
 2 2 
16. Substitute z = 0 into the second equation: − y + 2 ( 0 ) = 4  − y = 4  y = −4
4
Substitute z = 0 and y = −4 into the first equation: 3x + 2 ( −4 ) − 3 ( 0 ) = −4  3x = 4  x =
3
4 
The solution is  , − 4, 0 .
 3 
17. Substitute c = −2 into the second equation: −3b + ( −2 ) = 4  − 3b = 6  b = −2
Substitute c = −2 and b = −2 into the first equation: a − ( −2 ) + 2 ( −2 ) = 3  a − 2 = 3  a = 5
The solution is (5, –2, –2).

2
18. Substitute c = 3 into the second equation: 5b − 2 ( 3 ) = −4  5b = 2  b =
5
2  2 91 91
Substitute c = 3 and b = into the first equation: 5a + 2 − 3 ( 3) = 10  5a =  a=
5
5   5 25
 91 2 
The solution is , ,3 .
 
 25 5 
19. Add the first two equations together to eliminate the variable x.
x + y − z = 11
−x + 2 y + 3z = −1
3y + 2z = 10
From the third equation, 2z = 4  z = 2. And so 3y + 2 ( 2 ) = 10  3y = 6  y = 2.
Substitute z = 2 and y = 2 into the first equation: x + ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) = 11  x = 11
The solution is (11, 2, 2).

20. Multiply the first equation by 2 and add the first two equations together to eliminate the variable x.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
2x + 4 y − 6z = −14
−2x + y + z = −1
5y − 5z = −15
From the third equation, 3z = 9  z = 3. And so 5y − 5 ( 3 ) = −15  5y = 0  y = 0.
Substitute z = 3 and y = 0 into the first equation: x + 2 ( 0 ) − 3 ( 3) = −7  x = 2

21. Add the first two equations together to eliminate both of the variables x and z.
x + y − z = −2
−x + z =1
y = −1
Substitute y = −1 into the third equation, ( −1) + 2z = 3  2z = 4  z = 2.
Substitute z = 2 and y = −1 into the first equation: x + ( −1) − ( 2 ) = −2  x = 1

22. Multiply the first equation by 2 and add the first two equations together to eliminate the variable x.
2x + 2 y − 6z = 22
−2x + y + 2z = 1
3y − 4z = 23
Add this new equation and the third equation together to eliminate the variable y.
3y − 4z = 23
−3y + 3z = −21
−z = 2
And so z = −2. Substitute z = −2 into the third equation, −3y + 3 ( −2 ) = −21  − 3y = −15  y = 5.
Substitute z = −2 and y = 5 into the first equation: x + ( 5 ) − 3 ( −2 ) = 11  x = 0
The solution is (0, 5, –2).

23. Add the second and third equations together to eliminate the variable y.
y + z = −1
− y + 3z = 9
4z = 8
And so z = 2. Substitute z = 2 into the second equation, y + ( 2 ) = −1  y = −3.
Substitute z = 2 and y = −3 into the first equation: x + ( −3) − 2 ( 2 ) = −7  x = 0

24. Multiply the second equation by 2 and add the second and third equations together to eliminate the variable y.
2 y + 4z = 8
−2 y + z = 2
5z = 10
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
And so z = 2. Substitute z = 2 into the second equation, y + 2 ( 2 ) = 4  y = 0.
3
Substitute z = 2 and y = 0 into the first equation: 2x + 3 ( 0 ) + ( 2 ) = 5  2x = 3  x =
2
3 
The solution is  , 0, 2 .
2 
25. Multiply the second equation by –2 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
x + 2 y + 2z = 1
−2x − 2 y − 2z = 0
−x = 1
And so x = −1. Add the first and third equations together to eliminate the variables x and y.
x + 2 y + 2z = 1
−x − 2 y + 3z = −11
5z = −10
And so z = −2. Substitute x = −1 and z = −2 into the second equation: ( −1) + y + ( −2 ) = 0  y = 3

26. Multiply the first equation by 3 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable y.
3x + 3y − 3z = 0
x − 3y + z = −2
4x − 2z = −2
Add the first and third equations together to eliminate the variable y.
x+ y −z =0
x − y + 3z = 8
2x + 2z = 8
Add these two new equations together to eliminate the variable z.
4x − 2z = −2
2x + 2z = 8
6x = 6
And so x = 1. Substitute x = 1 into the first new equation: 4 (1) − 2z = −2  − 2z = −6  z = 3
Substitute x = 1 and z = 3 into the original first equation: (1) + y − ( 3) = 0  y = 2
27. Multiply the second equation by −1 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
x+ y+z = 5
− y − z = −6
x = −1
And so x = −1. Substitute x = −1 into the third equation: ( −1) + z = 3  z = 4

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Substitute x = −1 and z = 4 into the first equation: ( −1) + y + ( 4 ) = 5  y = 2
The solution is ( −1, 2, 4 ) .
28. Add the first and second equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
x+ y+ y =0
x− y−z =6
2x = 6
And so, x = 3. Now add the first and third equations to eliminate the variables x and z.
x+ y+z =0
−x + y − z = 4
2y = 4
And so y = 2. Substitute x = 3 and y = 2 in the first equation: ( 3) + ( 2 ) + z = 0  z = −5
The solution is ( 3, 2, − 5 ) .
29. Add the second and third equations to eliminate the variables x and z.
−x + y + 2z = 1
x + y − 2z = 9
2 y = 10
And so, y = 5. Now add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable x.
x + 2 y + 3z = 24
−x + y + 2z = 1
3y + 5z = 25
Now substitute y = 5 in this new equation: 3 ( 5 ) + 5z = 25  5z = 10  z = 2
Finally substitute y = 5 and z = 2 in the first equation: x + 2 ( 5 ) + 3 ( 2 ) = 24  x = 8
The solution is ( 8, 5, 2 ) .
30. Multiply the first equation by 2 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variables x and z.
10x − 30 y + 2z = 44
−10x +12 y − 2z = −8
−18y = 36 And so, y = −2.
Multiply the first equation by 3 and add the first and third equations together to eliminate the variable z.
15x − 45 y + 3z = 66
4x − 2 y − 3z = 9
19x − 47 y = 75
Now substitute y = −2 in this new equation: 19x − 47 ( −2 ) = 75  19x = −19  x = −1
Finally substitute x = −1 and y = −2 in the third equation: 4 ( −1) − 2 ( −2 ) − 3z = 9  − 3z = 9  z = −3
The solution is ( −1, − 2, − 3 ) .

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
31. Add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable y.
x+ y+z = 2
x − y + z =1
2x + 2z = 3
Multiply the third equation by –2 and add to this new equation to eliminate the variables x and z.
2x + 2z = 3
−2 x +−2 z =−6
0 = −3 This is a contradiction, so there are no solutions.
32. Add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable y.
4x − y + 3z = 3
2x + y + z = 2
6x + 4z = 5
Add the second and third equations to eliminate the variable y.

2x + y + z = 2
x − y + z =1
3x + 2z = 3
Multiply this new equation by –2 and add to the result of the sum of the first two equations to eliminate the
variables x and z.
6x + 4z = 5
−6 x −4 z =−6
0 = −1 This is a contradiction, so there are no solutions.
33. Add the first two equations to eliminate the variable y.

x+ y+z =6
x− y+z =2
2x + 2z = 8  x+ z = 4 x = 4−z
Add the second and third equations to eliminate the variables x and z.
x− y+ z = 2
−x + 5 y − z = 6
4y =8  y = 2.
The system is dependent, and the solutions are all ordered triples of the form (4 − z, 2, z).
34. Multiply the first equation by –1 and add to the second equation to eliminate the variables y and z.
−x + y − z = −3
2x − y + z = 2
x = −1
Add the first and third equations to eliminate the variable x.

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
x− y+ z =3
−x − y + z = 5
− 2 y + 2z = 8  −y + z = 4  y = z − 4
The system is dependent, and the solutions are all ordered triples of the form (−1, z − 4, z).
35. Add the first and second equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
2x + y + z = 3
2x − y − z = 9
4x = 12
And so, x = 3. Add the second and third equations together to eliminate the variable y.
2x − y − z = 9
x+ y−z =0
3x − 2z = 9
Now substitute x = 3 in this new equation: 3 ( 3 ) − 2z = 9  − 2z = 0  z = 0
Finally substitute x = 3 and z = 0 in the third equation: ( 3) + y − ( 0 ) = 0  y = −3
The solution is ( 3, − 3, 0 ) .
36. Add the first and third equations to eliminate the variable z.
x + 3y + z = − 8
2 y − z = −16
x + 5 y = −24
Multiply this new equation by −1 and add it to the second equation to eliminate the variable x.
−x − 5y = 24
x − 2 y = 11
−7 y = 35
And so y = −5. Substitute y = −5 into the second equation: x − 2 ( −5 ) = 11  x = 1
Finally substitute y = −5 in the third equation: 2 ( −5 ) − z = −16  − z = −6  z = 6
The solution is (1, − 5, 6 ) .
37. Multiply the first equation by –1 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable x.
− 2x − 6 y + 2z = −47
2x + y + 3z = −28
−5 y + 5z = −75
Multiply the third equation by 2 and add the first and third equations to eliminate the variables x and z.
2x + 6 y − 2z = 47
−2x + 2 y + 2z = −7
8 y = 40
And so y = 5. Substitute y = 5 into the first new equation: −5 ( 5 ) + 5z = −75  5z = −50  z = −10
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
7 3
Substitute y = 5 and z = −10 into the original third equation: −x + ( 5 ) + ( −10 ) = −  x
=−
2 2
 3 
The solution is  − , 5, −10 .
 2 
38. Multiply the second equation by 2 and add the second and third equations to eliminate the variable y.
6x − 2 y + 6z = 16
2x + 2 y + z = 13
8x + 7z = 29
Multiply the first equation by –2 and add the first and third equations to eliminate the variables x and y.
−2x − 2 y − 4z = −46
2x + 2 y + z = 13
−3z = −33
And so z = 11. Substitute z = 11 into the first new equation: 8x + 7 (11) = 29  8x = −48  x = −6
Substitute x = −6 and z = 11 into the original first equation: ( −6 ) + y + 2 (11) = 23  y = 7
The solution is (–6, 7, 11).
39. Multiply the second equation by –1 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable y.
13
x + 3y − 4z =
2
1
2x − 3y + z = −
2
3x − 3z = 6
Multiply this new equation by –1 and add it to the third equation to eliminate the variable x.
− 3x + 3z = −6
3x + z = 4
4z = −2
1 1  1 9 3
And so z = − . Substitute z = − into the first new equation: 3x − 3  − = 6  3x =  x =
2 2  2 2 2
3 1  3  1  13 
Substitute x = and z = − into the original first equation: + 3y − 4 − =  y =1
   
