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Steady state and generalized state space averaging analysis of the series
resonant converter

Conference Paper · November 2014

DOI: 10.1049/cp.2014.1488

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 Steady state and generalized state space averaging analysis of the
series resonant converter
M. Salem, A. Jusoh, N. Rumzi N. Idris, Ibrahim Alhamrouni
Department of power engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University Technology Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia

Keywords: Series resonant converter, generalized state space
averaging, zero voltage switching, transfer function
Abstract
This paper proposes a generalized state space averaging
modeling instead of using the small ripple hypothesis to obtain
the small signal modelling for the resonant converter. As well,
this work covered the investigation of both the steady state
analysis and the generalized state space averaging modelling
effectively for the series resonant converter worked under zero
voltage switching conditions. The proposed method and the
steady state of the converter are analysed and simulated using
MATLAB SIMULINK. It was found that the transfer function
of the voltage by controlling the duty ratio D can make the
needs of the control possible.
1 Introduction
The resonant converter was investigated intensively in the 80's
[1]-[2]. It has the ability to achieve low switching losses,
which enable the switches to work at high switching
frequencies. However, increasing the frequency of operation
also will also increase the amount of switching losses and
hence reduce system efficiency. One solution to this problem
is to replace the "chopper" switch of a standard topology with
a "resonant" switch, which uses the resonances of circuit
capacitance and inductance to shape the waveform of either
the current or the voltage across the switching element. Thus,
when switching takes place, there is no current and voltage
going through or across it, and hence very minimum power
dissipation will occur, this system is known as the resonant
converter.
The Resonant converter could not only achieve soft switching
turn of the on-off switches, but also lower turn off switching
losses compared to the PWM hard switching converters. When
the normalized frequency (F) is higher than the one, the
performance of the converter will be classified under Zero
Voltage Switching (ZVS) condition. Meanwhile, when the
resonant frequency is lower than the switching frequency, the
performance of the converter will be classified under Zero
Current Switching (ZCS) condition [3]. Whereas, the
conduction modes are grouped into two regions of
Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) and two ranges of
the Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) based on the
frequency. In a similar manner, the modes of operation can be
determined by classifying the switching frequency ranges like
the following: 0 ” (F) • 0 .5, 0 .5 ” (F) • 1, and (F) • 1 [4].
The state space averaging has been considered as a common
method that is used to obtain the converter small signal model.
Furthermore, the main drawbacks in the control of the
switching regulators and the analysis are based on the high
nonlinear nature of the converters. So this work will be
focused on the investigation of both the steady state analysis
and the generalized state space averaging modeling
specifically for the series resonant converter. In addition, the
design consideration and analysis of this study and had been
analysed and simulated using the MATLAB SIMULINK
software.
2 Steady state analysis
The Series Resonant Converter (SRC) is illustrated in figure 1.
The resonant tank of the SRC has its natural frequency caused
by the tank components (Lr and Cr), determined by equation
(1). And there is another frequency which excites the voltage
across the switches (switching frequency fs).
ͳ
݂௥ ൌ ሺͳሻ
ʹߨඥ‫ܮ‬௥ ‫ܥ‬௥
ͳ
݂௦ ൌ ሺʹሻ
ܶ௦
The relation between these frequencies is the most important
variable in designing and controlling the resonant converters
[5]. And it can be defined as:
݂
‫ ܨ‬ൌ ߨ ‫ ݏ‬ሺ͵ሻ
݂‫ݎ‬
If the width of the exiting voltage is Ton, the duty ratio can be
defined as:
ܶ௢௡
‫ܦ‬ൌ ሺͶሻ
ܶ௦ Τʹ
Fig. 1. Schematic of the SRC circuit
 The load and the resonant tank work as a voltage divider. The
input voltage is split between this impedance and the effective
resistance [5]. The DC gain of SRC is always lower than the
unity, because it acts as a voltage divider. The determination
of gain ratio (M) in terms of load factor (Q) and F in CCM is
described in [6].
ܸ௢௨௧ ͳ voltage, which seems to be unacceptable, because it cannot be
‫ܯ‬ൌ ൌ గమ ொ
ሺͷሻ
ܸ௜௡ ͳ൅݆
ଵ
ሾ‫ ܨ‬െ ሿ
଼ ி
Meanwhile, in order to ensure that the converter works in
CCM mode under Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), the
switching frequency should be above the tank frequency.
Figure 2 shows the current and the voltage waveforms of this
range. In this mode, the initial value of the tank current is
negative, which means that the anti-parallel diodes are
conducted first. Meanwhile, the transistor is turned on when
the current passes through zero at t=tĮ, and it is switched off at
t=Ts. Owing to this, the DCM cannot occur in this mode
because Ts<To/2. As shown in Figure 2, the equations for the
inductor current and capacitor voltage are given by:
ܸ௖௥ ൌ െሾܸ௜௡ െ ܸ଴ െ ܸ௖௥ ሺͲሻሿܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ߱଴ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ܶఈ ሻሻ ൅  ܸ௜௡
െ ܸ଴ ሺͳͳሻ
3 Generalized state space averaging
The most common methods used to control the output of the
resonant converter are: First method is to vary the input
implemented in a linear mode and second, to vary the
frequency, which leads to the control of the tank impedance.
However, in this paper the output voltage is controlled by
varying the width (duty cycle) of the switching pulse wave.
The state space averaging has been considered the common
method used to obtain the converter small signal model.
Furthermore, the main drawbacks in the control of the
switching regulators and the analysis are based on the high
nonlinear nature of the converters. There were many different
proposed methods of the linearizing techniques to solve
mentioned problem, but they are too complicated and can only
be obtained numerically or complicated [7].
On other hand, the using the small ripple hypothesis cannot be
applied to obtain the small signal model for the resonant
converter in the same manner as PWM. The reason for this is
that the approximated state variables of the voltage and current
resonant tank are sine and cosine terms, which seems to be
complicated for one switch cycle or more [8]. While, the
mentioned linearization methods are not effective methods for
the resonant tank, other useful methods should be figured out
on the small signal modeling for the resonant converter. So
this work will be focused on the investigation of the
generalized state space averaging modeling effectively for the
series resonant converter.

