255
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8,No. 1, January 1993
Investigation of Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers
Part I1
C. E. Lin* C. L. Cheng
Senior Member
* Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Department of Electrical Engineering
Cheng Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan, China
ABSTRACT -- Magnetizing inrush current generating from
transformers is successfully achieved by the proposed
simulation technique. It obtains accurate solutions
for various load types under different operating
conditions. In this paper, the simulation data are
further used for harmonics analysis. The proposed
simulation results are compared with the experiment
results with very good agreement. The relationship of
harmonics to all parameters is discussed. The results
establish a guideline for harmonic elimination due to
inrush current, and offer an important reference for
system design.
Keywords: Inrush Current, Harmonic Analysis,
Fourier Transformation, Real Time Measurement.
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents a systematical discussion for
harmonic analysis due to magnetizing inrush current in
single-phase transformers.
Through known methods of investigating inrush
currents in transformers, harmonic analysis was not a
major concern in its applications. Due to serious
influence of harmonics on power system operation,
harmonic generation has been realized as an important
issue at present. Solid-state power electronics
devices are known to be strong sources of generating
harmonics under steady-state conditions. However,
during switching and fault transients, harmonics
generating from power transformers become an annoying
source that cause false-tripping of protection relays.
Overvoltage [1-3] resulting from inrush current causes
another serious damage to power devices.
There are several known methods 13-71 of deriving
the numerical simulation of inrush current. The main
drawback to these methods is their mathematical
complexity and the difficulty in obtaining parameters.
And these methods can not accurately cover all loading
conditions, they are only suitable for some
particular cases of power system operations.
92 WM 246-9 PWRD A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Transformers Committee o f the IEEE Power
Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES
1992 Winter Meeting, New York, New York, January 26-
30, 1992. Manuscript submitted July 30, 1991;
made available for printing November 20, 1991.
0885-8977/92/$3.0001993 IEEE
- Harmonic Analysis
C. L. Huang J. C. Yeh
Member
This paper presents a simulation technique for
obtaining magnetizing inrush current in single-phase
transformers as in part I of the paper. The obtained
inrush current data are used for harmonic analysis.
Since the proposed technique is very simple and
straightforward, simulation conditions can be
repeatedly tested. The analysis is therefore divided
into details for each particular condition of
operation.
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to
analyze the frequency spectrum and harmonic contents
of inrush current.
In a practical power system, reclosure of a
Fast transformer take5 place more often than energizing
a transformer. Therefore, harmonic analysis of inrush
current, under various loading conditions is also
included. Various loading conditions including, no
load, resistive load, inductive load and capacitive
load, can all be simulated. Different levels of
remanent flux in the core and the switching-on angles
are also considered. Harmonic analysis of inrush
current related to the effects of the load power
factor is also accounted for.
2. METHOD
From the previous part of this investigation on
magnetizing inrush current in single-phase
transformers. it's shown that the proposed simulation
method can accurately obtain the magnetizing inrush
current under different loading conditions. The
inrush current data are stored in a PC-AT disc. These
data can repeatedly be used for analysis.
The inrush current can cause false-tripping in
protective relaying, and produce overvoltage from
harmonic resonance. For protective relaying, it is
difficult to distinguish the difference between fault
currents from inrush currents in the time domain.
Therefore, harmonic analysis of inrush current in
frequency domain analysis makes an important step into
this field of research. However, since inrush current
is a transient phenomenon, the method to take a data
window for harmonic analysis is worth consideration.
Methods for inrush current harmonic analysis
counting by cycles, or lasting for the first few
cycles are chosen. The required time to tell fault
currents from inrush currents is a dominant factor in
computer relaying technique. Of course, the least
amount of time required is desirable. Since inrush
current is decaying, the energy of each cycle is
decreasing. Spectrum variation between the first few
cycles to a few more cycles obviously can't been
identified. Each cycle of inrush current is taken
into account correspondingly in analysis. It ensures
finding obvious spectrum variation from cycle to
cycle. The function of inrush current within the c-th
cycle with respect to time can be written as:
 3. EXAMPLE

where A 3KVA. 7600V / 130V / 130V single-phase

il : inrush current, transformer is used for on-line measurements of inrush
i - inrush current within the c-th cycle, current. Under different loading conditions, inrush
clc c-th cycle, current can be simulated from the proposed technique.
T1 : period of power source, The disc data f o r various cases of simulation are
t : time from switching-on. recorded. With the FFT. the frequency spectrum can be
studied with relationship to all simulation
When i (t) is shifted (c-l)T1 intervals conditions. These simulation results were examined in
leftward, anplet t = t-(c-l)T1, the function of the our laboratory. The correctness and accuracy were
c-th cycle shifted with respect to time can be written proved.
as:

i'lc(tl) = i1 [t1 +(c-l)T1], for 0 6 tl < T1.