2 2 2  2 2
3 1
The solution is  , 1, −  .
2 2 
40. Multiply the first equation by –3 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable z.
27
− 3x + 6 y − 3z = −
2
4x − y + 3z = 9
9
x + 5y = −
2
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
Multiply this new equation by –1 and add it to the third equation to eliminate the variable x.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
9
− x − 5y =
2
3
x + 2y = −
2
−3y = 3
9 1
And so y = −1. Substitute y = −1 into the first new equation: x + 5 ( −1) = −  x=
2 2
1 1 9
Substitute x = 2 and y = −1 into the original first equation:  − 2 ( −1) + z = 2  z = 2
 2 
1 
The solution is  , −1, 2 .
 2 
41. Multiply the second equation by –1 and add to the third equation to eliminate the variables x, y, and z.
−x + y − z = −1
x− y+z =3
0=2 This is a contradiction. There are no solutions.
42. Multiply the first equation by –1 and add to the second equation to eliminate the variables x.
−x + 2 y − 3z = −1
x + 3y + z = 2
5 y − 2z = 1
Multiply the second equation by −3 and add to the third equation to eliminate the variable x.
−3x − 9 y − 3z = −6
3x + 4 y + 5z = 7
− 5 y + 2z = 1
Add this new equation to the result of the first sum of equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
5 y − 2z = 1
−5 y + 2z = 1

x+ y+z =5
x− y+z =3
2x + 2z = 8  x+ z = 4 x = 4−z
Multiply the first equation by –1 and add the second equation to eliminate the variables x and z.
− x − y − z = −5
x− y+z =3
− 2y = −2  y =1
The system is dependent, and the solutions are all ordered pairs of the form (4 − z, 1, z).
44. Multiply the third equation by –1 and add the first equation to eliminate the variables y and z.
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
x + y − 2z = 0
− y + 2z = 1
x =1
Multiply the first equation by –1 and add the second equation to eliminate the variable x.
−x − y + 2z = 0
x + 2 y − 4z = −1
y − 2z = −1  y = 2z −1
The system is dependent, and the solutions are all ordered pairs of the form (1, 2z −1, z).
45. Multiply the first equation by –1 and add the second equation to eliminate the variables x, y, and z.
−x − y − z = −a
x + y + z = 2a
0=a But a ≠ 0, so this is a contradiction.
There are no solutions.
46. Add the second and third equations to eliminate the variable y.
−x − y − z = −a
y−z =0
−x − 2z = −a  x + 2z = a  x = a − 2z
y−z =0 y = z
The system is dependent. All solutions are ordered triples of the form (a − 2z, z, z).
Applications
47. (a) x + 2 y + 4z = 10
x + 4 y + 6z = 15
3y + 2z = 6
(b) Using techniques similar to those used in exercises 19-44, the solution is (2, 1, 1.5).
A hamburger costs $2.00, fries cost $1.00 and a soft drink costs $1.50.
48. (a) x + y + z = 37
3x + 2 y + z = 69
x + y + 4z = 82
(b) Using techniques similar to those used in exercises 19-44, the solution is (10, 12, 15).
CDs of type A cost $10.00, CDs of type B cost $12.00 and CDs of type C cost $15.00.
49. (a) x + y + z = 180
x − z = 55
x − y − z = −10
The angles are x = 85°, y = 65°, and z = 30°.
(c) These values check.

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
50. (a) x + y + z = 90
x − z = 20
x− y = 10
The sides have lengths x = 40 inches, y = 30 inches, and z = 20 inches.
(c) These values check.

51. Add the first two equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
x + y + z = 180
x − y − z = 40
2x = 220  x = 110
x − z = 90  z = x − 90  z = 110 − 90  z = 20
Substitute the values for x and z into the first equation and solve for y.
110 + y + 20 = 180  y = 50
The angle measures are 110°, 50°, and 20°.

52. Let x, y, and z represent the amounts of the subsidized, unsubsidized, and parent loans, respectively. The
system needed is
x + y + z = 5000
x = 200 + y + z
y = 2z
Note that x = 200 + y + z  x − y − z = 200. Add this equation to the first equation to eliminate the variables
y and z.
x + y + z = 5000
x − y − z = 200
2x = 5200  x = 2600
Substitute the value x = 2600 into the second equation: 2600 = 200 + y + z  2400 = y + z  y = 2400 − z.
Then y = 2z and y = 2400 − z  2z = 2400 − z  3z = 2400  z = 800 and y = 2z = 2(800) = 1600.
The subsidized loan is for $2600, the unsubsidized loan is for $1600, and the parent loan is for $800.
53. (a) a + 600b + 4c = 525
a + 400b + 2c = 365
a + 900b + 5c = 805
(b) Using techniques similar to those used in exercises 19-44, the solution is (5, 1, –20).
That is, a = 5, b = 1, and c = −20 and so the equation is F = 5 + A − 20W .
(c) When A = 500 and W = 3, F = 5 + ( 500 ) − 20 ( 3 ) = 445 fawns.

Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
54. (a) x + y + z = 100
x+ y = 80
x − z = 34
The machines make 54, 26 and 20 containers, respectively, per day.
55. (a) N + P + K = 80
N +P−K = 8
9P − K = 0
The sample contains 40 pounds of nitrogen, 4 pounds of phosphorus and 36 pounds of potassium.
56. (a) a + 20b + 2c = 190
a + 5b + 3c = 320
a + 40b + c = 50
(b) Using techniques similar to those used in exercises 19-44, the solution is (30, –2, 100).
That is, a = 30, b = 2, and c = 100 and so the equation is P = 30 − 2 A +100S.
(c) When A = 10 and S = 2500, P = 30 − 2 (10 ) +100 ( 2500 ) = $260, 000.
57. Let x, y and z represent the amounts invested at 8%, 10% and 15% respectively. The system needed is:
x +y + z = 30, 000
0.08x + 0.10 y + 0.15z = 3550

x +y − z = 2000
Using techniques similar to those used in exercises 19-44, the solution is (7500, 8500, 14,000).
There was $7500 invested at 8%, $8500 invested at 10% and $14,000 invested at 15%.
58. Let x, y and z represent the number of child, student and adult tickets sold respectively. The system needed is:
x + y + z = 2500
2x + 3y + 5z = 7250
2x − y =0
Using techniques similar to those used in exercises 19-44, the solution is (750, 1500, 250).
There were 750 child tickets, 1500 student tickets and 250 adult tickets sold.
Group Activity Solutions

1. (a) x + y + z = 44
x− y−z = 2
x− y = 7
(b) Using techniques similar to those used in section 4.5, the solution is (23, 16, 5).
The top CEO made $23,000/hr, the 2nd CEO made $16,000/hr and the 3rd CEO made $5000/hr.
23, 000
(c) ≈ 1417 hours
Systems
of Linear
of Linear
Equations
16.23
219 CHAPTER 4 Systems of LinearMatrix
Equations
Solutions of Linear Systems SECTION 4.6 219
4.6: Matrix Solutions of Linear Systems

Concepts
1. A rectangular array of numbers
2. 2 1 3 ; 2 × 3;
Answers may vary.
 0 −4 2
3. 1 3 10 ; 2 × 3; Answers may vary.

 2 −6 4
4. 3× 4
5. 1 0 −3 ;
Answers may vary.
0 1 5 
6. 4, 2, –3
Dimensions of Matrices and Augmented Matrices
7. 3× 3
8. 2×3
9. 3× 2
10. 3× 4
11. 1 −3 1
 −1 3 −1
4 2 −5
12.
 5 8 2
 2 −1 2 −4
13. 1 −2 0 2
 −1 1 −2 −6
 3 −2 1 5 
14. −1 0 2 −4
1 −2 1 −1
x + 2 y = −6
15.
5x − y = 4
x −5y = 7
16.
−3y = 6
x − y + 2z = 6
17. 2x + y − 2z = 1
−x + 2 y − z = 3
18.
Equations
3x
−y
+
2z
=
−1
2
x
2
z
4
x
2
z
2
Equations
x=4
19. y = −2
z=7
x=6
20. y = −2
z=4
Gaussian Elimination
1 1 4  1 1 4   1 1 4  R1 − R2 → 1 0 1
21.
(1 2)
1 3 10 R2 − R1 → 0 2 6 R2 →  0 1 3  0 1 3
22. 1 −3 −7  1 −3 −7   1 −3 −7  R1 + 3R2 →  1 0 −1

 2 1 0 R2 − 2R1 → 0 7 14 (1 7)R2 →  0 1 2  0 1 2
The solution is ( −1, 2 ) .
2 3 3 2 3 3  2 3 3  R1 − 3R2 →  2 0 −3 (1 2) R2 → 1 0 − 23 
23.
 
 −2 2 7 R2 + R1 →  0 5 10 (1 5)R2 →  0 1 2  0 1 2 0 1 2
 3 
The solution is  − , 2  .
 2 
1 3 −14  1 3 −14  1 3 −14  R1 − 3R2 →  1 0 −2 

24.
2 5 −24 R2 − 2R1 → 0 −1 4 (−1)R2 →  0 1 −4  0 1 −4
The solution is (−2, − 4).

1 −1 5 1 −1 5  1 −1 5  R + R → 1 0 7 
 1 2
0 1 −23 
25.
1 3 −1 R − R → 0 4 −6 (1 4)R → 0 1 − 3
  2 1   2  2  2
7 3
 2 2 
1 4 1 1 4 1
1  R − 4R → 1 0 3 
1 4
26.  1 2
3 −2 10 R − 3R → 0 −14 7 (−1 14)R →  0 1 − 1  0 1 − 1 
  2 1   2  2  2
 1
The solution is  3, −  .
 2 
 4 −8 −10  Exchange 1 1 2  1 1 2  1 1 2 
27.
0 ( 1 2) 2
1 1 2 R2 ↔ R1  4 R2 →  −2 4 5 R2 + R1 →  0 6 9
− −8 −1
2

1 1 2 R − R → 1 0 1 
0 1 3
1 2
(1 6)R → 0 1 3 

Equations
 2
2  2
1 3
The solution is  , .
 2 2 
28. 1 −7 −16  1 −7 −16   1 −7 −16  R1 + 7R2 → 1 0 5

 4 10 50 R2 − 4R1 → 0 38 114 (1 38)R2 →  0 1 3  0 1 3

Equations
1 1 1 6 R1 − R3 → 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
29. 0 2 −1 1 R2 − 2R3 → 0 0 −3 −9 Exchange 0 1 1 5 0 1 1 5

0 1 1 5 0 1 1 5  R2 ↔ R3  0 0 −3 −9 ( −1 3 ) R3 →  0 0 1 3
1 0 0 1
R2 − R3 → 0 1 0
2 0 0 1
3
The solution is (1, 2, 3) .

1 0 0 1 
1 1 1 3 R1 − R3 → 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 
30. 1 1 −1 2 R2 − R1 → 0 0 −2 −1 Exchange 0 1 1 2  0 1 1 2 
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2  R ↔ R 0 0 −2 −1 (−1 2)R →  0 0 1 1

    2 3   3  2
1 0 0 1 
R − R → 0 1 0 3
2 3  2 
1
0 0 1 
2 
 3 1
The solution is 1, ,  .
 2 2 
1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6  1 2 3 6
31. −1 3 4 0  R2 + R1 → 0 5 7 6  0 5 7 6
1 1 −2 −6 R3 − R1 → 0 −1 −5 −12 (−1)R3 →  0 1 5 12
R1 − 2R3 → 1 0 −7 −18 1 0 −7 −18 1 0 −7 −18
R2 − 5R3 → 0 0 −18 −54 Exchange 0 1 5 12  0 1 5 12 

0 1 5 12 R2 ↔ R3  0 0 −18 −54 (−1 18)R3 →  0 0 1 3
R1 + 7R3 → 1 0 0 3 
R2 − 5R3 → 0 1 0 −3
0 0 1 3
The solution is ( 3, − 3, 3) .
 2 −4 2 10  (1 2)R1 → 1 −2 1 5  R1 + 2R2 → 1 0 −5 −23
32. −1 3 −4 −19 R2 + (1 2)R1 → 0 1 −3 −14 0 1 −3 −14

2 −1 −6 −28 R3 − R1 →  0 3 −8 −38 R3 − 3R2 →  0 0 1 4
R1 + 5R3 → 1 0 0 −3
R2 + 3R3 → 0 1 0 −2
 0 0 1 4 
The solution is ( −3, − 2, 4 ) .
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 R1 − R2 → 1 0 1 −1
Equations
33. 2 1 2 −1 R2 − 2R1 → 0 −1 0 −1 (−1)R2 → 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

1
 1 0 0 R3 − R1 →  0 0 −1 0 (−1)R3 →  0 0 1 0  0 0 1 0
R1 − R3 → 1 0 0 −1
0 1 0 1
 0 0 1
0 

34. 1 1 −2 5 1 1 −2 5 1 1 −2 5
1 2 −2 4  R2 − R1 → 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1
 −1 −1 1 −4 R3 + R1 →  0 0 −1 1 (−1)R3 →  0 0 1 −1
Equations
R1 − R2 → 1 0 −2 6  R1 + 2R3 → 1 0 0 4
0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1
0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1
The solution is (4, –1, –1).

