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Basic Calculus
Module No.: 8
I. Topic: Integration
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
Cognitive
1. illustrate an antiderivative of a function
2. compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and trigonometric
functions
3. compute the antiderivative of a function using substitution rule
Affective
4. share the importance of looking back the past to reflect present situation
Psychomotor
5. write legibly the solution in solving antiderivative of a function
III. Introduction/Review/Content:
Recall
In previous discussion, we discuss how to find the derivatives of different functions.
1. 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
answer: 𝑓′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 2𝑥 + 5
2. 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 4 cos 3𝑥
answer: 𝑓′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = −12 sin 3𝑥
3. 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 10𝑒 𝑥
answer: 𝑓′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 10𝑒 𝑥
This question will lead you solve the inverse process of solving the derivative of a function. the
process is called the antidifferentiation.
Definition
A function 𝐹 is an antiderivative of the function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹’ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ for
every value of 𝑥 in 𝐼.
Example 1
Example 2
(b.) Some of the antiderivatives of 𝑔ሺ𝑥 ሻ = − sin 𝑥 are 𝐺1 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = cos 𝑥 + 1 and 𝐺2 = cos 𝑥 − 1.
Actually, any function of the form 𝐺 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 , where 𝐶 𝜖 𝑅 is an antiderivative of
𝑔ሺ𝑥 ሻ. This means that there are infinite number of functions which are antiderivative of
function 𝑔
Theorem 8.1
If 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼, then every antiderivative of 𝑓 on 𝐼 is given
by 𝐹ሺ𝑥ሻ + 𝐶, where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant.
Remark 2: Using theorem above, we can conclude that if 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are antiderivatives of 𝑓, then
𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + 𝐶. That is 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 differ only by constants.
The symbol ∫ , also called the integral sign, denotes the operation of
antidifferentiation.
The function 𝑓 is called the integrand.
As mentioned above, antiderivative is the inverse process of finding the derivatives of functions.
Below, are the following theorems which will be used in solving the antiderivative of a function.
(a.) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶
∫ 𝑎𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎∫ 𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑥
a. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3∫ 𝑑𝑥 [Theorem 8.2 (c)]
b. ∫ 𝑥6 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑥 6+1
∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = 6+1
+𝐶 [Theorem 8.2 (b)]
𝑥7 [Simplify]
= +𝐶
7
c. ∫ ሺ12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2ሻ𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ ሺ12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2ሻ𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 [Theorem 8.2 (d)]
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 12 ( )+2( ) − 2ሺ𝑥 ሻ + 𝐶 [Theorem 8.2 (b) and (a)]
2+1 1+1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 12 ( ) + 2 ( ) − 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
[Simplify]
= 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶
d. ∫ 𝑡(2𝑡 − 3√𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Solution:
1 1
∫ 𝑡(2𝑡 − 3√𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 (2𝑡 − 3𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2 [Rewrite 3√𝑡 𝑡𝑜 3𝑡 2 ]
1
3 [Distribute 𝑡 to ሺ2𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 ሻ ]
= ∫ ሺ2𝑡 − 3𝑡 ሻ𝑑𝑡
2 2
3
= ∫ 2𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 [Theorem 8.2 (d)]
3
𝑡 2+1 𝑡 2+1
=2 ( ) + 3( )+𝐶 [Theorem 8.2 (b)]
2+1 3
+ 1
2
5
𝑡3 𝑡2
= 2 ( )+3( )+𝐶
3 5
2 [Simplify]
5
2𝑡 36𝑡 2
= + +𝐶
3 5
Note
𝑝
1 𝑞
Rewrite the expression 𝑥 𝑝 and √𝑥 𝑝 into the form of 𝑥 −𝑝 and 𝑥 𝑞 , respectively, before using
the theorem (b)
a. 𝐷𝑥 ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ = 𝑒 𝑥
b. 𝐷𝑥 ሺ𝑎𝑥 ሻ = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
1
c. 𝐷𝑥 ሺln 𝑥ሻ = 𝑥
As mentioned above, antiderivative is the inverse process of differentiation. Below are the
following theorems in solving the antiderivative of a function yielding the exponential and
logarithmic functions.
(a.) ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎𝑥
(b.) ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑎 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1
(c.) ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 l𝑥l +𝐶
a. ∫ ሺ𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ሻ𝑑𝑥
Solution:
2𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + +𝐶 [Theorem 8.3 (a) and (b)]
ln 2
b. ∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
5𝑥
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 3 + 𝐶 [Theorem 8.3 (b)]
c. ∫ 10𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
10x
= 100 ( )+𝐶 [Theorem 8.3 (b)
ln 3
Let us first recall the differentiation formulas in finding the derivatives of different trigonometric
functions:
a. ∫ ሺcos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ ሺcos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Theorem 8.2 (d)]
b. ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Since cot 2 𝑥 is not included in the theorems that are given above, we will rewrite cot 2 𝑥
into csc2 𝑥 − 1 using equivalent of Pythagorean identities. So,
Solution: as with our 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑏, tan2 𝑥 is not included in the theorems that are given above, we
will rewrite tan2 𝑥 into sec 2 𝑥 − 1 using equivalent of Pythagorean identities. So,
Finding antiderivative of a function is much difficult than finding the derivative of function. Unlike
with differentiation, theorems in antidifferentiation, sometimes, are not easily applied in solving
the antiderivative of a function.