Assuming that the number of samples in each cycle is

N. a sequence of discrete data of the c-th cycle can 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
be written as [ (i'4c)k 1, k = 0, 1. N-1. The ..., 4.1 No-Load Condition
Discrete Fourier ransform (DFT) of [ (i'1c)k at
frequency w = (2n/T1)*r is defined as:
When a transformer is energized when the
(Ilc)r =
N-1
kiO (i'lc)k*e
- jrk2* /N transformer secondary is open circuited, the initial
magnetizing inrush current has a close relationship to
remanent flux, 4 .
The remanent flux linkage
Ar'
for r = 0, 1, ...,
N-1. Substituting r = 0 into Eq. corresponding to ,$:
later discussion.
will be used as a parameter in a
1, (I ) can be obtained. Its absolute value,
I (I )'$,Orepresents the magnitude of DC component. r
= i:'2*1(I ) I
is the magnitude of fundamental
(i) A = 0 Wb.turns
contents anaCf I ! ) is its phase angle. Similarly,
the magnitude anacpiase angle of 2nd. 3rd.
harmonics can be obtained by substituting different
etc. ..., An experiment is carried out when the remanent
values of r into Eq. 1. To save computation time, the flux linkage A = 0 Wb-turns. The comparison between
number of sampling points of each cycle is set to a the experimenf data and the simulation data for peak
power of 2 and the Fast Fourier Transform (FET) values within 10 cycles is shown in Table 1.
algorithm is used to calculate the harmonic contents. Comparison of the currents from experiments (E+) and
The FFT is used to analyze the frequency contents from simulations (S*) is achieved with good agreement.
of the simulated inrush current. The variation of the The difference in each cycle is less than 5%.
harmonics and their phase with respect to time, When inrush current is simulated, the spectrum
switching-on angle and various loading conditions are analysis can be obtained using the FFT algorithm.
obtained. The results are very useful for designing a Table 2 shows the harmonic contents contained in the
suitable transformer protective relaying and first cycle of inrush current. It is carried out
eliminating the harmonics of inrush current by independently one cycle after another, as previously
controlling the switching-on angle, loads and loading described. It can be found that the harmonic contents
power factors. Overvoltage resulting from harmonic are rich in M: component, and the second and the
resonance can be avoided by eliminating the harmonics third harmonic. Fig. 1 shows the percentage of
due to inrush current. harmonic contents up to the fifth harmonic over ten

a Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(A)
0 0 S* 40.0 8.9 5.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3..7 3.6 3.6
E+ 40.3 9.2 6.0 4.8 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6

0 0.1951 S* 55.3 9.1 5.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6
0.3902 S* 65.4 9.1 5.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6
-0.1951 s* 21.0 8.0 5.5 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6
-0.3902 s* 6.7 5.0 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

30 0 S* 35.3 8.9 5.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6
E+ 35.8 9.1 5.9 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6

60 0 S* 18.8 7.8 5.4 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6
E+ 19.2 8.0 5.5 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6

90 0 s* 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
E+ 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

120 0 S* -14.7 -7.1 -5.2 -4.4 -4.1 -3.8 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.6
150 s* -33.0 -8.8 -5.7 -4-6 -4.2 -3.9 -3.8 -3.7 -3.6 -3.6

Table 1. Comparison of inrush currents (A) for various remanent flux

and switching-on angle conditions. s * : simulation results,.
E+: experiment results.
 257

Comoonent Magnetizing inrush current ( 8 )

(Harmonics)

0 0 0 30 60 90 120 150
0 0.1951 0.3902 -0.1951 -0.3902 0 0 0 0 0

58.0 61.6 52.0 30.3 54.1 49.7 6.2 51.6 55.2

58.3 50.1 62.7 39.7 62.9 60.2 7.5 66.1 66.7
27.5 19.1 37.2 35-4 34.8 37.0 39.1 38.3 36.4
12.8 9.7 15.7 9.4 16.4 15.8 1.6 15.7 16.7
6.3 5.6 8.1 7.6 7.3 6.9 7.5 6.1 8.1
3.7 2.6 2.3 0.7 4.0 2.9 0 . 4 2.3 3.9
1.8 2.3 1.5 2.0 0.9 2.2 1.2 0.3 0.7 2.2
8th 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.0
0.8 0.4 0.2 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.7

Table 2. Comparison of harmonic analysis under no-load, various remanent

flux and switching-on angle conditions. All harmonics are shown
in percentage to the fundamental current for the first cycle.