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 R1 − R2 → 1 0 1 2 R1 − R3 → 1 0 0 1
35. −1 0 −1 −2 R2 + R1 → 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 2 4 R3 − R1 → 0 0 1 1  0 0 1 1  0 0 1 1

1 2 −1 3 1 2 −1 3 R1 − 2R2 → 1 0 −1 −3 R1 + R3 → 1 0 0 −1
36. −1 −1 1 0 R2 + R1 → 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 3  0 1 0 3
1 2 0 5 R3 − R1 → 0 0 1 2  0 0 1 2  0 0 1 2

1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3  1 2 1 3
37. 2 1 −1 −6 R2 − 2R1 → 0 −3 −3 −12 (−1 3)R2 → 0 1 1 4
 −1 −1 2 5 R3 + R1 →  0 1 3 8  0 1 3 8
1 2 1 3 R1 − 2R2 → 1 0 −1 −5 R1 + R3 → 1 0 0 −3

0 1 1 4 0 1 1 4  R2 − R3 → 0 1 0 2
R3 − R2 →  0 0 2 4 (1 2)R3 →  0 0 1 2  0
 0 1 2
1 1 1 −3 1 1 1 −3 1 1 1 −3

38. 1 −1 −1 −1 R2 − R1 → 0 −2 −2 2  (−1 2)R2 → 0 1 1 −1
 −2 1 4 4 R3 + 2R1 →  0 3 6 −2  0 3 6 −2
 1 0 0 −2 
1 1 1 −3 R − R → 1 0 0 −2 
0 1 1 −1  0 1 1 −1 R − R →  0 1 0 − 4 
1 2
R − 3R → 0 0 3 1  (1 3)R →  0 0 1 1
2 3  3
 1
3 2   3  3   0 0 1 3
 4 1
The solution is  −2, − , .
 3 3 
39. See example 6 in the text for graphing calculator instructions.
[ A] = 1 4 13  ; rref ([ A]) = 1 0 −7 ;

The solution is (–7, 5).
5 −3 −50 0 1 5

[ A] = 9
Equations
−11 7  ; rref ([
A]) = 1 0 2  ; The solution is (2, 1).

5 6 16 0 1 1

 2 −1 3 9  1 0 0 1
[ A] = −4 5 2 12 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 2 ; The solution is (1, 2, 3).
2 0 7 23 0 0 1 3

3 −2 4 29  1 0 0 5 
[ A] = 2 3 −7 −14 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 −1 ; The solution is (5, –1, 3).
 5 −1 11 59 0 0 1 3

Equations
6 2 1 4 1 0 0 1 
[ A] = −2 4 1 −3 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 0.5 ; The solution is (1, 0.5, –3).
2 −8 0 −2  0 0 1 −3

−1 −9 2 −28.5 1 0 0 −7 
[ A] =  2 −1 4 −17  ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 4  ; The solution is (–7, 4, 0.25).
1 −1 8 −9 0 0 1 0.25

 4 3 12 −9.25 1 0 0 0.5 
[ A] = −1 15 8 −4.75 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 0.25 ; The solution is (0.5, 0.25, –1).
0 6 7 −5.5 0 0 1 −1

5 4 −1 13.3 1 0 0 1.1
[ A] = 1 7 9 16.9 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 2  ; The solution is (1.1, 2, 0.2).
1 −3 4 −4.1 0 0 1 0.2

1.2 −0.9 2.7 5.37  1 0 0 0.5 
[ A] = 3.1 −5.1 7.2 14.81 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 −0.2 ; The solution is (0.5, –0.2, 1.7).
 0.2 1.8 −3.6 −6.38  0 0 1 1.7

11 13 −17 380  1 0 0 8
[ A] =  5 −14 −19 24  ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 12  ; The solution is ( 8, 12, − 8 ) .
 −7 −21 46 −676 0 0 1 −8
49. 1 2 4  1 2 4
R 2R
 −2 2 + 1 → 0 0 0
−4 −8
Row 2 represents the equation 0 = 0. The system is dependent.
50. 1 −5 4  1 −5 4
1 R 2R
−2 0 8 2 + 1 → 0 0 16
 
The system is inconsistent.
 
Row 2 represents the equation 0 = 16.
Equations
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
51. 1 1 −1 1 R2 − R1 → 0 0 −2 −2 R2 − 2R3 → 0 0 0 −2
1 1 0 3 R3 − R1 →  0 0 −1 0  0 0 −1 0
Row 2 represents the equation 0 = −2. The system is inconsistent.
 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5
52. 1 −1 −1 8 R2 − R1 → 0 −2 −2 3
 2 2 2 6 R3 − 2R1 → 0 0 0 −4
Row 3 represents the equation 0 = −4. The system is inconsistent.
1 2 3 14  1 2 3 14  1 2 3 14 
53. 2 −3 −2 −10 R2 − 2R1 → 0 −7 −8 −38 0 −7 −8 −38
3 −1 1 4 R3 − 3R1 →  0 −7 −8 −38 R3 − R2 →  0 0 0 0

Equations
1 2 3 6 1 2 3 6  1 2 3 6 
54. −1 3 4 6  R2 + R1 → 0 5 7 12 0 5 7 12
0 5 7 12 0 5 7 12 R3 − R2 →  0 0 0 0
1 (1 a)R1 → 1 0 0
1 
a 0 0
 1 
a
55. 0 b 0 1 (1 b)R2 → 0 1 0

 b 
 0 0 ab 2 (1 (ab))R3 → 0 0 1
 ab 
2

The solution is ( 1a , 1b , ab2 ) .

56. There are no solutions, because a ≠ 0.
Applications
57. The equation found in example 7 is W = −374 +19H + 6L. When H = 12 and L = 60,
W = −374 +19 (12 ) + 6 ( 60 ) = 214 lb.
58. (a) a +16b + 26c = 80

a + 28b + 45c = 344
a + 31b + 54c = 416
(b) Using the graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is a ≈ −272.9, b ≈ 19.8, c ≈ 1.4.
So the equation is W ≈ −272.9 +19.8N +1.4C.
(c) When N = 22 and C = 38, W ≈ −272.9 +19.8 ( 22 ) +1.4 ( 38 ) ≈ 216 lb.
59. (a) a + 2b +1.4c = 3
a +1.5b + 0.65c = 2
a + 4b + 3.4c = 6
(b) Using the graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is a = 0.6, b = 0.5, c = 1.
So the equation is H = 0.6 + 0.5M + P.
(c) When M = 3 and P = 2, H ≈ 0.6 + 0.5 ( 3) + ( 2 ) = 4.1 ≈ 4 people.
60. (a) a + 276b + 94c = 160

a + 203b + 84c = 125
a + 245b + 79c = 140
(b) Using the graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is a ≈ 0.828, b ≈ 0.414, c ≈ 0.478.
So the equation is H ≈ 0.828 + 0.414D + 0.478T.
(c) When D = 220 and T = 81, H ≈ 0.828 + 0.414 ( 220 ) + 0.478 ( 81) ≈ 131 ft.
61. Let x, y and z represent the time spent running at 5, 6 and 8 mph respectively. The system needed is:
x +y +z =2
1 1 1 2  1 0 0 0.5
5x + 6 y + 8z = 12.5 and so [ A] = 5 6 8 12.5 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 1 
Equations
1 0 −1 0  0 0 1 0.5
x −z =0
The solution is (0.5, 1, 0.5). The runner ran 0.5 hr at 5 mph, 1 hr at 6 mph and 0.5 hr at 8 mph.
62. Let x, y and z represent the required pounds of $2, $3 and $4 candy respectively. The system needed is:
Checking Basic Concepts for Sections 4.5 & 4.6 225
x +y +z =5
1 1 1 5  1 0 0 2
2x + 3y + 4z = 14.50 and so [ A] = 2 3 4 14.5 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 1.5
y −z =0  0 1 −1 0  0 0 1 1.5
The solution is (2, 1.5, 1.5). Use 2 pounds of $2 candy, and 1.5 pounds each of $3 and $4 candy.
63. Let x, y and z represent the amount invested at 5%, 8% and 12% respectively. The system needed is:
x+ y + z = 3000
 1 1 1 3000 1 0 0 500 
0.05x + 0.08 y + 0.12z = 285 and so [ A] = 0.05 0.08 0.12 285  ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 1000
3 0 −1 0 0 0 1 1500
3x −z =0
The solution is (500, 1000, 1500). There was $500 invested at 5%, $1000 at 8% and $1500 at 12%.
64. Let x, y and z represent the measure of the largest, middle and smallest angle respectively. The system needed
is:
x + y + z = 180
1 1 1 180 1 0 0 76
x − 2z = 0 and so [ A] = 1 0 −2 0  ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 66
1 −1 0 10 0 0 1 38
x− y = 10
The solution is (76, 66, 38). The angles are 76°, 66°, and 38°.

1. (1, 3, –1) satisfies all three equations.
2. Multiply the first equation by –2 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable x.
−2x + 2 y − 2z = −4
2x − 3y + z = −1
− y − z = −5
Add the first and third equations to eliminate the variables x and y.
x− y+z = 2
−x + y + z = 4
2z = 6
And so z = 3. Substitute z = 3 into the first new equation: − y − ( 3) = −5  − y = −2  y = 2
Substitute y = 2 and z = 3 into the original first equation: x − ( 2 ) + ( 3) = 2  x = 1

3. (a) 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1  R1 + 2R2 → 1 0 1 −3
1 1 1 −1 R2 − R1 → 0 −1 0 −2 −1R2 → 0 1 0 2
0 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 R3 + R2 →  0 0 1 −1
R1 − R3 → 1 0 0 −2
0 1 0 2  ; The solution is (–2, 2, –1).

 0 0 1 −1
1 2 1 1 1 0 0 −2
(b) [ A] = 1 1 1 −1 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 2  ; The solution is (–2, 2, –1).