The proposed method is based on the main components of the

Fig. 2. The current and the voltage waveforms Series Resonant Converter (SRC) which is illustrated in
Figure 1. Containing the full bridge switching network,
‫ Ͳ݈ܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊ܫ‬൑ ‫ ݐ‬൑ ܶఈ resonant tank, transformer, rectifier and output low pass filter.
By using KVL and KCL the column of the nonlinear
‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ …‘•ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ߱଴ ‫ܥ‬௥ ሾܸ௜௡ ൅ ܸ௢ െ ܸ௖௥ ሿ‫߱݊݅ݏ‬଴ ‫ݐ‬ሺ͸ሻ equations can be listed. Whereas, these links will be legalized
by using the mentioned method (Generalized State
‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ Averaging), the relevant state variables waveforms are
ܸ௖௥ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ •‹ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ሾܸ௜௡ െ ܸ଴ െ ܸ௖௥ ሺͲሻሿܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻ
߱଴ ‫ܥ‬௥ measured by the steady state simulation. The full bridge
൅  ܸ௜௡ െ ܸ଴ ሺ͹ሻ inverter produces a square wave output voltage VAB of
switching frequency is utilized to generate approximately
Where the initial values of the inductor current and capacitor sinusoidal voltage and current signals. The formula of the
voltage can be calculated by: inductor current and capacitor voltage are given in equations
(6) and (7). In order to simplify the generalized state space
‫ܳܯ ܳܯ‬ analysis, the transformer turns ratio is set to be 1:1, besides,
‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ ൌ െ߱଴ ‫ܥ‬௥ ܸ௜௡ ඨሺͳ െ ‫ܯ‬ଶ ሻ ሺ ൅ ʹሻሺͺሻ we have imposed the following equations to simplify both of
ʹ‫ܨʹ ܨ‬ inductance current and the capacitance voltage equations.