Condition:
a =O',
Condition:
a =o".
X = O Wb.turns.
r
w

.
rl
H

H
C

Cycle Number

-180 1
Cycle Number
Figure 1. Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 2. Phase shift of harmonic contents as
harmonics as function of time. function of time.

tth
Condition:
a =O',
IE0 t\ Condition:
a =O',
=0.1951 Wb.turns.
r
X =0.1951 Wb.turns.

& 60

.
H
rl

Hc 40

20

0
1 3 5 7 9 -1801
Cycle Number
Figure 3. Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 4. Phase shift of harmonic contents as
harmonics as function of time. function of time.
258
cycles. I t c a n be found t h a t t h e second harmonic term harmonic c o n t e n t s up t o t h e f i f t h harmonic o v e r t e n
is l a r g e r t h a n t h e DC component i n t h e f i r s t c y c l e , cycles. The second harmonic i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e DC
b u t d e c a y s more r a p i d l y t h a n t h e Dc component. Fig. 2 component i n t h e f i r s t c y c l e , b u t decays more r a p i d l y
shows t h e p h a s e s h i f t of harmonic c o n t e n t s up t o t h e t h a n t h e DC component. Fig. 6 shows t h e phase s h i f t
f i f t h harmonic over t e n c y c l e s . I t c a n be found t h a t of harmonic c o n t e n t s up t o t h e f i f t h harmonic over
t h e phase s h i f t v a r i a t i o n of even harmonics converges ten cycles. The phase s h i f t v a r i a t i o n of even
t o 0 degree. But, t h e p h a s e s h i f t v a r i a t i o n of the harmonics converges toward 0 d e g r e e , b u t t h e phase
odd harmonics s t a y s between -140 and -180 d e g r e e s i n a s h i f t v a r i a t i o n of t h e odd harmonics s t a y s between -
steady-state condition. 140 and -180 d e g r e e s under a s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n .

( i i ) .X r = 0.1951 Wb.turns ( i i ) R = 26 Ohms

When t h e remanent f l u x l i n k a g e is X =0.1951 When t h e r e s i s t i v e l o a d i s R = 26 Ohms, t h e