 0 1 1 1  0 0 1 −1
4.7: Determinants
concepts
1. square
2. number
3. system of linear equations
4. 0
Calculating Determinants
5. det A = 1( −8 ) − 3 ( −2 ) = −8 + 6 = −2
6. det A = 5 ( 7 ) − 3 ( −1) = 35 + 3 = 38
7. det A = −3 ( −1) − 8 ( 7 ) = 3 − 56 = −53
8. det A = 0 (1) − ( −3 )( −7 ) = 0 − 21 = −21
9. det A = 23 ( −13 ) − 6 ( 4 ) = −299 − 24 = −323
10. det A = 44 ( 32 ) − ( −9 )( −51) = 1408 − 459 = 949
11. det A = 1 (1)( 7 ) − ( −4 )( −3 ) − 0 ( −1)( 7 ) − ( −4 )( 2 ) + 0 ( −1)( −3) − (1)( 2 ) = −5 − 0 + 0 = −5
12. det A = 2 ( 4 )( 4 ) − (1)( −2 ) − ( −1) ( −1)( 4 ) − (1)( −5 ) + 0 ( −1)( −2 ) − ( 4 )( −5 ) = 36 +1+ 0 = 37
13. det A = 2 ( −2 )( 8 ) − (1)( 6 ) −1( −1)( 8 ) − (1)( 0 ) + 0 ( −1)( 6 ) − ( −2 )( 0 ) = −44 + 8 + 0 = −36
14. det A = 0 ( −6 )( 7 ) − ( −2 )(10 ) − 3 (1)( 7 ) − ( −2 )( −4 ) + 4 (1)(10 ) − ( −6 )( −4 ) = 0 + 3 − 56 = −53
15. det A = ( −1) ( −3)( 7 ) − ( −3 )( 5 ) − 3 ( 3 )( 7 ) − ( −3)( 5 ) + 2 ( 3 )( 5 ) − ( −3 )( 5 ) = 6 −108 + 60 = −42
16. det A = 6 ( 0 )( −1) − ( 5 )( −3 ) − 7 ( −1)( −1) − ( 5 )( 9 ) + 2 ( −1)( −3 ) − ( 0 )( 9 ) = 90 + 308 + 6 = 404
17. det A = 5 ( −2 )( 5 ) − ( 0 )( 0 ) − 0 ( 0 )( 5 ) − ( 0 )( 0 ) + 0 ( 0 )( 0 ) − ( −2 )( 0 ) = −50 − 0 + 0 = −50
18. det A = 1 ( 4 )( 9 ) − ( 6 )( 6 ) − 2 ( 2 )( 9 ) − ( 6 )( 3 ) + 3 ( 2 )( 6 ) − ( 4 )( 3) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
19. det A = 0 ( 3)( 9 ) − ( 5 )( −9 ) − 0 ( 2 )( 9 ) − ( 5 )( −3 )  + 0 ( 2 )( −9 ) − ( 3)( −3 ) = 0 − 0 + 0 = 0
20. det A = 3 ( 5 )( −1) − ( 0 )( 7 )  − 0 ( −1)( −1) − ( 0 )( 2 ) + 0 ( −1)( 7 ) − ( 5 )( 2 )  = −15 − 0 + 0 = −15
21. Using the calculator we find det ([ A]) = −3555.

22. Using the calculator we find det ([ A]) = −7.027.
23. Using the calculator we find det ([ A]) = −7466.5.
24. Using the calculator we find det ([ A]) = 798,584.
25. det A = a (bc − 0) − 0 (0 ⋅ c − 0) + 0 (0 − 0 ⋅ b) = abc

227 CHAPTER 4 Systems of Linear Equations Determinants SECTION 4.7 227
26. det A = 0 (bc − 0) − 0 (ac − 0) + 0(a ⋅ 0 − 0 ⋅ b) = 0

Calculating Area
3 5 9
27. The triangle has vertices (3, 2), (5, 8) and (9, 5). The matrix needed is A = 2 8 5.
 1 1 1
1
The area is D = det ([ A] ) = 15 ft 2 .
2
−4 4 6
28. The triangle has vertices (–4, 4), (4, –4) and (6, 6). The matrix needed is A =  4 −4 6 .
1 1 1
1
The area is D = det ([ A]) = 48 ft 2 .
2
−6 2 6
29. The triangle has vertices (–6, –4), (2, 6) and (6, –2). The matrix needed is A = −4 6 −2.
1 1 1
1
The area is D = det ([ A]) = 52 ft 2 .
2
−100 50 100
30. The triangle has vertices (–100, 50), (50, –50) and (100, 0). The matrix needed is A =  50 −50 0 .
1 1 1
1
2
31. Split the figure into two triangles with vertices (2, 1), (3, 6), (9, 3) and vertices (3, 6), (7, 7), (9, 3).
2 3 9 3 7 9
The matrices needed are A = 1 6 3 and B = 6 7 3 .
 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
The area is D = det ([ A] ) + det ( [ B ]) = 16.5 + 9 = 25.5 ft 2 .
2 2
32. Split the figure into two triangles with vertices (–6, –2), (–4, 6), (4, 4) and vertices (–6, –2), (4, 4), (6, –6).
−6 −4 4 −6 4 6
The matrices needed are A = −2 6 4 and B = −2 4 −6.
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
The area is D = det ([ A] ) + det ([ B ] ) = 34 + 56 = 90 ft 2 .
2 2
Cramer’s Rule
33. E = det  4 3  = −16 − 60 = −76; F = det 5 4  = 100 − 24 = 76

 20 −4 6 20
D = det 5 3  = −20 −18 = −38; The solution is x = E = −76 = 2 and y = F = 76 = −2.
 6 −4 D −38 D −38
E = det  −5 4 = −20 − −128 = 108; F = det  −5 −5  = 160 − −20 = 180

34. ( ) ( )
 −32 4 4 −32
D = det  −5 4  = −20 −16 = −36; The solution is x = =

E 108 F 180
= −3 and y = = = −5.
4 4 D −36 D −36
35. E = det  −3 −5 = −18 − 40 = −58; F = det  7 −3 = −56 −12 = −68
 −8 6  −4 −8
E −58 F −68
D = det  7 −5 = 42 − 20 = 22; The solution is x = =
29 34
and y = = .
=− =−
 −4 6 D 22 11 D 22 11
36. E = det  −17 −9 = −68 − ( −81) = 13; F = det  −4 −17 = −36 − ( −136 ) = 100
9 4 8 9
D = det  −4 −9 = −16 − ( −72 ) = 56; The solution is x = =
E 13 F 100 25
and y = = = .
8 4 D 56 D 56 14
37. E = det  −61 −3 = 244 − 69 = 175; F = det  8 −61 = −184 − 61 = −245
 −23 −4  −1 −23
−3 = −32 − 3 = −35; −245

D = det  8
E 175 F
The solution is x = = = −5 and y = = = 7.
 −1 −4 D −35 D −35
38. E = det −188 15 = −4324 − ( −2595 ) = −1729; F = det  22 −188 = −3806 − ( −3008 ) = −798
−173 23 16 −173
E −1729 F −798
D = det 22 15 = 506 − 240 = 266; The solution is x = =
13
and y = = = −3.
=−
16 23 D 266 2 D 266
Checking Basic Concepts for Section 4.7
1. (a) det A = −3 ( 3) − ( −2 )( 4 ) = −9 + 8 = −1
(b) det A = 1 (1)( −1) − ( 2 )(1) − 5 ( −2 )( −1) − ( 2 )( 3) + 0 ( −2 )(1) − (1)( 3) = −3 + 20 + 0 = 17
−14
2. E = det  −14 −1 = 56 − 36 = 20; F = det  2 −36 = −72 − ( −42 ) = −30
 −36 −4  3 
F −30
D = det  2 −1 = −8 − ( −3) = −5; The solution is x = =
E 20
= −4 and y = = = 6.
 3 −4 D −5 D −5
−1 5 2 
3. The triangle has vertices (–1, 2), (5, 6) and (2, –3). The matrix needed is A =  2 6 −3.
1 1 1
1
The area is D = det ( [ A]) = 21 square units.
2
Chapter 4 Review Exercises

Section 4.1
1. (3, 2) is a solution since it satisfies both equations.
2. (4, –3) is a solution since it satisfies both equations.
3. The unique solution is the intersection point (–1, –3).
229 CHAPTER 4 Systems of Linear Equations Chapter 4 Review Exercises 229
4. Since Y1 = Y2 = 8.5 when x = 3.5, the solution is (3.5, 8.5).
5. Note that x + y = 6  y = −x + 6 and x − y = −4  y = x + 4.
Graph Y1 = −X + 6 and Y2 = X + 4 in [0, 5, 1] by [0, 8, 1]. See Figure 5. The intersection point is (1, 5).
Since there is one unique intersection point, the system is consistent. The equations are independent.
[0, 5, 1] by [0, 8, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]
Figure 5 Figure 6
6. Note that x − y = −2  y = x + 2 and −2x + 2 y = 4  y = x + 2.
Graph Y1 = X + 2 and Y2 = X + 2 in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 6. The graphs coincide. The
solution is {( x, y)|x − y = −2}. The system is consistent, and the equations are dependent.
1
7. Note that 4x + 2 y = 1  y = −2x + and 2x + y = 5  y = −2x + 5.
2
Graph Y1 = −2X + (1 2 ) and Y2 = −2X + 5 in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]. See Figure 7.
Since the two lines are parallel, the system has no solutions. The system is inconsistent.
1 5 1 3
8. Note that x − 3y = 5  y = x − and x + 5y = −3  y = − x − .
3 3 5 5
Graph Y1 = (1 3) X − ( 5 3) and Y2 = ( −1 5) X − ( 3 5 ) in [0, 3, 1] by [–3, 0, 1]. See Figure 8. The intersection
point is (2, −1).
Since there is one unique intersection point, the system is consistent. The equations are independent.
[–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [0, 3, 1] by [–3, 0, 1]
Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10

9. Note that 3x + y = 7  y = −3x + 7 and 6x + y = 16  y = −6x +16.
Table Y1 = −3X + 7 and Y2 = −6X +16 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 9.
10. Note that 4x + 2 y = −6  y = −2x − 3 and 3x − y = −7  y = 3x + 7.
Table Y1 = −2X − 3 and Y2 = 3X + 7 with TblStart = –5 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 10.
11. (a) Let x and y represent the two numbers. Then the system needed is x + y = 25 and x − y = 10.
(b) Note that x + y = 25  y = −x + 25 and x − y = 10  y = x −10.

The graphs of these equations (not shown) intersect at the point (17.5, 7.5). The numbers are 17.5 and
7.5.
12. (a) Let x and y represent the two numbers. Then the system needed is 3x − 2 y = 19 and x + y = 18.
3 19
(b) Note that 3x − 2 y = 19  y = x − and x + y = 18  y = −x +18.
2 2
1 5 5
13. Note that πx − 2.1y = 2  −2.1y = −πx + 2  y = − (−πx + 2 ) and 3x + y =  y = − 3x + .
2.1 6 6
Graph Y1 = −1 2.1 (−πX + (2)) and Y2 = − (3)X + 5 6 in [−10, 10, 1] by [−10, 10, 1]. The solution is
approximately (0.467, 0.025).
2 2 1 2
14. Note that 5x − πy =  −πy = − 5x + y − 5x + and
=−   
7 7 π 7
1
x + 0.3y = π  0.3y = −x + π  y = (−x + π). Graph Y = −1 π (− (5)X + 2 7)
1
0.3
and Y2 = 1 0.3 (−X + π) in [−10, 10, 1] by [−10, 10, 1]. The solution is approximately (2.611, 1.768).
Section 4.2
15. Note that x + 2 y = −1  x = −2 y −1. Substituting x = −2 y −1 into the first equation yields the following:
2 ( −2 y −1) + 5 y = −1  y = 1 and so x = −2 (1) −1  x = −3. The solution is (–3, 1).
16. Note that 3x + y = 6  y = −3x + 6. Substituting y = −3x + 6 into the second equation yields the following:
4x + 5 ( −3x + 6 ) = 8  −11x = −22  x = 2 and so y = −3 ( 2 ) + 6  y = 0. The solution is (2, 0).
17. Note that 4x + 2 y = 0  y = −2x. Substituting y = −2x into the first equation yields the following:
2x − 3 ( −2x ) = −8  8x = −8  x = −1 and so y = −2 ( −1) = 2. The solution is ( −1, 2 ) .
−5 x −1 −5x −1
18. Note that 5x + 3y = −1  y = . Substituting y = in the second equation yields the following:
3 3
 −5 x −1  −5 ( −2 )−1
3x − 5 = −21  9x + 25x + 5 = −63  34x = −68  x = −2 and so
y= = 3.
 