Substitution has the effect of changing the variable and the integrand. Suppose we are given an
integral of the form ∫ 𝑓ሺ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሻ ∙ 𝑔′ሺ𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥. We can transform this into another form by changing
𝑑𝑢
the independent variable 𝑥 to 𝑢 using substitution 𝑢 = 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ. In this case, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ𝑑𝑥. Therefore,
a. ∫ ሺ𝑥 + 4ሻ5 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Since the expression, 𝑥 + 4, is being raised to 5, we will use integration by
substitution.
𝑢6
= +𝐶 [Theorem 8.2 (b)]
6
The alternative way to solve the antiderivative is to expand the integrand, ሺ𝑥 + 4ሻ5. Of
course, it takes lot of effort and time to expand that one since the degree is 5 and you
would rather not to do this.
𝑢10
= +𝐶 [Theorem 8.2 (b)]
10
10
(𝑥 5 +2)
= +𝐶 [Substitute ሺ𝑥 5 + 2ሻ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢]
10
The alternative way to solve the antiderivative is to expand the integrand, ሺ𝑥 5 + 2ሻ9 . Of
course, it takes lot of effort and time to expand that one since the degree is 9 and you
would rather not to do this.
𝑧2
c. ∫ √1+𝑧3
𝑑𝑧
Solution:
𝑧2
∫ √1+𝑧 3
𝑑𝑧 = ∫ √1+𝑧 3 ∙ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
1
[Factor
𝑧2
√1+𝑧 3
as
1
√1+𝑧 3
∙ 𝑧 2]
=∫
1 1
∙ 𝑑𝑢 1
[Substitute 𝑢 for ሺ1 + 𝑧 3 ሻ and 𝑑𝑢 for 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧]
√𝑢 3 3
1
=3
1
∫ 𝑢− 2 𝑑𝑢 [Theorem 8.2 (c)]
1
1 𝑢2 [Theorem 8.2 (b)]
= 3( 1 ) + 𝐶1
2
1
2 𝐶1 [Simplify]
= 3 𝑢2 + 3
1
2 𝐶1
= 3 ሺ1 + 𝑧 3 ሻ2 + 𝐶, where 𝐶 = [Substitute ሺ1 + 𝑧 3 ሻ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢]
3
d. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 3𝑥, thus, reducing our integrand into 𝑒 𝑢 . Now, since 𝑢 = 3𝑥 this implies
𝑑𝑢 1
that 𝑑𝑥 = 3, this also implies that 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑑𝑢. So,
=3
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ሺ𝑑𝑢ሻ [Theorem 8.2 (c)]
1 𝑢
= ሺ𝑒 + 𝐶ሻ [Theorem 8.3 (a)]
3
1 3𝑥
= ሺ𝑒 + 𝐶ሻ [Substitute ሺ3𝑥ሻ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢]
3
e. ∫ cosሺ4𝑥 + 3ሻ 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 3, thus, reducing our integrand into cos 𝑢. Now, since 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑢 1
this implies that 𝑑𝑥 = 4, this also implies that 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑑𝑢. So,
=4
1
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 [Theorem 8.2 (c)]
Integration
”I regret nothing in my life even if my past was full of hurt, I still look back and
smile, because it made me who I am today”
-Gr8 ppl, Gr8 thoughts
1. ∫ሺ3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ሺ9𝑥 2 − 1ሻ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
3
4. ∫( √𝑡 + √𝑡)𝑑𝑡
5. ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ሺ5𝑥+2 ሻ𝑑𝑥
1
7. ∫ sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
8. ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ሺ𝑥 + 3ሻ6 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ሺ𝑥 3 + 5ሻ4 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Answer key
V. Enrichment:
1. ∫ሺ5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 5ሻ 𝑑𝑡
𝑤 3 +𝑤 2 𝑤
2. ∫ሺ ሻ 𝑑𝑤
𝑤3
4
3. ∫ሺ √4ሻ 𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑥
4. ∫ሺsin2 𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
5. ∫ሺsin2 𝑥 + 1ሻ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
6. ∫ሺsin2 𝑥 + 1ሻ 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ሺ𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ሻ10ሺ2𝑥 + 1ሻ 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 2 +2
8. ∫ሺ√𝑥3 ሻ 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥+1
References/Materials:
Module 8
Scratch Paper
Scientific Calculator
Basic Calculus
1. ∫ሺ5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 5ሻ 𝑑𝑡
𝑤 3 +𝑤 2 𝑤
2. ∫ሺ ሻ 𝑑𝑤
𝑤3
cos 𝑥
4. ∫ሺsin2 𝑥ሻ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
6. ∫ሺsin2 𝑥 + 1ሻ 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 2 +2
8. ∫ሺ√𝑥3 ሻ 𝑑𝑥
+𝑥+1