UNIT TWO

MATRIX THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION

 Objectives:

Up on successful completion of this unit, you will be

able to:
 Define matrix and its dimensions
 Identify different type of matrices
 Discuss mathematical operations and their
properties on matrix
 Solve system of linear equations using:
– inverse of matrices
– Gauss - Jordan method
 Apply matrices and markov chains in business

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 2.1. Review on matrix algebra …contd

 Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in

rows and columns.
 In other words, it is a collection of numbers which
are arranged in rows and columns.
 Matrix is a common device for summarizing and
displaying numbers or data.
 The word “Matrices” is the plural form of matrix.
Numbers which form matrices are enclosed by using
symbols like parentheses,   or brackets .

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 2.1. Review on matrix algebra

 Higher case letters are used to represent matrix and

small letters are used to represent a vector.
 Each member in a matrix is called an element.
 A matrix consists of mn order/dimention all arranged
in a rectangular form with m-rows and n-columns.

In general, matrix A containing elements aij has the

general form:

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 2.1. Review on matrix algebra…contd

A = a11 a12 a13 … a1n

a21 a22 a23 … a2n
. . . … .
am1 am2 am3 … amn mxn,
where aij is element of a matrix
in aij, i represents the row
j represents the column

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 2.1. Review on matrix algebra…contd

Example 2.1
75 82 86
A= 65 70 68
73 76 74
59 80 99
In the above matrix A,
i) the dimension is 4x3.
ii) a12 represents an entry 82(at the intersection of row1
and column 2).
iii) a23 = 68
iv) a35 = no element
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 2.1. Review on matrix algebra…contd

Example 2.2
Suppose that a company has six gasoline stations, three
in region # 1 and three in region # 2. January sales
volume, in thousands of gallons, is shown for each
station as follows.
Tiger company: sales in thousands of gallons, January
Station Region #1 Region #2
#1 10 15
#2 12 18
#3 8 12

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 2.1. Review on matrix algebra…contd

Keeping in mind that rows are stations and columns

are regions,
a) Determine a region by station sales matrix.
b) What are a11 and a32?
c) Write the symbol for the entry 8.

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 2.2. Types of Matrices

a) Vector matrix- This is a matrix which has precisely

one row or precisely one column.
i) Row matrix is a matrix having only one row. It is a
1xn matrix, and is called a row vector of dimension
n, i.e., 1xn matrix.
ii) Column matrix is a matrix having only one column.
It is an m by 1 matrix, and is also called a column
vector of dimension m, i.e., mx1 matrix.

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 2.2. Types of Matrices…contd

b) Square matrix is a matrix having the same number

of rows and columns, i.e., for two or more matrices
to be square matrices, they should have the same
shape or size.
c) Equal matrices - for two or more matrices to be
said equal matrices, necessarily they should have the
same shape and the same corresponding entries.
d) Identity matrix or Unit matrix is a square matrix where
elements along the primary or main diagonal all equal to one
(1), while all other elements are equal to zero.

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 2.2. Types of Matrices…contd

e) Zero matrix is a matrix whose elements are all zeros

and is designated by O.
f) Scalar matrix is a square matrix with the same
constant number on its main diagonal and zeros in all
other locations.
g) Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with value other
than zero in its main diagonal and all other elements
equal to zero.

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties

2.3.1 Matrix operations

a) Transpose of a matrix- is interchanging of rows
and columns of a matrix.
b) Addition and Subtraction of matrices
Matrices are added or subtracted by adding or
subtracting the corresponding entries. Since entries
must correspond, matrices must involve the same
dimensions.

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

c) Scalar multiplication
In matrix algebra, an ordinary number is called
scalar. The product between a real number (scalar)
and a matrix is called scalar product. To multiply a
matrix by a scalar, each entry of a matrix is
multiplied by a scalar.
Example 2.3
Mr. Kasu and Mamo are sales people in a new car
agency that sales only two models.

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

August was the last month for this year’s models,

and next year’s models were introduced in
September. Gross birr sales for each month are given
in the following matrices.
August sales (in 000) September sales (in 000)

Compact Luxury Compact Luxury

Kasu 54 88 = A 228 368 = B
Mamo 126 0 304 322

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

i) What were the combined birr sales in August and

September for each person and each model?
ii) What is the average birr sales in August and
September for each person and each model?
iii) If both sales people receive 5% commission on
gross birr sales, compute the commission for each
person for each model sold in September?
iv) What was the increase in birr sales from August to
September?

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

d) Inner Product
 Inner product, which is also called dot product,
refers to the multiplication of elements in row vector
with column vector.
 The result of inner product is always a scalar. Inner
product is defined when the number of row vector
elements is equal to number of elements of column
vector.