 3  3
The solution is ( −2, 3 ) .

3x + y = 4 2  2  6 14  2 14 

Thus, x = . And so 3 +y=4 y = 4−  y= . The solution is , .
  
5 5 5 
2 x −y =−2 5   5 5  
5x = 2
20. Multiply the first equation by 2, the second equation by 3 and add the equations to eliminate the variable y.
4x + 6 y = −26
9x − 6 y = 0
13x = −26
Thus, x = −2. And so 2 ( −2 ) + 3y = −13  3y = −9  y = −3. The solution is (–2, –3).
6x − 2 y = 10
−6x + 2 y = −10
0=0 This is always true and the system is dependent with solutions: {( x, y ) |3x − y = 5}.
22. Multiplying the second equation by 2 and adding the two equations will eliminate both variables.
8x − 6 y = 7
−8x + 6 y = 22
0 = 29 This is always false and the system is inconsistent. No solution.
Section 4.3
23. See Figure 23.

24. See Figure 24.

25. See Figure 25.
26. See Figure 26.
27. See Figure 27.

28. See Figure 28.
29. See Figure 29.
Figure 29 Figure 30
30. See Figure 30.
31. The equation of a vertical line through the point (1, 0) is x = 1. The equation of a horizontal line through the
point (0, –1) is y = −1. The system of inequalities is y < −1 and x > 1.
32. The equation of a line through the points (–1, –1) and (0, 1) is y = 2x +1. The equation of a line through the
points (0, 4) and (4, 0) is y = −x + 4. The system of inequalities is y ≤ −x + 4 and y ≥ 2x +1.
Section 4.4

For (1, 1) , R = 7 (1) + 8 (1) = 15. For (1, 3) , R = 7 (1) + 8 ( 3) = 31. For ( 3, 1) , R = 7 ( 3 ) + 8 (1) = 29.
34. The minimum value of R occurs at one of the vertices.

For (1, 1) , C = (1) + 2 (1) = 3. For (1, 3) , C = (1) + 2 ( 3 ) = 7. For ( 3, 1) , C = ( 3) + 2 (1) = 5.
35. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 1), (0, 3), (3, 0), and (1, 0).
The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 1) , R = 2 ( 0 ) + (1) = 1.
For ( 0, 3 ) , R = 2 ( 0 ) + ( 3 ) = 3. For ( 3, 0 ) , R = 2 ( 3 ) + ( 0 ) = 6. For (1, 0 ) , R = 2 (1) + ( 0 ) = 2.
36. From the graph of the region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 0), (0, 4), (3, 3), and (4, 0).
Note: to find the intersection point (3, 3), solve the system of equations 3x + y = 12 and x + 3y = 12.
For ( 0, 4 ) , R = 6 ( 0 ) + 9 ( 4 ) = 36. For ( 3, 3 ) , R = 6 ( 3 ) + 9 ( 3 ) = 45. For ( 4, 0 ) , R = 6 ( 4 ) + 9 ( 0 ) = 24.

Section 4.5
37. Yes, since 3 + ( −4 ) + 5 = 4.
38. (1, –1, 2) is a solution since it satisfies all three of the equations.
39. Add the first two equations together to eliminate the variable x.
x − y − 2z = −11
−x + 2 y + 3z = 16
y+z =5
From the third equation, 3z = 6  z = 2. And so y + ( 2 ) = 5  y = 3.
Substitute z = 2 and y = 3 into the first equation: x − ( 3 ) − 2 ( 2 ) = −11  x = −4

40. Multiply the second equation by –5 and the third equation by 3. Add these equations to eliminate the variable
z.
10x − 5 y −15z = 10
3x − 6 y +15z = −78
13x −11y = −68
Multiply the first equation by 11 and add it to this new equation to eliminate the variable y.
11x +11y = 44
13x −11y = −68
24x = −24
And so x = −1. Substitute x = −1 into the first equation: ( −1) + y = 4  y = 5
Substitute x = −1 and y = 5 into the second equation: −2 ( −1) + ( 5 ) + 3z = −2  3z = −9  z = −3

41. Multiply the second equation by –1 and add it to the third equation to eliminate the variable z.
− x − 2 y − z = −7
−2x + y + z = 7
−3x − y = 0
Multiply the first equation by –1 and add it to this new equation to eliminate the variable y.
−2x + y = 5
−3x − y = 0
−5x = 5
And so x = −1. Substitute x = −1 into the first equation: 2 ( −1) − y = −5  y = 3
Substitute x = −1 and y = 3 into the second equation: −2 ( −1) + ( 3 ) + z = 7  z = 2

42. Multiply the second equation by 2 and add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable x.
2x + 3y + z = 6
− 2x + 4 y + 4z = 6
7 y + 5z = 12
Add the second and third equations together to eliminate the variable x.
−x + 2 y + 2z = 3
x + y + 2z = 4
3y + 4z = 7
Multiply the first new equation by 4 and the second new equation by –5. Add these to eliminate the variable
z.
28 y + 20z = 48
−15 y − 20z = −35
13y = 13
And so y = 1. Substitute y = 1 into the second new equation: 3 (1) + 4z = 7  4z = 4  z = 1
Substitute y = 1 and z = 1 into the original third equation: x + (1) + 2 (1) = 4  x = 1

x − y + 3z = 2
2x + y + 4z = 3
3x + 7z = 5
Multiply the second equation by –2 and add to the third equation to eliminate the variable y.
−4x − 2 y − 8z = −6
x + 2y + z = 5
−3x − 7 z = −1
Add this new equation to the result of the first sum to eliminate the variables x and z.
3x + 7z = 5
−3x −7 z =−1
44. Solve the third equation for x: x + z = 2  x = 2 − z. Substitute x = 2 − z into the second equation:
2 − z + y − z = 1  y − 2z = −1  y = 2z −1. The system is dependent, and all solutions are of the form of the
ordered triple (2 − z, 2z −1, z)
Section 4.6
 1 1 1 −6 1 1 1 −6  R1 − R3 →  1 0 0 −1
45.  1 2 1 −8 R2 − R1 → 0 1 0 −2 0 1 0 −2 ; The solution is (–1, –2, –3).
0 1 1 −5  0 1 1 −5 R3 − R2 →  0 0 1 −3
 1 1 1 −3 R1 − R3 →  1 0 0 −2  1 0 0 −2  1 0 0 −2

46. −1 1 0 5  R2 + R1 → 0 2 1 2  R2 − R3 → 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 3
0 1 1 −1  0 1 1 −1  0 1 1 −1 R3 − R2 →  0 0 1 −4

1 2 −1 1 R1 − R3 →  1 0 −2 −9  1 0 −2 −9
47. −1 1 −2 5 R2 + R1 → 0 3 −3 6  (1 3)R2 → 0 1 −1 2

0 2 1 10  0 2 1 10  0 2 1 10
 1 0 −2 −9  1 0 −2 −9 R1 + 2R3 →  1 0 0 −5
0 1 −1 2 0 1 −1 2  R2 + R3 → 0 1 0 4
R3 − 2R2 → 0 0 3 6 (1 3)R3 →  0 0 1 2  0 0 1 2
2 2 −2 −14 (1 2)R1 → 1 1 −1 −7  R1 + R2 →  1 0 −1 −9

48. −2 −3 2 12  R2 + R1 → 0 −1 0 −2  −1R2 → 0 1 0 2
 1 1 −4 −22 R3 − (1 2)R1 →  0 0 −3 −15 (−1 3)R3 →  0 0 1 5 
R1 + R3 → 1 0 0 −4
0 1 0 2  ; The solution is (–4, 2, 5).

0 0 1 5 
49. See example 6 in section 4.6 in the text for graphing calculator instructions.
3 −2 6 −17  1 0 0 −7
[ A] = −2 −1 5 20  ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 4  ; The solution is (–7, 4, 2).
0 4 7 30 0 0 1 2
50. See example 6 in section 4.6 in the text for graphing calculator instructions.
19 −13 −7 7.4  1 0 0 5.4
[ A] = 22 33 −8 110.5 ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 2.1 ; The solution is (5.4, 2.1, 9.7)
 10 −56 9 23.7   0 0 1 9.7
Section 4.7
51. det A = 6 ( 2 ) − ( −4 )( −5 ) = 12 − 20 = −8
52. det A = 0 ( 9 ) − 5 ( −6 ) = 0 + 30 = 30
53. det A = 3 ( 4 )(1) − ( −3)( 7 ) −1( −5 )(1) − ( −3)( −3 ) + 0 ( −5 )( 7 ) − ( 4 )( −3) = 75 − ( −14 ) + 0 = 89
54. det A = −2 (1)( 8 ) − ( −5 )( −3 ) − 2 ( −1)( 8 ) − ( −5 )( −7 ) + 3 ( −1)( −3 ) − (1)( −7 ) = 14 − ( −86 ) + 30 = 130
55. Using the calculator we find det ([ A]) = 181,845
56. Using the calculator we find det ([ A]) = 67.688

−4 −2 6
57. The triangle has vertices (–4, 6), (–2, –4) and (6, 2). The matrix needed is A =  6 −4 2.
1 1 1
1
The area is D = det([ A]) = 46 ft 2 .
2
−12 4 8 
58. The triangle has vertices (–12, –8), (4, 8) and (8, –4). The matrix needed is A =  −8 8 −4.
1 1 1
1
2
59. E = det  8 6  = −64 −108 = −172;

F = det 7 8  = 126 − 40 = 86
18 −8  5 18
D = det 7 6  = −56 − 30 = −86; The solution is x = E = −172 = 2 and y = F = 86 = −1.
 5 −8 D −86 D −86
60. E = det 25 5 = 100 +15 = 115; F = det −2 25 = 6 − 75 = −69
 −3 4 3 −3
F −69
D = det −2 5 = −8 −15 = −23; The solution is x = =
E 115
= −5 and y = = = 3.
3 4 D −23 D −23
61. E = det 1.5 −6 = −7.5 + 48 = 40.5; F = det 3 1.5 = 24 −10.5 = 13.5
8 −5 7 8
D = det 3 −6 = −15 + 42 = 27; The solution is x = =

E 40.5 3 F 13.5 1
= and y = = = .
7 −5 D 27 2 D 27 2
62. E = det −47 4  = 329 − 252 = 77; F = det −5 −47 = −315 + 282 = −33
63 −7 6 63
F −33
D = det −5 4  = 35 − 24 = 11; E 77
The solution is x = = = 7 and y = = = −3.
6 −7 D 11 D 11
Applications
63. Let x and y represent pedestrian fatalities for 1994 and 2004 respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 10,130 and x − y = 848. Adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
x + y = 10,130
x − y = 848
2x = 10,978 Thus, x = 5489. And so ( 5489 ) + y = 10,130  y = 4641.
There were 5489 pedestrian fatalities in 1994 and 4641 in 2004.