Wb.turns, a t 0.4A t h e s i m u l a t e d i n r u s h c u r g e n t is comparison of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e s u l t s and the
shown i n T a b l e m?T' Comparing t h e r e s u l t s under s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s of i n r u s h c u r r e n t s a r e shown i n
d i f f e r e n t remanent f l u x l i n k a g e A = 0 , 0.1951, ..., - T a b l e 3. Comparing t h e r e s u l t s under r e s i s t i v e l o a d s
0.3902 Wb. t u r n s , t h e i n r u s h c u r r e n f v a r i e s s e n s i t i v e l y of R = 26 and 43.3 Ohms t o open c i r c u i t , t h e inrush
2
t o t h e remanent f l u x . For l a r g e r p o s i t i v e remanent c u r r e n t v a r i e s s e n s i t i v e l y t o l o a d changes. For
flux, t h e remanent f l u x i s added t o t h e main f l u x . l a r g e r s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t , t h e main f l u x i s i n t e r a c t e d
Therefore. c o r e s a t u r a t i o n becomes more s e v e r e and by t h e r e v e r s e l i n k a g e f l u x , and v a n i s h e s . Therefore,
r e s u l t s i n a l a r g e r i n r u s h c u r r e n t : and v i c e v e r s a under heavy l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s , i.e., with small
within c e r t a i n l i m i t . r e s i s t i v e l o a d s a c r o s s t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y , t h e peak
Comparing t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s under X =O i n r u s h c u r r e n t is smaller: and v i c e v e r s a w i t h i n
Wb.turns, switching-on angle a=O, 30, ..., 550 certain l i m i t s . Comparing t h e r e s u l t s under R = 2 6
degrees, the inrush c u r r e n t is decreasing as Ohms, switching-on a n g l e a =0, 30, ... , 150 d e z r e e s ,
switching-on a n g l e i s i n c r e a s i n g . However, when a t h e i n r u s h c u r r e n t d e c r e a s e s a s switching-on a n g l e a
i s g r e a t e r t h a n 90 d e g r e e s , t h e n e g a t i v e i n r u s h increases. However, when a i s more t h a n 90
c u r r e n t is i n c r e a s e d . For l a r g e r a, b u t less t h a n 90 degrees, the negative inrush current increases. For
d e g r e e s , f l u x s a t u r a t i o n i n c o r e is n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , larger a, b u t less t h a n 90 d e g r e e s , f l u x s a t u r a t i o n
i n r u s h c u r r e n t is decreased. i n c o r e i s less s e v e r e , so i n r u s h c u r r e n t d e c r e a s e s .
The harmonic c o n t e n t s up t o t h e n i n t h , c o n t a i n e d The harmonic c o n t e n t s up t o t h e n i n t h , contained
i n t h e f i r s t c y c l e of i n r u s h c u r r e n t , are shown i n i n t h e f i r s t c y c l e of i n r u s h c u r r e n t , a r e shown i n
T a b l e 2. A comparison of t h e remanent f l u x linkage T a b l e 4. Comparing t h e r e s u l t s under different
A =0.3902 and 0.1951 Wb.turns t o z e r o remanent f l u x r e s i s t i v e l o a d s of R = 2 6 and 43.3 Ohms t o open
l r n k a g e c o n d i t i o n is made. The l a r g e r p o s i t i v e c i r c u i t , t h e h e a v i e r l o z d r e s u l t s i n s m a l l e r harmonic
remanent f l u x l i n k a g e r e s u l t s i n smaller harmonic components. Comparing t h e r e s u l t s under c o n d i t i o n s of
c o n t e n t s e x c e p t DC component. Comparing t h e r e s u l t s R = 26 Ohms, pf=l.O, a = 0 , 30, 60 and 90 d e g r e e s , t h e
under t h e remanent f l u x l i n k a g e A =O Wb.turns, with hzrmonics decreases as switching-on angle a
v a r y i n g switching-on a n g l e s a 50, 30, 60 and 90 increases. Fig. 7 shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e of harmonic
d e g r e e s , t h e harmonic c o n t e n t s a r e d e c r e a s i n g a s c o n t e n t s up t o t h e f i f t h harmonic o v e r t e n c y c l e s .
switching-on angle a is i n c r e a s i n g , except t h e 3rd Fig. 8 shows t h e p h a s e s h i f t of harmonic c o n t e n t s up
harmonic. Fig. 3 shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e harmonic t o t h e f i f t h harmonic o v e r t e n c y c l e s . Phase s h i f t
c o n t e n t s up t o t h e f i f t h harmonic o v e r t e n ' c y c l e s . v a r i a t i o n of t h e fundamental component is l a r g e r t h a n
Fig. 4 shows t h e p h a s e s h i f t of harmonic c o n t e n t s up t h o s e i n F i g . 6.
t o t h e f i f t h harmonic o v e r t e n c y c l e s . The p h a s e
s h i f t v a r i a t i o n of fundamental component i s l a r g e r
t h a n t h o s e i n Fig. 2.
4.3 I n d u c t i v e Load C o n d i t i o n

When a transformer is reclosed under the

4.2 R e s i s t i v e Load C o n d i t i o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t i t s secondary i s connected t o i n d u c t i v e
load condition, t h e i n i t i a l magnetizing c u r r e n t i s
When a t r a n s f o r m e r i s r e c l o s e d so t h a t its more s e v e r e and h a s c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e l o a d
secondary i s connected t o a r e s i s t i v e l o a d , t h e power f a c t o r .
initial magnetizing i n r u s h c u r r e n t has a close
r e l a t i o n t o the resistance value. The f o l l o w i n g
e x p e r i m e n t s and s i m u l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t when t h e ( i ) 2 = 26 Ohms i n p f = 0.8 l a g g i n g
2
t r a n s f o r m e r secondary was connected t o different
r e s i s t i v e loads. The experiment was c a r r i e d o u t under the
i n d u c t i v e l o a d of pf = 0.8 l a g g i n g . The comparison
between t h e experiment d a t a and t h e s i m u l a t i o n d a t a on
( i ) R2 = 43.3 Ohms peak v a l u e s w i t h i n 10 c y c l e s i s shown i n Table 3. It
h a s good agreement by comparison of t h e experiment
The experiment was c a r r i e d o u t when t h e r e s i s t i v e data t o t h e simulation data.
l o a d R2 = 43.3 Ohms. The comparison between t h e Under t h i s t e s t c o n d i t i o n t h e harmonic c o n t e n t s
experiment d a t a and t h e s i m u l a t i o n d a t a f o r peak up t o t h e n i n t h , c o n t a i n e d i n t h e f i r s t c y c l e of
v a l u e s w i t h i n 10 c y c l e s i s shown i n T a b l e 3. Good i n r u s h c u r r e n t , a r e shown i n T a b l e 4 . The harmonic
agreement r e s u l t e d w i t h a d i f f e r e n c e less t h a n 5 c o n t e n t s a r e a l s o r i c h i n DC component, t h e second and
percent. t h e t h i r d harmonics. Fig. 9 shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e of
T a b l e 4 shows t h e harmonic c o n t e n t s c o n t a i n e d i n harmonic c o n t e n t s up t o t h e f i f t h harmonic o v e r t e n
t h e f i r s t c y c l e of i n r u s h c u r r e n t . The harmonic cycles. A s a r e s u l t , t h e second harmonic i s larger
c o n t e n t s a r e r i c h i n DC component, t h e second and t h a n t h e DC component i n t h e f i r s t c y c l e , b u t decays
t h e t h i r d harmonics. Fig. 5 shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e of more r a p i d l y t h a n t h e DC component. Fig. 10 shows t h e
 259