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

Example 2.4
Ace Leather Company produces leather coats which
pass through two departments: fabricating and
finishing. Labor hour requirements in the two
departments are 6 hours and 4 hours respectively
per coat. Personnel in fabricating department
require Birr 10 /hour and that of finishing require Birr
7/hour. Find the total labor cost per coat?

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

e) Matrix multiplication (product)

 The product, AB of two matrices A and B, is defined
if and only if the number of columns of matrix A
equals number of rows of matrix B.
 If A be an mxn and B an nxp matrix, then AB is an mxp
matrix (same as number of rows of matrix A and
number of columns of matrix B).

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

Example 2.5
A= 2 2 B= 2 3 1 Compute AB.
-4 1 -4 1 8
Example 2.6
A personal computer retail company sells five different
computer models through three stores located in a large
metropolitan area. The inventory of each model on hand in
each store is summarized in matrix M. Whole sale (W) and
retail (R) values of each model computer are summarized in
matrix N.

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 2.3. Matrix operations and properties…contd

Model
A B C D E W R
4 2 3 7 1 Store 1 Birr700 Birr480 A
M= 2 3 5 0 6 Store 2 N= 1,400 1800 B
10 4 3 4 3 Store 3 1,800 2,400 C
2,700 3,300 D
3,500 4,900 E
i) What is the retail value of the inventory at store 2?
ii) What is the whole sale value of the inventory at store 3?

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 2.4 Inverse of a matrix

For matrix A, there can be identified another matrix

called multiplicative inverse matrix,A-1 so that the
product of A and A-1 in either order results in the
identity matrix, I. Hence,
A A-1= I= A-1 A
Important conditions concerning inverse of matrix:
a) For matrix, A to have multiplicative inverse, it must be
square matrix.
b)The multiplicative inverse of matrix A, is also a square
matrix having the same dimension as A.
21
 2.4 Inverse of a matrix...contd

c) Not every square has an inverse, and such matrix is

called singular matrix.
d) If the inverse of A does exist, it is unique.
Methods of matrix Inversion
There are several methods for determining the
inverse of a matrix:
- Gauss-Jordan Inversion
- Zeros first method
- Determinant method
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 2.4 Inverse of a matrix...contd

Gauss-Jordan Inversion
 This method starts by writing an augmented
matrix (the given matrix at the left and the
corresponding identity matrix at the right separated
by vertical bar )
 Then we select and carryout row operations that will
convert the given matrix in to the identity matrix.
 Matrix row operations may be summarized as:

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 2.4 Inverse of a matrix...contd

1) Multiply or divide a row by a non- zero constant.

2) Add a multiple of one row to a multiple of another
row.
3) Interchange two rows.
Procedures of Gauss-Jordan Method
1) Working one column at a time on augmented
matrix and by using appropriate row operations, first
get a “1” in the 1st column of 1st row.

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 2.4 Inverse of a matrix...contd

2) Then, using this “1” to obtain all zeros in the 1st

column, i.e., use multiples of the 1st row to get
zeros in all places below the “1” obtained in 1st
procedure.
3) Repeat the above by getting a “1” in the 2nd
column of 2nd row and obtain zeros in all places
below and above this one in the same column and
do the same for others.

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 2.5 Matrix solution of linear equations

We have two alternative approaches:

i) Using (A/b) (I/S)
ii) Using (A/I) (I/A-1)
Systems of Linear Equations
There are three conditions (systems) of linear equations.
1) A system of linear equations where the dimensions are equal
(nxn)
2) A system of linear equations where the number of rows are
greater than number of columns (m>n)
3) A system of linear equations where the number of columns are
greater than the number of rows ( n>m).

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 2.5 Matrix solution of linear equations...contd

1) A system of linear equations where the dimensions

are equal (nxn)
 This is the condition where dimensions (i.e., the
number of rows and the number of columns) are
equal.
 In other words, it involves the condition where the
number of equations and variables are equal.
 Such nxn systems may have three possible solution
sets:

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 2.5 Matrix solution of linear equations...contd

i) Unique solution- when our attempt to transform

(A/b) to (I/S) results in the identity matrix to the left
side and constant number to the right.
ii) No solution- when our attempt to transform (A/b) to
(I/S) results in a row consisting of all zero elements
except the constant vector.
iii) Infinite solution - when the elements in the row are
equal to zero including the constant.

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 2.5 Matrix solution of linear equations...contd

Example 2.7
Suppose a company makes liquid products: prime oil, mid oil,
and last oil, which contains different amounts of additives a 1, a2
and a3 per gallon as shown in the following table.
Pounds of additives per gallon
Liquid Gallons Made a1 a2 a3
Prime oil X1 1 1 1

Mid oil X2 1 2 1
Last oil X3 2 0 1

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 2.5 Matrix solution of linear equations...contd

If the amount of additives available are 20 pounds ,

30 pounds and 20 pounds respectively for a1, a2, and
a3, then, calculate the total number of gallons
produced from each liquid to use up the additives.

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