64. Let x and y represent the time spent on the stair climber and the bicycle respectively. Then the system needed
is x + y = 30 and 11.5x + 9 y = 290. Multiplying the first equation by –9 and adding the two equations will
eliminate the variable y.
− 9x − 9 y = −270
11.5x + 9 y = 290
2.5x = 20 Thus, x = 8. And so ( 8 ) + y = 30  y = 22.
The athlete spent 8 minutes on the stair climber and 22 minutes on the stationary bicycle.
65. First note that the amounts of candy and cashews cannot be negative, so x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Also, if the total
cost must be less than or equal to $20 then the inequality 4x + 5 y ≤ 20 must be satisfied. See Figure 65.
Figure 65
66. Let x and y represent the amounts of the unsubsidized and subsidized loans, respectively. Then the system of
equations is x + y = 4000 and x = y − 500. Substitute x = y − 500 into the first equation:
y − 500 + y = 4000  2 y = 4500  y = 2250, and so x = 2250 − 500  x = 1750. The unsubsidized loan is
for $1750 and the subsidized loan is for $2250.
67. Let x and y represent the number of shirts and pants respectively. Since a shirt requires 20 minutes of cutting,
pants require 10 minutes of cutting and the cutting machine is only available for 360 minutes each day,
20x + 10 y ≤ 360. Since a shirt requires 10 minutes of sewing, pants require 20 minutes of sewing and the
sewing machine is only available for 480 minutes each day, 10x + 20 y ≤ 480. Since the number of shirts and
pants cannot be negative x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Here the profit function is P = 20x + 25 y. From the graph of the
region of feasible solutions (not shown), the vertices are (0, 0), (0, 24), (8, 20) and (18, 0). To find (8, 20)
solve the system of equations 20x +10 y = 360 and 10x + 20 y = 480.
The maximum value of P occurs at one of the vertices.

For ( 0, 0 ) , P = 20 ( 0 ) + 25 ( 0 ) = 0. For ( 0, 24 ) , P = 20 ( 0 ) + 25 ( 24 ) = 600.
For ( 8, 20 ) , P = 20 ( 8 ) + 25 ( 20 ) = 660. For (18, 0 ) , P = 20 (18 ) + 25 ( 0 ) = 360.
The maximum profit of $660 is attained when 8 shirts and 20 pants are sold.
68. Let x and y represent the number of gallons of 30% and 55% solution respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 4 and 0.30x + 0.55 y = 1.6. Multiplying the first equation by –3, the second equation by 10 and
adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.

−3x − 3y = −12
3x + 5.5 y = 16
2.5 y = 4 Thus, y = 1.6. And so x + (1.6 ) = 4  x = 2.4.
The mechanic should add 2.4 gallons of 30% solution and 1.6 gallons of 55% solution.
69. Let x and y represent the speed of the boat and the current respectively. Using the formula d = r t the system
is 18 = ( x + y )(1) and 18 = ( x − y )(1.5 ) . These equations may be written: x + y = 18 and 1.5x −1.5 y = 18.
Multiplying the first equation by 1.5 and adding the equations together will eliminate the variable y.
1.5x +1.5 y = 27
1.5x −1.5 y = 18
3x = 45 Thus, x = 15. And so (15 ) + y = 18  y = 3.
The boat travels at 15 mph and the river flows at 3 mph.

70. Let x and y represent the number of $8 and $12 tickets respectively. Then the system needed is x + y = 480
2
and 8x +12 y = 4620. Note that x + y = 480  y = −x + 480 and 8x +12 y = 4620  y = − x + 385.
3
Multiplying the first equation by –8 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
− 8x − 8 y = −3840
8x +12 y = 4620
4 y = 780 Thus, y = 195. And so x + (195 ) = 480  x = 285. The solution is (285, 195).
There were 285 tickets sold costing $8 each and 195 tickets sold costing $12 each.
71. (a) m + 3c + 5b = 14
m + 2c + 4b = 11
c + 3b = 5
(b) Using a graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is (3, 2, 1).
A malt costs $3.00, cones cost $2.00 and an ice cream bar costs $1.00.
is:
x + y + z = 180
x − y − z = 20
x − z = 85
Using a graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is (100, 65, 15).
The measures of the three angles are 100°, 65° and 15°.
73. Let x, y and z represent the amount of $1.50, $2.00 and $2.50 candy respectively. The system needed is:
x +y + z = 12
1.50x + 2.00 y + 2.50z = 26

−y +z=2
Using a graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is (2, 4, 6).
There should be 2 lb of $1.50 candy, 4 lb of $2.00 candy and 6 lb of $2.50 candy.
74. (a) a + 202b + 63c = 40
a + 365b + 70c = 50
a + 446b + 77c = 55
(b) Using the graphing calculator to solve the system, the solution is a ≈ 27.134, b ≈ 0.061, c ≈ 0.009.
So the equation is C ≈ 27.134 + 0.061W + 0.009L.
(c) When W = 300 and L = 68, C ≈ 27.134 + 0.061 ( 300 ) + 0.009 ( 68 ) = 46.046 ≈ 46 inches.
Chapter 4 Test
3x −7
1. Note that 2x + y = 7  y = 7 − 2x and 3x − 2 y = 7  y = .
2
Graph Y1 = 7 − 2X and Y2 = ( 3X − 7 ) 2 in [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]. See Figure 1.
The graphs intersect at (3, 1). The system is consistent. The equations are independent.
3
2. Note that 8x − 4 y = 3  y = 2x − and −4x + 2 y = 6  y = 2x + 3.
4
Graph Y1 = 2X − ( 3 4 ) and Y2 = 2X + 3 in [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]. See Figure 2.
The system is inconsistent since the lines are parallel. No solutions.

239 CHAPTER 4 Systems of Linear Equations Chapter 4 Test 239
[–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1] [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]
Figure 1 Figure 2
−2 x +2 3x −3
3. Note that 2x − 6 y = 2  y = and −3x + 9 y = −3  y = . Graph Y = (−2X + 2) −6 and
1
−6 9
Y2 = (3X − 3) 9 in [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1].
The lines are identical, so the system is consistent and the equations are dependent. The solution is
{(x, y)| x − 3y = 1}.
−2 x +36 4 x −23
4. Note that 2x − 5 y = 36  y = and −4x + 3y = −23  y = . Graph Y = (−2X + 36) −5 and
1
−5 3
Y2 = (4X − 23) 3 in [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1].
1 
The graphs intersect at  , −7 . The system is consistent. The equations are independent.
2 
2 1 2 1
5. Note that 2x + 5 y = −1  y = − x − . Substituting y = − x − into the second equation yields:
5 5 5 5
 2 1 11 33
 x = −3 and so y = − ( −3) −  y = 1.
2 1
3x + 2  − x − = −7  x=−
 5 5 5 5 5 5
The solution is (–3, 1).
6. (a) Let x and y represent the first and second number respectively. The system is x − y = 34 and x − 2 y = 0.
(b) Multiplying the first equation by –1 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable x.
−x + y = −34
x − 2y = 0
− y = −34 Thus, y = 34. And so x − ( 34 ) = 34  x = 68. The solution is (68, 34).
πx +3.3 − 5 x +2.1 .
7. Note that −πx + 3y = 3.3  y = and 5x + (1 + 2) y = 2.1  y = Graph
3 1+ 2
Y1 = (πX + 3.3) 3 and Y2 = (− 5X + 2.1) (1+ 2) in [−5, 5, 1] by [−5, 5, 1].

The graphs intersect at approximately (−0.378, 1.220).
−2 x +37
8. Note that 3x + y = 17  y = −3x +17 and 2x − 3y = 37  y = .
−3
The solution is (8, − 7).

9. See Figure 9.

10. See Figure 10.
11. See Figure 11.
12. Multiply the third equation by –1 and add the second and third equations to eliminate the variables y and z.
−2x + y + z = 5
−y−z =3
−2x = 8
And so x = −4. Substitute x = −4 into the first equation: ( −4 ) + 3y = 2  3y = 6  y = 2
Substitute x = −4 and y = 2 into the second equation: −2 ( −4 ) + ( 2 ) + z = 5  z = −5

13. Add the first and second equations to eliminate the variable z.
x + y − z =1
2x − 3y + z = 0
3x − 2 y = 1
Multiply the first equation by 2 and add the first and third equations to eliminate the variable z.
2x + 2 y − 2z = 2
x − 4 y + 2z = 2
3x − 2 y = 4
So the two new equations are 3x − 2 y = 1 and 3x − 2 y = 4. This is a contradiction, so there are no solutions.
14. The equation of a line through the points ( −2, 0 ) and (0, 2) is y = x + 2. The equation of a line through the
points (0, –1) and (1, 2) is y = 3x −1. The system of inequalities is y ≤ x + 2 and y ≥ 3x −1.
15. (a) 1 1 1 2
 1 −1 −1 3
 2 2 1 6
2  R1 + (1 2)R2 →  1 0 0 
5
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
(b)  1 −1 −1 3 R2 − R1 → 0 −2 −2 1 (−1 2)R2 → 0 1 1 − 12 
 2 2 1 6 R3 − 2R1 →  0 0 −1 2 −1R3 →  0 0 1 −2
 1 0 0 52 
5 3 
R − R → 0 1 0 3  The solution is
 , , −2 .
  
2 3  2 
2 2
 
0 0 1 −2
16. det A = 3 ( 2 )( −3 ) − ( 8 )( −6 ) − 6 ( 2 )( −3 ) − ( 8 )( −1) + 0 ( 2 )( −6 ) − ( 2 )( −1) = 126 −12 + 0 = 114
17. E = det  7 −3 = 14 − −33 = 47;

( ) F = det  5 7  = 55 − −28 = 83
( )
11 2  −4 11
D = det  5 −3 = 10 −12 = −2; The solution is x = =

E 47 47 F 83 83
and y = = .
=− =−
 −4 2 D −2 2 D −2 2
18. (a) Let x and y represent private and public tuition respectively. The system needed is
x − y = 12, 636
x − 4.6 y = 0
(b) Note that x − y = 12, 636  y = x −12, 636. Substituting y = x −12, 636 into the second equation gives:
x − 4.6 ( x −12, 636 ) = 0  − 3.6x = −58,125.6  x = 16,146 and so y = 16,146 −12, 636 = 3510.
Private tuition was $16,146 and public tuition was $3510.
19. Let x and y represent the time spent running and on the rowing machine respectively.
The system needed is x + y = 60 and 12x + 9 y = 669.
Multiplying the first equation by –9 and adding the two equations will eliminate the variable y.
−9x − 9 y = −540
12x + 9 y = 669
3x = 129 Thus, x = 43. And so ( 43) + y = 60  y = 17. The solution is (43, 17).
The athlete spent 43 minutes running and 17 minutes on the rowing machine.
20. Let x and y represent the average speed of the plane and the wind respectively. Using the formula d = r t, the
system is 600 = ( x − y )( 2.5 ) and 600 = ( x + y )( 2 ) .
These equations may be written as follows: x − y = 240 and x + y = 300.