z2 a pf yclel 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
A)
- 0 s* 40.0 8.9 5.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3 . 7 3.6 3.6

13.3 0 1 s* 35.4 9.4 6.2 5.2 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
E+ 35.1 10.0 6.4 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4

26 0 1 s* 32.6 10.0 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9
E+ 32.8 10.6 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9

26 0 0.9 s* 34.4 12.5 9.3 8.3 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3
E+ 33.2 13.0 9.7 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3

26 0 0.8 s* 35.2 13.6 10.2 9.1 8.5 8.1 7.9 7.8 7 . 7 7

E+ 34.1 14.3 10.7 9.4 8.8 8.5 8.1 7.8 1.1 7.7

26 0 0.7 S* 35.7 14.4 10.9 9.7 9.1 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.2
0.6 s* 36.2 15.4 11.8 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.2 9.0 8.9 8.9
~ ~~

26 0 -0.9 s* 33.0 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7
E+ 32.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9

26 0 -0.8 s* 33.3 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.1 6.7
E+ 33.9 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9

26 0 -0.7 S* 33.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6
-0.6 S* 34.4 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5

26 30 1 s* 27.5 9.8 7.1 6.9, 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9
60 S* 14.0 8.1 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8
90 s* 7.5 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
120 S* -11.2 -7.5 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9
150 S* -25.6 -9.6 -7.1 -6.9 -6-9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9 -6.9

26 30 0.8 S* 30.5 13.3 10.1 9.0 8.5 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.7
60 S* 17.1 11.2 9.5 8.7 8.3 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.7
90 S* 7.1 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6
120 S* -14.4 -10.5 -9.2 -8.6 -8.2 -8.0 -7.8 -7.7 -1.7 -7.7
150 S* -28.6 -13.1 -10.0 -9.0 -8.5 -8.1 -7.9 -7.8 -7.7 -7.7

Table 3. Comparison of inrush currents ( A ) under A r = 0 Wb.turns, for

various load, power factor and switching-on angle conditions,
s*: simulation results, E+: experiment results.

Component I Magnetizing inrush current ( % )

I
Harm(

43.3 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
z2
ct 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 30 60 90 120 ;:1
Pf 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 1 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
-
DC 55.6 47.0 40.8 37.4 36.7 36.4 36.4 46.3 49.9 53.4 56.9 38.6 26.3 2.0 21.5 37.3 32.3 19.5 4.5 25.9 35.9
2nd 63.0 52.4 45.0 42.0 40.9 39.7 38.0 54.5 59.7 64.6 69.5 43.1 30.0 2.0 27.2 43.8 38.4 30.3 9.5 32.9 45.0
3rd 34.3 27.8 23.4 22.9 23.3 23.6 23.9 26.8 28.9 31.2 33.5 22.8 17.4 7.8 14.8 23.0 20.9 16.8 15.0 15.8 18.9
4th 15.3 12.1 9.9 8.5 7.8 7.4 7.0 13.5 15.5 17.3 19.2 9.1 6.9 0.9 5.8 9.8 9.1 4.6 5.2 5.7 11.6
5th 7.4 5.6 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.8 3.9 2.5 1.7 2.0 4.4 3.5 3.1 2.5 6.3 3.5
6th 4.3 3.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.3 2.0 0.9 0.3 1.0 1..8 1.8 2.3 3.5 2.8 3.4
7th 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.6 2.3 3.1 3.6 4.2 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.2 3.3 3.3 1.9
8th 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.0 2.8 3.1 1.9
9th 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.6 2.4 2.1 1.4
-
Table 4. Comparison of harmonic analysis under A r = 0 wb.tUrnS, various load, power factor and switching-on angle
conditions. A l l harmonics are shown in percentage to the fundamental current for the first cycle.
260