െ‫ܯ‬ଶ ܸ௜௡ ܳ ‫ܫ‬௅௦ ൌ ߱଴ ‫ܥ‬௥ ሾܸ௜௡ ൅ ܸ௢ െ ܸ௖௥ ሿሺͳʹሻ

ܸ௖௥ ሺͲሻ ൌ ሺͻሻ
ʹ‫ܨ‬
‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ
‫݈ܶܽݒݎ݁ݐ݊ܫ‬ఈ ൑ ‫ ݐ‬൑ ܶ௦ ܸ௖௦ ൌ ሺͳ͵ሻ
߱଴ ‫ܥ‬௥
‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ߱௥ ‫ܥ‬௥ ሾܸ௜௡ ൅ ܸ௢ െ ܸ௖௥ ሿ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߱଴ ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ܶఈ ሻሻሺͳͲሻ ܸ௖௖ ൌ ሾܸ௜௡ െ ܸ௢ െ ܸ௖௥ ሺͲሻሿሺͳͶሻ
 process of the linearization was explained in [9][12]. Were the
By substituting (12), (13) and (14) into (6) and (7), and using state matrix and the output matrix are able to be obtained.
the differential for both sides of the equations (6) and (7) of According to the relationship between the state and output
the approximated fundamental harmonics we can get the matrixes and the small signal modelling as it is described in
dynamic behavior of varying terms by: [11]. Finally, the transfer function of the output voltage by
݀‫ܫ‬௅௥ ݀‫ܫ‬௅௦ controlling the duty ratio D can be formed as:
ൌ൬ െ ߱௦ ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ൰ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻ
݀‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬
݀‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ ‫ܩ‬ௗ ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ
൅൬ ൅ ߱௦ ‫ܫ‬௅௦ ൰ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻሺͳͷሻ ሺͳǤͳͻͶ•ଷ ൅ ͶǤͷͳ ൈ ͳͲହ •ଶ ൅ ͸Ǥͺͳ͵ ൈ ͳͲଵଵ • ൅ ͳǤͲͺ͸ ൈ ͳͲଷ଻ ሻ
݀‫ݐ‬ ൌ ‫ܭ‬௦ ሺʹͶሻ
ܸ݀௖௥ ܸ݀௖௦ ሺʹǤͶͷ ൈ ͳͲ଻ ‫ ݏ‬ହ ൅ ͳǤʹͶ ൈ ͳͲଵଶ •ସ ൅ ʹǤͺ ൈ ͳͲସ଴ •ଷ
ൌ൬ െ ߱௦ ܸ஼஼ ൰ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ଶଷ ଶ ଶ଼
൅ͻǤ͹ʹ ൈ ͳͲ • ൅ ͳǤͻ ൈ ͳͲ • ൅ ͶǤͷ ൈ ͳͲ ሻ ଷଶ
݀‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬
ܸ݀௖௦
൅൬ ൅ ߱௦ ܸ௖௦ ൰ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻሺͳ͸ሻ
݀‫ݐ‬
The state variables of the generalized state space averaging Where Ks is a function of duty cycle defined by:
are: ILr(0) , ILs which represents the resonant current, Vcc,
Vcs which represents the resonant voltage, and Vo which is ͳͷ͹‫ܦ‬
‫ܭ‬௦ ൌ ͲǤͲͲͶ …‘• ൬ ൰ሺʹͷሻ
the output voltage [9]. Under the CCM the nonlinear state ͳͲͲ
equations of the SRC are given by:
4 Simulation results
݀‫ܫ‬௅௥
‫ܮ‬௥ ൅ ܸ௖௥ ൅ ‫݊݃ݏ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሻܸ௢ ൌ ܸ஺஻ ሺͳ͹ሻ In order to confirm the validity of our series resonant DC DC
݀‫ݐ‬
ܸ݀௖௥ converter design consideration, the converter circuit as
‫ܥ‬௥ ൌ ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͳͺሻ proposed in Figure 1 was created and simulated using
݀‫ݐ‬
ܸ݀௢ ܸ௙ MATLAB_SIMULINK. The parameters that we used for the
‫ܥ‬௙ ൅ ൌ ȁ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ȁሺͳͻሻ simulation are listed in the following table.
݀‫ܴ ݐ‬௅

By applying Fourier series expansion and reasonable base Vin Cr Lr Zo Ȧr Cf F Rload

wave approximation for the various relevant amount [10] [11]. 72 35 100 53.4Ÿ 534522 4 1.057 13.36 Ÿ
We have easily obtained the approximation results: nf μH rad/s μf
Ͷ ߨ
ܸ஺஻ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ •‹ ቀ ‫ܦ‬ቁ ܸ௜௡ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻሺʹͲሻ
ߨ ʹ Table 1: The simulated SRC parameters.
Ͷ ‫ܫ‬௅௦ Ͷ ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ
‫݊݃ݏ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሻܸ௢ ൌ ܸ௢ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ܸ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺ߱଴ ‫ݐ‬ሻሺʹͳሻ
ߨ ‫ܫ‬௣ ߨ ‫ܫ‬௣ ௢ 4.1 Simulation of steady state
ʹ
ȁ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ȁ ൌ ‫ܫ‬௣ ǡ ‫ܫ‬௣ ൌ ට‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻଶ ൅‫ܫ‬௅௦ ଶ ሺʹʹሻ
ߨ The switches of the full bridge inverter worked alternately,
whereas, S1 and S3 were triggered simultaneously by 50%
With the small-signal modulation normalized frequency duty cycle. For the first half cycle, from t=0 to t= Ts/2. Then,
slightly higher than 1. and by substituting the dynamic the other two switches, which were S2, S4, were trigged for
behaviour of varying terms equations and the equations of the the second half cycle to produce a square wave of voltage to
approximation results into the nonlinear state equations of the feed the resonant tank, Figure 3 describes this square voltage
series resonant converter, we get the 5th order equations of the VAB .
state variables:

݀‫ܫ‬௅௦ Ͷ ‫ܫ‬௅௦ Ͷ ߨ
‫ܮۓ‬௥ ൌ ‫ܮ‬௥ ߱௦ ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ െ ܸ௖௦ െ ܸ௢ ൅ •‹ ቀ ‫ܦ‬ቁ ܸ௜௡
ۖ ݀‫ݐ‬ ߨ ‫ܫ‬௣ ߨ ʹ
ۖ ݀‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ Ͷ ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ
ۖ ‫ܮ‬௥ ൌ ‫ܮ‬௥ ߱௦ ‫ܫ‬௅௦ െ ܸ௖௖ െ ܸ
ۖ ݀‫ݐ‬ ߨ ‫ܫ‬௣ ௢
ܸ݀௖௦ ሺʹ͵ሻ
‫ܥ‬௥ ൌ  ‫ܥ‬௥ ߱௦ ܸ௖௖ ൅  ‫ܫ‬௅௦
‫۔‬ ݀‫ݐ‬
ۖ ܸ݀௖௖
ۖ ‫ܥ‬௥ ൌ െ‫ܥ‬௥ ߱௦ ܸ௖௦ ൅  ‫ܫ‬௅௥ ሺͲሻ
ۖ ݀‫ݐ‬
ۖ ܸ݀௢ ʹ ܸ௙
‫ܥ‬௙ ൌ  ‫ܫ‬௣ െ
‫ە‬ ݀‫ݐ‬ ߨ ܴ௅
Fig. 3. The inverter output voltage square wave.
As it is been noticed from the equation (23) the duty ratio is
the only linearized variable to the output voltage. While, the
According to the theoretical analysis and the equations
calculations of the steady state, at the 0.5 duty cycle the
approximated output voltage is 62 V, as it is shown in figure6.
The values of the inductor current and the capacitance voltage
can be calculated with their formulas which we have
mentioned above. While, the Figures 4, and 5 describe the
waveforms of the state variables for the resonant tank
respectively.
From the transfer function (24)and(25), the changes of the
system performance is analyzed for different duty cycle values
The Figure7 shows bode diagram of the open loop system for
different duty cycle. Where, the Figure8 shows the static
stability of the output voltage waveform in the open-loop
system

Fig. 4. The waveform of the resonant current (Ilr)..

Fig. 5. The waveform of the resonant voltage (Vcr).

Fig. 7. The open loop system BODE diagrammode (top), at D=0.2 (middle),
and at D=0.8 (bottom).

Fig. 6. The filtered output voltage (Vo).

4.2 Simulation of open and close loop systems

Based on the analysis and the simulation of the transfer

function of the series resonant converter, the frequency
characteristics show that, at low frequency band the curve is a
horizontal, while, at the middle of the frequency band the
curve crosses 0dB by slope of 20dB/dec. Besides that, at the
highest frequency band the curve slopes by -40dB/dec. which
means it could be an equivalent to the system that consists of Fig.8. The open loop system output voltage waveform.
first and second order link.
The closed loop system can be measured by the concept of the
frequency band consideration. Where, the gain at low
frequency has to be high to reduce the error in the steady state.
Moreover, at the middle of the frequency band should be long
and it should also behave in the same manner with the open
loop by sloping of -20 db to cross the 0 dB. And the slope of
the high frequency band should be close to -40dB to enhance
the performance. The approximated bode diagram of the close
loop is shown in the Figure 9, where, this diagram could be
used o obtain first order transfer function in order to regulate
the output voltage.
Fig. 9. The closed loop system BODE diagrame .
5 Conclusion
This paper proposes a generalized state space averaging
modelling instead of using the small ripple hypothesis to
obtain the small signal modelling for the resonant converter.
As well, this work also covered the investigation of both the
steady state analysis and the generalized state space averaging
modelling effectively for the series resonant converter worked
under zero voltage switching conditions.
he results proved the validity of the selected converter
parameters and illustrated the match between the theoretical
calculation and the steady state waveforms of the open loop
system. The close loop system of the calculated transfer
function could make the needs of the control possible. From
the simulation results and the mathematical calculation, we
can safely conclude that the generalized state space averaging
is compatible with for the resonant converters.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express gratitude to the Ministry of
Education (MOE) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
for providing the financial support which complies under
Research University Grant (RUG)Q.J.130000.2523.03H40 We
would also like to thank the Research Management Centre
(RMC) for their support and cooperation during the research.
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