Adding the two equations together will eliminate the variable y.
x − y = 240
Thus, x = 270. And so ( 270 ) − y = 240  − y = −30  y = 30. The solution is (270,
x + y = 300
2x = 540 30).
The speed of the plane is 270 mph and the speed of the wind is 30 mph.
is:
x + y + z = 180
1 1 1 180  1 0 0 85
x − z = 50 and so [ A] =  1 0 −1 50  ; rref ([ A]) = 0 1 0 60
 −1 1 1 10  0 0 1 35
−x + y + z = 10
The solution is (85, 60, 35). The angles are 85°, 60°, and 35°.
The maximum value of R occurs at one of the vertices. For ( 0, 0 ) , R = ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0.
23. The constraint is 3x + 5 y < 30. See Figure 23.
Figure 23
24. x: amount of subsidized loan
x – 700: amount of unsubsidized loan
x + x − 700 = 4400  2x − 700 = 4400  x = 2550, x − 700 = 1850
The unsubsidized loan is for $2550 and the subsidized loan is for $1850.
Chapter 4 Extended and Discovery Exercises

1. D = 1(1)( 3) − (1)( 2 )  − 2 (1)( 3 ) − (1)(1)  + 0 (1)( 2 ) − (1)(1)  = 1− 4 + 0 = −3
E = 6 (1)( 3 ) − (1)( 2 ) − 9 (1)( 3 ) − (1)(1) + 9 (1)( 2 ) − (1)(1) = 6 −18 + 9 = −3
F = 1 ( 9 )( 3) − ( 9 )( 2 ) − 2 ( 6 )( 3) − ( 9 )(1) + 0 ( 6 )(1) − ( 9 )(1) = 9 −18 + 0 = −9
G = 1(1)( 9 ) − (1)( 9 )  − 2 (1)( 9 ) − (1)( 6 )  + 0 (1)( 9 ) − (1)( 6 )  = 0 − 6 + 0 = −6
E −3 F −9 G −6
x= = = 1, y= = = 3, z = = = 2. The solution is (1, 3, 2 ) .
D −3 D −3 D −3
2. D = 0 ( −1)( −1) − (1)( −1) − 2 (1)( −1) − (1)(1) +1(1)( −1) − ( −1)(1) = 0 + 4 + 0 = 4
E = 1 ( −1)( −1) − (1)( −1) − ( −1) (1)( −1) − (1)(1) + 3 (1)( −1) − ( −1)(1) = 2 − 2 + 0 = 0
F = 0 ( −1)( −1) − ( 3 )( −1) − 2 (1)( −1) − ( 3 )(1) +1(1)( −1) − ( −1)(1) = 0 + 8 + 0 = 8
Chapter 4 Extended and Discovery Exercises 243
G = 0[(−1)(3) − (1)(−1)] − 2[(1)(3) − (1)(1)] + 1[(1)(−1) − (−1)(1)] = 0 − 4 + 0 = −4

E 0 F 8 G −4
x = = = 0, y = = = 2, z = = = −1. The solution is ( 0, 2, −1) .
D 4 D 4 D 4
3. D = 1 (1)( 2 ) − (1)( 0 ) E
 −1( 0 )( 2 ) − (1)(1)  + 0 ( 0 )( 0 ) − (1)(1)  = 2 +1+ 0 = 3
= 2 (1)( 2 ) − (1)( 0 ) F − 0 ( 0 )( 2 ) − (1)(1) + 1( 0 )( 0 ) − (1)(1)  = 4 + 0 −1 = 3
= 1 ( 0 )( 2 ) − (1)( 0 ) −1( 2 )( 2 ) − (1)(1)  + 0 ( 0 )( 2 ) − (1)( 0 ) = 0 − 3 + 0 = −3
G = 1(1)(1) − (1)( 0 )  −1 ( 0 )(1) − (1)( 2 )  + 0 ( 0 )( 0 ) − (1)( 2 )  = 1+ 2 + 0 = 3
E 3 F −3 G 3
x= = = 1, y= = = −1, z = = = 1. The solution is (1, −1, 1) .
D 3 D 3 D 3
4. D = 1 ( −2 )( −3) − (1)( −3 )  − ( −1) (1)( −3 ) − (1)( 2 )  + 0 (1)( −3) − ( −2 )( 2 )  = 9 − 5 + 0 = 4
E = 1 ( −2 )( −3 ) − (1)( −3)  − ( −2 ) (1)( −3) − (1)( 2 )  + 5 (1)( −3) − ( −2 )( 2 )  = 9 −10 + 5 = 4
F = 1 ( −2 )( −3 ) − ( 5 )( −3) − ( −1) (1)( −3) − ( 5 )( 2 ) + 0 (1)( −3 ) − ( −2 )( 2 ) = 21− 13 + 0 = 8
G = 1[(−2)(5) − (1)(−2)] − (−1)[(1)(5) − (1)(1)] + 0[(1)(−2) − (−2)(1)] = −8 + 4 + 0 = −4

E 4 F 8 G −4
x = = = 1, y = = = 2, z = = = −1. The solution is (1, 2, −1) .
D 4 D 4 D 4
5. D = 1 (1)( 2 ) − ( −1)(1) − ( −1) ( 0 )( 2 ) − ( −1)( 2 ) + 2 ( 0 )(1) − (1)( 2 ) = 3 + 2 − 4 = 1
E = 7 (1)( 2 ) − ( −1)(1) − 5 ( 0 )( 2 ) − ( −1)( 2 )  + 6 ( 0 )(1) − (1)( 2 )  = 21−10 −12 = −1
F = 1( 5 )( 2 ) − ( 6 )(1)  − ( −1) ( 7 )( 2 ) − ( 6 )( 2 ) + 2 ( 7 )(1) − ( 5 )( 2 ) = 4 + 2 − 6 = 0
G = 1 (1)( 6 ) − ( −1)( 5 ) − ( −1) ( 0 )( 6 ) − ( −1)( 7 ) + 2 ( 0 )( 5 ) − (1)( 7 ) = 11+ 7 −14 = 4
E −1 F 0 G 4
x= = = −1, y= = = 0, z = = = 4. The solution is ( −1, 0, 4 ) .
D 1 D 1 D 1
6. D = 1 ( −3)( −2 ) − ( 4 )( −1) − 2 ( 2 )( −2 ) − ( 4 )( 3 ) +1 ( 2 )( −1) − ( −3 )( 3) = 10 + 32 + 7 = 49
E = −1 ( −3)( −2 ) − ( 4 )( −1) −12 ( 2 )( −2 ) − ( 4 )( 3) + ( −12 ) ( 2 )( −1) − ( −3 )( 3) = −10 + 192 − 84 = 98
F = 1(12 )( −2 ) − ( −12 )( −1) − 2 ( −1)( −2 ) − ( −12 )( 3) + 1( −1)( −1) − (12 )( 3) = −36 − 76 − 35 = −147
G = 1 ( −3)( −12 ) − ( 4 )(12 ) − 2 ( 2 )( −12 ) − ( 4 )( −1) + 1( 2 )(12 ) − ( −3)( −1) = −12 + 40 + 21 = 49
E 98 F −147 G 49
x= = = 2, y= = = −3, z = = = 1. The solution is ( 2, − 3, 1) .
D 49 D 49 D 49
7. Since Denver is city 1 and Las Vegas is city 4, we look at either entry a14 or a41. The distance is 760 miles.
8. Add entry a12 to entry a23 . The distance is 360 miles.
9. The dimension would be 20 × 20 and the matrix would contain 400 elements.
10. The elements on the main diagonal represent the distance from a city to itself, which is always zero.
11. a14 + a41 = 760 + 760 = 1520 miles
12. a11 + a44 = 0 + 0 = 0 miles
13. See Figure 13.

0 97 • • 59 
 0 130 95 75  97 0 113 118 •
130 0 186 • 113 0 94 •

•
 95 186 0 57   • 118 94 0 177 
75 57 0 59 • • 177 0
•
Figure 13 Figure 14
14. See Figure 14.
15. All maps for adjacency matrix A must have the same distances between cities, but the location of each city
may vary. The solution is not unique. One possible solution is shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15 Figure 16
16. All maps for adjacency matrix A must have the same distances between cities, but the location of each city
may vary. The solution is not unique. One possible solution is shown in Figure 16.
17. (a) 1 19 57.5 32 125 
1 26 65 42 316
1 30 72 48 436 1
30.5 75 54 514
(b) a ≈ −552.272, b ≈ 8.733, c ≈ 2.859, d ≈ 10.843
(c) N = 24, L = 63 and C = 39, W ≈ −552.272 + 8.733 ( 24 ) + 2.859 ( 63 ) +10.843 ( 39 ) ≈ 260
A bear with a 24-inch neck, 63-inch length and 39-inch chest weighs approximately 260 pounds.
Chapters 1–4 Cumulative Review Exercises

1. Identity
2. Associative
1 +2 2 3
3. − 2 ⋅ 4 = − 4 ⋅ 4 = 1.5 −16 = −14.5
3 −1 2
4. −1+ 8 −19 +12 = 0
a
5. −
b
−2
 42  2
32
(a)   =  2  = 4 =
3 9
6.
 
3  4  4 256
Chapters 1–4 Cumulative Review Exercises 245
(2ab −4 ) 2 4a 2b −8 4
(b) = = 4a 2−7 b −8−(−6) = 4a −5 b −2 =
a 7 (b 2 ) −3 a 7 b −6 a 5b 2
(c) (x 2 y 3 ) −2 (xy 2 ) 4 = x −4 y −6 x 4 y8 = x 0 y 2 = y 2
7. 0.0056 = 5.6 × 10−3
8. f (−2) = 5 − 4(−2) = 5 + 8 = 13
1 1
9. V= π(3)(2)2 = π(3)(4) = 4π
3 3
1
10. The denominator cannot equal zero, so x ≠ − .
2
11. See Figure 11.
12. See Figure 12.
Figure 11 Figure 12
13. (a) Yes. The graph passes the vertical line test.
(b) D: all real numbers; R: all real numbers
(c) f (−1) = −1.5; f (2) = 0
(d) x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: –1

(e) Two points on the line are (2, 0) and (0, –1).
y2 −y 1 −1 −0 −1 1
m= = = =
x2 − x1 0 − 2 −2 2
1
(f) f (x) = x −1
2
3 4
14. The slope of a line perpendicular to y = − x is m = .
4 3
4 4 4
y − (3) = (x − (−6))  y = (x + 6) + 3  y = x +11
3 3 3
y2 −y 1 10 −2 8
15. Two points on the graph are (0, 2) and (2, 10). m = = = = 4; From the table, the y-intercept
x2 − x1 2−0 2
is 2, so an equation of the line is y = 4x + 2. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for
1
x: 0 = 4x + 2  −2 = 4x  x .
=−
2
1 1 1
16. (1− x) + 2x = 3x +1  − x + 2x = 3x +1
2 2 2
1 1 3 1
 − x + 2x − 3x = − +1  − x =  x = − 2 ⋅ 1  x = − 1
2 2 2 2 3 2 3
4
17. 2(1− x) > 4x − (2 + x)  2 − 2x > 4x − 2 − x  −2x − 4x + x > −2 − 2  −5x > −4  x < ; the solutions are
5
 4
−∞, .
 