180 -
Condition:
Condition:
a -0'. U =O'
Ar=O Wb.turns,
= O Wb.turns,
R2=43.3 Ohms.
R i = 4 3 . 3 Ohms.
60

, ,
5
, ,
7
, ,
9
,
Cycle Number
20

0
1 3 5 7 9
-180 *
Cycle Number
Figure 5. Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 6 . Phase shift of harmonic contents as
harmonics as function of time. function of time.

100

Condition:
80 Condition:
a = O D ,

A =O Wb.turns, a =O",
Rr=26 Ohms. A -0 Wb.turns,
60 2 Ri=26 Ohms.

.
OP

4
H
'C d n b
40

+A Cycle Number
20

0
1 3 5 7 9
Cycle Number

Figure 7 . Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 8. Phase shift of harmonic.contents as

harmonics as function of time. function of time.

Condition:
180 - Condition:
a =oo, a -00,
i r = O Wb. turns, A r = O Wb.turns,
pf=0.8 lagging, pf=0.8 lagging,
Z2=26 Ohms. Z2=26 Ohms.
H
\C
--
$ 0 " : : ; : : : ; ; 4
5 1 t h 3 5 7 9

L g o b
Cycle Number
20

0
1 3 5 7
Cycle Number -180

Figure 9. Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 10. Phase shift of harmonic contents as
harmonics as function of time. function of time.
 26 1

180 -
Condition: Condition:
a =O", a =on,
A = O Wb.turns, A,=O Wb.turns,
pf=O.9 lagging, pf=0.9 lagging,
Z2=26 Ohms. Z2=26 Ohms.

.H --
: : : : : : i
5 7

Cycle Number

Cycle Number -1801

Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 12. Phase shift of harmonic contents as
Figure 11.
function of time.
harmonics as function of time.

Condition:
180 - Condition:
80 a =O",
A = O Wb.turn.5. X = O Wb.turns,
pf=0.8 leading, pf=0.8 leading
* 60 Z2=26 Ohms.

.
H

H
rl

C
4
40
5 7 9
Cycle Number
20

0
1 3 5 7 9
Cycle Number -180 A

Figure 13. Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 14. Phase shift of harmonic contents as
harmonics as function of time. function of time.

180 T
Condition: 4 th Condition:
a =o', a =O',
hr=O Wb.turns, Ar=O Wb.turns,
pf=0.9 leading, pf=0.9 leading,
Z2=26 Ohms.
Z2=26 Ohms.

20

0
1 3 5
Cycle Number
7 9
i -gobk
-180 I
: :
5
Cycle Number
: :
7
: :
9
I

Figure 15. Percentage harmonic contents up to fifth Figure 16. Phase shift of harmonic contents as
harmonics as function of time. function of time.
262
phase shift of harmonic contents up to the fifth
harmonic over ten cycles. The phase shift variation
of even harmonics is toward 0 degree, but the phase
shift variation of the odd harmonics is between -
140 and -180 degrees in a steady-state condition.
(ii) Z2= 26 Ohms in pf= 0.9 lagging
Under the inductive load pf=O.9 .lagging, the
comparison of the experiment data and then simulation
data for inrush currents is shown in Table 3.
Comparing the results under conditions of Z = 26 Ohms,
pf=l, 0.9, ..., 0.6 lagging,
2
the inrush current
varies sensitively to power factor changes. For a
larger power factor, the main flux is interacted with
the real part of the reverse linkage flux, and
vanishes. Therefore, under a larger power factor
conditions, the peak inrush current is smaller: and
vice versa within certain limits. Comparing the
results under Z = 26 Ohms for pf= 0.8, a =0, 30, ...,
150 degrees, the inrush current decreases as
switching-on angle a increases. However, when a is
more than 90 degrees, the negative inrush current
increases. For larger switching-on angle a , but less
than 90 degrees, flux saturation in core is less
severe, so inrush current decreases.
Under Z = 26 Ohms for pf= 0.9 lagging, Table 4
2
lists the harmonic contents up to the ninth, contained
in the first cycle of inrush current. Comparing the
results under pf= 1, 0.9, ..., 0.6 lagging, and under
lower power factor condition, the low order harmonics
contents (DC, 2nd, 4th) are smaller, but the high
order harmonics contents (8th. 9th) are larger.
Comparing the results under conditions of pf=0.8,
a =0, 30, 60, 90 degrees, the low order harmonics
contents (DC, 2nd. 3rd) decrease as switching-on angle
increase. Fig. 11 shows the percentage of harmonic
contents up to the fifth harmonic over ten cycles.
Fig. 12 shows the phase shift of harmonic contents up
to the fifth harmonic over ten cycles. The phase
shift variation of fundamental Component is larger
than the ones which occurred in Fig. 10.
4.4 Capacitive toad Condition
Under capacitive load condition, the inrush
current also has a close relationship with load power
factors.
(i) Z = 26 Ohms in pf= -0.8 leading
2
The experiment was carried out under the
capacitive load of pf = -0.8 leading. The comparison
between the experiment data and the simulation data on
peak values within 10 cycles is listed in Table 3.
They are in good agreement.
Under pf= -0.8 leading, Table 4 lists the
harmonic contents up to the ninth, contained in the
first cycle of inrush current. The harmonic contents
are rich in DC component, and the second and the third
harmonics. Fig. 13 shows the percentage of harmonic
contents up to the fifth harmonic over ten cycles.
The second harmonic is larger than the DC component in
the first cycle, but decays more rapidly than the DC
component. Fig. 14 shows the phase shift of harmonic
contents up to the fifth harmonic over ten cycles.
The phase shift variation of even harmonics leans
toward 0 degrees, but the phase shift variation of
the odd harmonics is between -140 and -180 degrees in
a steady-state condition.
(ii) Z = 26 Ohms in pf= -0.9 leading
2
Under the capacitive load of pf= -0.9 leading
condition, the comparison of the experiment data and
the simulation data for inrush currents is shown in
Table 3 . Comparing the results for conditions of pf=
1, -0.9. ..., -0.6, the inrush current varies
sensitively to power factor changes.
Under Z = 26 Ohms in pf= -0.9. Table 4 lists the
harmonic coitents up to the ninth, contained in the
first cycle of inrush current. Comparing the results
for conditions of pf= 1, -0.9, ...,-0.6, the
harmonics increases as the power factor decreases.
Fig. 15 shows the percentage of harmonic contents up
to the fifth harmonic over ten cycles. Fig. 16 shows
the phase shift of harmonic contents up to the fifth
harmonic over ten cycles. The phase shift variation
of fundamental component is lower than the ones which
occurred in Fig. 14.
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Harmonic analysis of applying FFT with the
proposed simulation technique is investigated. The
harmonic characteristics in the inrush current are
analyzed and studied in detail. Under no-load and
various loading conditions, the variation of harmonic
contents and their phase shift with respect to time is
described by various diagrams and tables.
From obtained results, it can be found that
harmonic contents are rich in DC component, and the
second and the third harmonics. Under no-load,
resistive, inductive and capacitive load, the second
harmonic is always larger than the DC component in the
first cycle, but decays more rapidly than the DC
component. Other conclusions are further summarized .
in the following paragraph.
(1) no-load condition: The larger the remanent
flux, the further the harmonics contents, except DC
component, which decreases. The larger the switching-
on angle is, the further the harmonics contents,
except 3rd harmonic decreases. The larger the
remanent flux is, the longer exists the phase shift
variation of fundamental component.
( 2 ) resistive loads: The heavier the load
condition, the further the harmonics contents
decreases. The larger the switching-on angle, the
further the harmonics contents decreases. The heavier
the load condition, the longer the phase shift
variation of fundamental component occurs.
(3) inductive loads: The higher the power factor
the further the low order harmonics contents
increases, but the high order harmonics contents will
decrease. The larger the switching-on angle, the
further the low order harmonics contents will
decrease. The higher the power factor, the longer
the phase shift variation of fundamental component
will exist.
(4) capacitive loads: The higher the power
factor, the further the harmonics contents will
decrease. The larger the switching-on angle, the
further the harmonics contents will decrease. The
higher the power factor, the shorter time the phase
shift variation of fundamental component is observed.
For security reasons, it is necessary to estimate
whether the overvoltage resulting from harmonic
resonance of inrush current can happen in a power
system or not. If the probability of harmonic
resonance exists, how can it be avoided ? According
to the above results, the technique of increasing both
load and switching-on angle should be adopted for
avoiding overvoltage effectively.
From the analysis and results, harmonics due to
 263
inrush currents can be accurately simulated. Each Chin E. Lin (M'84 SM'90) - Dr. Lin was born on
component that causes effects on protective relays can November 15, 1952, at Chang-Hua, Taiwan. He graduated
also be simulated. This is valuable for applications from Cheng Kung University for BSEE and MSEE in 1975
to the design of transformer protective relaying. The and 1977 respectively. He received Doctor of
most suitable protective relay of a transformer should Engineering from Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, in
trip the fault current as soon as possible, and should December 1983. He was with
avoid false-tripping by inrush current. The Department of Electrical
difference of inrush current and fault should be Engineering, Cheng Kung
investigated in terms of harmonic content and University in 1984-1986, after
variation of phase shift. Observing the diagrams and then he is with Institute of
tables, inrush current did contain rich harmonic Aeronautics and Astronautics,
contents. The relationship of harmonic contents can Cheng Kung University. His
be applied to design a suitable protective relaying. malor interests are control in
Consequently, more detailed knowledge is received energy system applications,
in this investigation. Based on the above pulse power system, aircraft
characteristics, the main harmonics can be eliminated control systems, telemetry
by changing loading conditions, switching-on angles systems.
and power factors. Overvoltage, resulting from
harmonic resonance, can be avoided in a practical
system operation. It is also helpful for the design Cheng-Long Cheng -- Mr. Cheng was born in Yuen-Lin,
of a protective relaying. Taiwan on August 6. 1960. He received his B. S. and
In addition to this study, investigations on M. S. from the Department of Electrical Engineering,
inrush currents and harmonics in three-phase Cheng Kung University, in 1983
transformers are carrying out in our laboratory. and 1989 respectively. He is
presently in the Ph. D. Program
of the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Cheng Kung Univer-
sity. He has joined the power
ACKNOWLEDGMENT research group since his master
thesis research. His major
This work is supported by the National Science Council interests are power system
under research projects: NSC78-0404-E006-04, and transients, real time system,
NSC80-0404-E006-04. and tansformer hysteresis
characteristics studies.

REFERENCES Ching-Lien Huang -- Professor Huang was born in

October 1933 in Tainan, Taiwan. He received B. S.
J. P. Bowles, "Overvoltages in HV DC Transmission from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Cheng
Systems Caused by Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Kung Unviersity in 1957, and M.
Currents", IEEE Trans. PAS-99, 1974, pp. 487-493. S. E. E. from Osaka University
D. Povh and W. Schultz, "Analysis of Overvoltages in 1973. He has been with the
Caused by Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Department of Electrical Engi-
Current", IEEE Trans. PAS-97, No.4, JulyIAugust neering, Cheng Kung University
1978, pp. 1355-1365. since 1964. His major interests
R. Yacamini and A. Abu Nasser, "Transformer are high voltage engineering,
Inrush Current and Their Associated Overvoltages power system switching surge and
in HVDC Schemes", IEE Proc. Vol. 133, Pt. C, No. protection.
6, September 1986, pp. 353-358.
R. Yacamini and A. Abu Nasser, "The Calculation
of Inrush Current in Three-phase Transformers",
IEE Proc. Vol. 133, Pt. B, No. 1, January 1986.
pp. 31-40.
Jim-Chwen Yeh -- Mr. Yeh was born in Chia-Yi, Taiwan,
R. Yacamini and A. Abu Nasser, "Numerical on May 6, 1961. He graduated from Department of
Calculation of Inrush Current in Single-phase Industrial Education, Taiwan College of Education,
Transformers", IEE Proc. Vol. 128, Pt. B, No. 6, Chang Hua, in 1985. After graduation, he had three
November 1981, pp. 327-334. year experience in teaching at
Mohibullah Basu and K. P. Basu, "Computerised vocational high school. Since
Evaluation of the Magnetising Inrush Current in August 1989, he started his
Transformers", Electric Power Systems Research,
master program in Department of
Vol. 2, 1979, pp. 179-182.
Electrical Engineering, Cheng
S. Akpinar, M. Coulson, R. R. S. Simpson and R.
Kung University. His major
D. Slater, "Calculation of Transient Current in
interests are transformer test
Transformers", IEE Proc. Vol. 129, Pt. C, No. 1,
technology, power system
January 1982, pp. 30-34. operation, and overvoltage
studies.