 5 
18. x +1 < 2  x < 1 or x +1 > 4  x > 3  (−∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)
5 3 3 5  3 5
19. −3 ≤ 2 − 4x < 5  −5 ≤ −4x < 3  ≥x>− − <x≤  − ,

4 4 4 4 4 4
 
2
20. 3x − 2 = 4  3x − 2 = 4 or 3x − 2 = −4  3x = 6 or 3x = −2  x = 2 or x = −
3
(b) 3x − 2 < 4  −4 < 3x − 2 < 4  −2 < 3x < 6  −

2  2 
< x<2 − ,2
 
3  3 
2  2
(c) 3x − 2 > 4  3x − 2 < −4 or 3x − 2 > 4  3x < −2 or 3x > 6  x < − or x > 2   −∞, − ∪ (2, ∞)
3  3 
1 1
21. (a) Note that 2x + y = 3  y = −2x + 3 and x − 2 y = −1  −2 y = −x −1  y = x + . Graph
2 2
Y1 = −2X + 3 and Y2 = 1 2 X +1 2 in [−5, 5, 1] by [−5, 5, 1]. The solution is (1, 1).
4 8 2 4
(b) Note that 4x + 3y = 8  3y = −4x + 8  y = − x + and 2x + 7 y = 4  7 y = −2x + 4  y = − x + .
3 3 7 7
Table Y1 = −4 3 X + 8 3 and Y2 = −2 7 X + 4 7 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. The solution is (2, 0).
22. (a) Add the two equations to eliminate the variable y.

x + 2y = 4
3x −2 y =−2 1 1
 x = . Substitute x = in the first equation and solve for
4x =2 2 2
1 7 7 1 7
y: + 2 y = 4  2 y =  y = . The solution is  , .
2 2 4 2 4
(b) Multiply the first equation by 2 and add the equations to eliminate the variables x and y.
−2x + 2 y = 4
2x − 2 y = 5
1 3
23. (a) Note that x + 2 y < 3  y < − x + See Figure 23a.
2 2
Figure 23a Figure 23b

(b) Note that x + y ≤ 2  y ≤ −x + 2 and 3x − y > 6  y < 3x − 6 See Figure 23b.
24. Add the second and third equations to eliminate the variable y.
3x + y + z = 12
x − y − 2z = −1
4x − z = 11
Multiply the second equation by –2 and add to the first equation to eliminate the variable y.
− x + 2y + z = 2
−6x − 2 y − 2z = −24
−7x − z = −22
Multiply the result of the first sum by –1 and add to this new equation to eliminate the variable z.
−4x + z = −11
−7 x −z =−22  x = 3. Then 4(3) − z = 11  12 − z = 11  z = 1. Substitute the values x = 3 and
−11x = −33
z = 1 into the second equation and solve for y.
3(3) + y + (1) = 12  9 + y +1 = 12  y = 2.
1 1 1 −3  1 1 1 −3 1 1 1 −3 −R3 + R1 →
25. 2 −1 1 −11 −2R1 + R2 → 0 −3 −1 −5 0 −3 −1 −5 R3 + R2 →
−1
 −1 1 −5 R1 + R3 → 0 −8 1 0 −4
R → 
0 2 0 1
3
2
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1  −R2 + R1 → 1 0 0 −2
0 −3 0 −9 − R2 → 0 1 0 3  0 1 0 3  ;
0 0 1 −4 3 0 0 1 −4  0 0 1 −4
The solution is (−2, 3, − 4).

26. 1 (0 ⋅ 3 − 4 ⋅ 4) − 2(−1⋅3 − 2 ⋅ 4) + 0(−1⋅ 4 − 2 ⋅ 0)
= 1 (0 −16) − 2(−3 − 8) + 0(−4 − 0)
= −16 − 2(−11) + 0 = −16 + 22 = 6

27. (a) I (x) = 0.07x
(b) I (500) = 0.07(500) = $35; the interest after one year for $500 at 7% is $35.
28. (a) T (1990) = 572.3(1990 −1980) + 3617 = 572.3(10) + 3617 = 5723 + 3617 = 9340; average tuition and fees
in 1990 were $9340.

(b) slope = 572.3; tuition and fees increased, on average, by $572.30 per year from 1980 to 2000.
29. Let x represent the width. Then 2(x) + 2(x + 7) = 74  2x + 2x +14 = 74  4x = 60  x = 15; the dimensions
are 15 inches by 22 inches.
30. P −12.4 ≤ 0.2
31. Let x, y, and z represent the amounts invested at 5%, 6%, and 8%, respectively. Then the system of equations
is
x + y + z = 5000 x + y + z = 5000
z = y + 500  − y + z = 500
y = x + z −1000 −x + y − z = −1000
Add the first and third equations to eliminate the variables x and z.
x + y + z = 5000
−x + y − z = −1000
2y = 4000  y = 2000. Then z = 2000 + 500 = 2500.
Substitute the values y = 2000 and z = 2500 into the first equation and solve for
x: x + 2000 + 2500 = 5000  x = 500. So $500 is invested at 5%, $2000 is invested at 6% and $2500 is
invested at 8%.
32. Let x and y represent the populations of Texas and Florida in 2002, respectively. Then the system needed is
x + y = 38.5
x = y + 5.1
Substitute x = y + 5.1 into the first equation and solve for y: y + 5.1+ y = 38.5  2 y = 33.4  y = 16.7 and
so x = 16.7 + 5.1 = 21.8 . In 2002, the population of Texas was 21.8 million and the population of Florida was
16.7 million.
Critical Thinking Solutions for Chapter 4

Section 4.1
• The tables for y1 and y2 would be identical. If the system of two equations is dependent, there are an infinite
number of solutions.
• The two y-values for a given x-value would never be equal.
Section 4.3
• Yes. The point (2, 2) satisfies both inequalities. No. The point (2, 2) does not satisfy 2x − y < 2.
Critical Thinking Solutions for Chapter 4 249
• There are no solutions to this system. See Figure 1.
Figure 1
Section 4.5
• (a) There are no solutions. The planes are parallel.

(b) There are infinitely many solutions; the planes intersect in a line.
• As the number of adults increases, so does the number of fawns. However, as the severity of the winter
increases, the number of fawns decreases.
Section 4.6
• The first matrix represents an inconsistent system and the second matrix represents a system of dependent
equations.
Section 4.7
• The points are collinear; they all lie on the same line.

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Intermediate Algebra With Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold Solutions Manual 1

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Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra with

Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold

3. Numerically and graphically.

Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13

16. See Figure 16. The solution is (–1, 1).

The graphs (not shown) intersect at the point (1, 1).

The graphs (not shown) intersect at the point (1, 3).

x = 0 and solve for y: 0 + y = 4  y = 4.

(b) See Figure 45b. The solution is (1, 3).

Figure 45b Figure 46b Figure 47b

2x − y = 4: To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x: 2x − 0 = 4  2x = 4  x = 2; to find the y-

(b) See Figure 46b. The solution is (3, 2).

to find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: − 2(0) + 3y = 12  3 y = 12  y = 4.

(b) See Figure 47b. The solution is (–3, 2).

y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y: − (0) + y = 2  y = 2.

(b) See Figure 48b. The solution is (1, 3).

Graph Y1 = ( −1 2 ) X + ( 3 10 ) and Y2 = (1 8 ) X + ( 3 10 ) in [–1, 1, 0.1] by [–1, 1, 0.1]. See Figure 49.

The unique solution is the intersection point (0, 0.3).

Graph Y1 = ( 4 3) X − (1 3 ) and Y2 = ( 2 3) X + (1 6 ) in [0, 1, 1] by [0, 1, 1]. See Figure 50.

The unique solution is the intersection point (0.75, 0.6 ).

Graph Y1 = ( −1 2 ) X + ( 5 4 ) and Y2 = ( 7 3 ) X − 3 in [–4, 4, 1] by [–4, 4, 1]. See Figure 51.

The unique solution is the intersection point (1.5, 0.5).

The unique solution is the intersection point (1.7, 0.4).

[–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1] [–10, 10, 1] by [–10, 10, 1]

Since the lines are parallel, there is no solution.

58. Since y1 = y2 = 5 when x = −2, the solution is (–2, 5).

59. Since y1 = y2 = 1 when x = 1, the solution is (1, 1).

60. Since y1 ≠ y2 for all x, there is no solution.

61. Note that x + y = 3  y = 3 − x and x − y = 7  y = x − 7.

Table Y1 = 3 − X and Y2 = X − 7 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 61.

Since Y1 = Y2 = −2 when X = 5, the solution is (5, –2).

62. Note that 2x + y = 3  y = 3 − 2x and 3x − y = 7  y = 3x − 7.

Table Y1 = 3 − 2X and Y2 = 3X − 7 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 62.

Since Y1 = Y2 = −1 when X = 2, the solution is (2, –1).

Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64

Table Y1 = ( −3 2 ) X + ( 5 2 ) and Y2 = −X + 5 with TblStart = –8 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 63.

Since Y1 = Y2 = 10 when X = −5, the solution is (–5, 10).

Since Y1 = Y2 = −0.5 when X = 2.5, the solution is (2.5, –0.5).

Since Y1 = Y2 = 1.5 when X = 0.5, the solution is (0.5, 1.5).

Since Y1 = Y2 = 11 when X = −7, the solution is (–7, 11).

(b) Note that x + y = 18  y = −x +18 and x − y = 6  y = x − 6.

(b) Note that 2x − y = 5  y = 2x − 5 and x + y = 16  y = −x +16.

(b) Note that 2x + 2 y = 76  y = −x + 38 and x − y = 4  y = x − 4.

is (4, 3). The building has dimensions 4 yards by 3 yards.

4.2: The Substitution and Elimination Methods

3x + ( 2x ) = 5  5x = 5  x = 1 and so y = 2 (1)  y = 2. The solution is (1, 2).

8. Substituting y = x +1 into the second equation yields the following:

x + 2 ( x +1) = 8  3x = 6  x = 2 and so y = ( 2 ) +1  y = 3. The solution is (2, 3).

9. Substituting x = 2 y −1 into the second equation yields the following:

10. Substituting x = 3y into the second equation yields the following:

− ( 3y ) + 2 y = 4  − y = 4  y = −4 and so x = 3 ( −4 )  x = −12. The solution is (–12, –4).

3 ( 2 y ) + y = 7  7 y = 7  y = 1 and so x = 2 (1)  x = 2. The solution is (2, 1).

This result is supported by the graph’s intersection point of (2, 1).

x + ( 3x ) = 4  4x = 4  x = 1 and so y = 3 (1) = 3. The solution is (1, 3).

2x − ( 2 − x ) = 1  3x − 2 = 1  3x = 3  x = 1 and so y = 2 − (1) = 1. The solution is (1, 1).

( y + 2 ) + 2 y = −1  3y = −3  y = −1 and so x = ( −1) + 2 = 1. The solution is (1, −1) .

17. Note that x − 2 y = −4  x = 2 y − 4. Substituting x = 2 y − 4 into the first equation yields:

2 ( 2 y − 4 ) + 3y = 6  7 y = 14  y = 2 and so x = 2 ( 2 ) − 4 = 0. The solution is ( 0, 2 ) .

18. Note that 2x − y = 2  y = 2x − 2. Substituting y = 2x − 2 into the second equation yields:

3x + 2 ( 2x − 2 ) = 10  7x = 14  x = 2 and so y = 2 ( 2 ) − 2 = 2. The solution is ( 2, 2 ) .

3x + 4(2x − 3) = 32  3x + 8x −12 = 32  11x = 44  x = 4 and so y = 2(4) − 3  y = 5. The solution is

21. Note that x − 2 y = 0  x = 2 y. Substituting x = 2 y into the second equation yields:

2 ( 3y ) − 5 y = −1  y = −1 and so x = 3 ( −1)  x = −3. The solution is (–3, –1).

26. Note that 4x − y = −4  y = 4x + 4. Substituting y = 4x + 4 into the second equation yields: