NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Integrated Basic Education Department

Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Quarter/Term: Finals Date: 2021.04.12 – 2021.04.16

Week No.: 12 21st Century Skills:
Damean’s Beat: Culture Sensitivity  Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs: ☐ Christian Leaders ☐ Computing/ICT Literacy
 Competent Professionals  Communication
 Community-Oriented Citizens ☐ Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals  Collaboration
Teacher/s: Christian John M. Candig ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
Mark Harold G. Estandarte ☐ Career and Learning Self Reliance
Click or tap here to enter text.
Click or tap here to enter text.

Online Lesson:
Topic: Disaster Risk Reduction
Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. discuss the key concept, principles and elements of DRR
2. recognize the importance of DRR in one’s life
3. discuss community-based practices for managing disaster risk to specific hazard

References/Materials:

Quiambao-Udan J., Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Senior High School 1st Edition, 2019

Module No.: 12
I. Topic: Disaster Risk Reduction
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. discuss the key concept, principles and elements of DRR
2. recognize the importance of DRR in one’s life
3. discuss community-based practices for managing disaster risk to specific hazard
4. develop a community preparedness plan
5. prepare survival kits and materials for one’s family and for public information and
advocacy

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III. Introduction/Review/Content:
KEY PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to

reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like
earthquake, floods, droughts, and cyclones, through
an ethic of prevention. The reduction of disaster risk is
the foundation of community-based disaster risk
management. Disaster risk reduction includes activities
that will minimize disaster related losses of
life, property or assets and environment. Such
activities are also described as mitigation
measures. The concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and
manage the causal factors of disasters, including
through reduce exposure to hazards, lessen
vulnerability of people and property, wise management
of land and environment, and improve preparedness
for adverse events.

A comprehensive approach to reduce disaster risk is

set out in the United Nations- endorse Hyogo
Framework for Action, adopted in 2005, whose
expected outcome is “The substantial reduction of
disaster losses, in lives and the social, economic and
environmental assets of communities and countries”.
The International Strategy or Disaster Reduction
(ISDR) system provides a vehicle for cooperation
among Governments, Organizations and civil society
actors to assist in the preparation of the
Framework. Note that while the term “disaster risk
reduction” provides a better recognition of the
ongoing nature of disaster risks and the ongoing
potential to reduce these risks.

There are key principles and elements to keep in mind for a faster, better, and more
efficient way of giving aid to victims of disastrous calamities. People have to work together in the
essence of solidarity to improve the disaster flexibility and aid victims.

The weight of calamities and advantages of disaster risk reduction measures ought to be
shared evenhandedly. It suggests giving specific consideration regarding the most defenseless
people and groups.

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 The media, the private sector, the industrial and ruler non-governmental organizations, the
national and local powers, and the people have a joint obligation with respect to counteractive
actions and in regards to a proficient assistance to the communities. The ways to prevent, lesson
and prepare for catastrophes and the ways to circulate assistance and to boost recuperation, and
the rights of the people are secured and enforce without discrimination against
age, sex, race, language, color, religion, ethnicity, and disability among the people.

The privileges of all victims of catastrophes are regarded in a short in all circumstances. All
of the people are sure benevolently with respect, patience and empathy, and different to the
place and duration of the disaster, it's nature and origin. The most incapacitated people should
be cared with utmost importance. No parity between the people, groups, and community should
be present in providing aid to disaster victims. Only on the premise of needs must be considered
giving recuperation measures, goods, and implementing disaster risk reduction.

The state authorities and its provincial and

local powers, have an obligation to execute
preventive measure that includes the involvement of
all available manpower in each disposal such as
organizations and the common society. This guideline
presupposes familiarity with diverse dangers in various
places and at various times, depending especially on
the demography and environmental change.

The media has a very important role in giving

information and raising awareness of the people
before, during, and after a disaster. Knowing the
forecast of disasters and the process of which they
come to prevent casualties due to ignorance. The
privacy of the disaster victims is still inspected in the
way the media reports to the public. The state still has
the responsibility to secure the people in each soil so
that when a disaster occurs, the rights of a person are
not to be neglected. It includes the foreigners and its
territory for the humanitarian aid from other countries.

IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Disaster Risk Reduction is essential for securing a more equitable and sustainable
future. Keeping people aware and prepared at all times are some of the systematic efforts by
practicing disaster risk reduction which are the necessities to attain full resiliency to disasters.
Every person is to be involved in practice in DRR since it is for the safety of the majority. Not just
the government should be the ones who will be leading the people towards being aware of
DRR, but the people themselves should have the initiative and be empowered enough to get
involved on learning how to deal with disasters as to reduce the risk of impending calamities
(Clark, 2012)

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 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION PLAN

A document prepared by an
authority, sector, organization or enterprise that sets out
goals and specific objectives for reducing disaster risk
together with related actions to accomplish these
objectives. Disaster risk reduction plan should be guided
by the Hyogo Framework and considered and
coordinated within relevant development plans, resource
allocations and program activities. National level plants
need to be specific to each level of administrative
responsibility and adapted to the different social and
geographical circumstances that are present. The
timeframe of responsibilities for implementation and the
sources of funding should be specified in the
plan. Linkages to climate change adaptation plans should
be made where possible.

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

The set of capacities needed to generate and

disseminate timely and meaningful warning
information to enable individuals, communities and
organizations threatened by hazard to prepare and
to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce
the factors necessary to achieve effective
responses to warnings. A people-centered early
warning system naturally comprises four key
elements: knowledge of the risk; communication or
dissemination of alerts and warnings; and local
capabilities to respond to the warnings received.
The expression “end-to-end warning system” is
also emphasize that warning systems need to span
all steps from hazard detection through to
community response.

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 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations and operational

skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies, and improved coping capacities in order to
lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. This term is an extension
of the more general term “risk management” to address the specific issue of disaster
risks. Disaster risk management aims to avoid, lessen or transfer the adverse effects of hazards
through activities and measures for prevention, mitigation, and preparedness.

HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (HFA)

The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and
Communities to Disasters (HFA) is the first plant explain, describe and detail the work that is
required from all different sectors and actors to reduce disaster losses. It was developed and
agreed on with the many partners needed to reduce disaster risk - government, international
agencies, disaster experts and many others - bring them into a common system of coordination.
The HFA outlines five priorities for action, and offers guiding principles and practical means for
achieving disaster resilience. Its goal is to substantially reduced disaster losses by 2015 by
building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. This means reducing loss of life
and social, economic, and environmental assets when hazard strike. The Philippines is a
signatory to this plan.

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 Priority Action 1: Ensure that the disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority
with a strong institutional basis for implementation.

Countries that develop policy, legislative and institutional framework for disaster risk reduction
and that are able to develop and track progress through specific and measurable indicators
have greater capacity to manage risks and to achieve widespread consensus for engagement
in and compliance with disaster risk reduction measures across all sectors of society.

Priority Action 2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risk and enhance early warning

The starting point for reducing disaster risk and for promoting a culture of disaster resilience lies
in the knowledge of the hazards and the physical, social, economic and environment
vulnerabilities to disaster that most societies face, and of the ways in which hazards and all
abilities are changing the short and long term, followed by action taken on the basis of that
knowledge.

Priority Action 3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety
and resilience at all levels.

Disasters can be substantially reduced if people are well informed and motivated towards a
culture of disaster prevention and resilience, which in turn requires the collection, compilation
and dissemination of relevant knowledge and information on hazards, vulnerabilities and
capacities.

Priority Action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors.

Disaster risks related to changing social, economic, environmental conditions and land use, and
the impact of hazards associated with geological events, weather, water, climate variability and
climate change, our address in sector development planning and programs as well as in post-
disaster situations.

Priority Action 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.

At times of disaster, impacts and losses can be substantially reduced if authorities, individuals
and communities in hazard-prone areas are well prepared and ready to act and are equipped
with the knowledge and capacities for effective disaster management.

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 CAPACITY

Capacities enable households and communities to cope with, withstand, prepare

for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly recover from disaster. People's capacity can also be
categorized in some categories as was done with vulnerabilities in the previous section. Even the
weakest in the community has capacities. The people whose houses or crops have been
destroyed by typhoon or flood can recover things from their homes and from their farms that can
be recycled. Sometimes they have food in storage or crops that can recover from the fields of
farm implements for planting again. Some family members have skills, which enable them to find
employment if they migrate, either temporarily or permanently.

In most disasters, people suffer the greatest losses in the physical and material realm.
However, even when everything physical is destroyed, the people still have their skills and
knowledge; they have family and community organization. They have leaders and systems for
making decisions. They have tribal loyalties for church affiliations. They have capacities in the
social and organizational realm. People also have positive attitudes and strong motivation such
as the will to survive, love and concern for each other, bravery and willingness to help each
other. These, too are important capacities and form the basis for the development just as much
as the physical resources that people have.

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 DISASTER RISK

Disaster risk is the chance of likelihood of

suffering harm and loss as a result hazardous
event. It closely depends upon the exposure of
something to a hazard. This can be expressed as:
Risk = Chance (c) x Loss (L). The output of risk
analysis is usually an estimation of the risk
scenarios.

ELEMENTS AT RISK

A societal element is said to be at risk when it

is exposed to hazards this likely to be adversely
affected by the impact of those hazards when they
occur. People (their lives and health), household
and community structures, facilities and services
(houses, access roads, bridges, schools, hospitals,
etc.) are described as “elements at risk”. In many
cases, the natural environment is also an element at
risk.

DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT

Disaster Risk Assessment is a participatory process to assess the

hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities of a community. Through hazard assessment, the
likelihood of the occurrence, the severity and duration of various hazards is determined. The
vulnerability assessment identifies what elements are at risk and the causes of their vulnerable
conditions. The households and groups that are most exposed to hazard are identified. The
assessment takes into account the physical, geographical, economic, social and political
factors that makes some people vulnerable to the dangers of a given hazard. In the capacity
assessment, the community resources and coping strategies are identified. The result of the
disaster risks assessment is a ranking of the disaster risks of the community as basis of planning
for reduction.

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 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Disaster Preparedness

Disaster preparedness covers activities to enhance

the ability to predict, respond to and cope with the
effect of a disaster. It includes pre-cautionary
activities by households, communities and
organizations to react appropriately during and
following the event.

Emergency Response

Emergency response covers measures required in

search and rescue of survivors and emitting basic
survival needs for shelter, water, food and health
care.

COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT FOR PREPAREDNESS

Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is a process in which at-risk

communities are actively engage in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and
evaluation of disasters in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities (ADPC
2003). This means that people are at the heart of the session making and implementation of
disaster risk management activities. The involvement of most vulnerable social groups is
considered as paramount in this process, with the support of the least vulnerable groups is
necessary for successful implementation. This is indeed important since active citizen
participation and collaboration among citizens is indeed crucial especially in the face of a disaster.
Several cases of local community-based disaster risk reduction practices shall be given later
focusing on some communities in the Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela, the
CAMANAVA area.

It must be noted here that the CBDRM approach is people and developed oriented. It views
disasters as a question of people's vulnerability. It empowers people to address the root causes
of vulnerabilities by transforming social, economic and political structures that generate inequality
and under development (Shaw and Kenji 2004). CBDF approach covers prevention and
mitigation, preparedness, emergency response and recovery.

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 NEED FOR COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

The key aspect of community involvement is the sustainability of community level initiatives
for disaster reduction. External agencies, like government, non-government organ organization
may initiate and implement community level programs before and after disasters. However, such
initiatives many times discontinue once the external support is ended. There can be many
reasons behind this lack of sustainability, some of which may be the lack of
partnership, participation, empowerment and ownership of local communities. Unless the disaster
risk management efforts sustainable at individual and community level. It could be difficult to
reduce the vulnerability and losses. It is therefore important to involve people in decision making
on policies and strategies that should be followed for other development in the community.

All communities and villages have some vitally important assets to deal with disasters. This
may include knowledge of disaster warning signs, locally safe and vulnerable areas. Experience
of past disasters, methods of survival and social relations that are often vitally important in coping
with crisis. Local communities have an active part to play before and after disasters because:

1. A good state of disaster preparedness may reduce its impacts

2. More number of lives can be saved during the first few hours after disaster has occurred
through local response teams, before help arrives from elsewhere
3. The numerous problems of survival and health resulting from a disaster are dealt with more
efficiency, if the country is active and well organized (WHO, 1989)

The relevance of the community-based disaster management approach is increasing due

to changing patterns of disaster occurrence and loss. While occasional large catastrophes
continue to occur. It's been documented that rapid increase in disaster occurrence and loss is
due to the exponential increase in the occurrence of small to medium-scale disasters associated
with socio-natural such as landslide, floods drought and fire.

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 General elements of the bottom-up approach include the following:

1. Local people are capable of initiating and sustaining their own community development.
2. Weather role of local government, private sector and NGO's is important, the primary
requirement for grassroots development is with local leadership.
3. A successful bottom-up strategy will include broad-based local participation in
comprehensive planning and decision-making activities that promote motivation.
4. Educational opportunities should correspond to identified local needs.
5. Emphasis is on improving the capitalization and management of local resources.
6. Responsible utilization of outside financial assistance is required.
7. Replication of a community's success is a powerful factor in continuing local initiative.
8. Responsibility for change rests with those living in the local community.
9. Various community members and groups in the community may have different perceptions
of risk and varying vulnerabilities.

RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR COMMUNITIES

Risk management is a fundamental activity geared to the evaluation of schemes for

reducing but not necessarily eliminating the overall risk, as in many cases, risk cannot be entirely
eliminated. It includes assessing the potential for hazard to cure and a vulnerability analysis to
provide an understanding of the consequences should an event of a certain magnitude and
frequency occurs. Based on this initial work, various mitigation measures can be evaluated to
assess their ability for reducing risk exposure. Based on a thorough risk assessment, disaster
management plans and specific mitigation measures can be identified. Efforts would then be
undertaken to implement the selected mitigation measures. (Pilan,2004).

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 With regard to Risk management, floods are among the most destructive natural hazards
causing extensive damage to infrastructure, public and private service, the environment, the
economy and devastation to human settlements. The Asian region, In particular experiences flood
disasters almost every year. As part of the World Disaster Report 2004 out of the total 1,160
reported flood disasters worldwide during 1994-2003, about 411 reported flood disasters two
place in Asia affecting more than 1.3 million people with a total of 45. 961 deaths. The total
damage estimated was around 121, 438 million US Dollars during the same time.
Interestingly, well the number of deaths caused by flooding has decreased over the last
decade, the number of affected populations and economic losses has increased
significantly. These trends demand better preparedness at national, provincial and local levels to
make sure that appropriate and effective response measures are taken during flood emergency
to minimize the loss of lives and properties. (Perez-Calderon, 2006)

According to the World Risk Index, six out of the world's ten highest disaster risk countries
are in Asia and the Pacific. In the first decade of the 21st century, more than 200 million people
were affected in more than 70,000 people were killed annually by disasters caused by natural
hazards in the region, which represent 90% and 65% of the world's total, respectively. Asian
communities are extremely vulnerable to disasters, which are caused by natural hazards - such
as earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, droughts, landslides, and floods - in combination with
environmental degradation such as deforestation, desertification, biodiversity loss, pollution and
soil erosion, as well as social factors such as poverty and inequality. Efforts to mitigate the
impacts of hazards and climate change tend to focus on infrastructure development such as
building hi sea walls, or a high-tech solution such as sophisticated early warning systems based
on scientific data and modeling.

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 Although these technical and scientific solutions save lives when hazard strike, they need
to be complemented with actions to address the risk surrounding the hazard and the underlying
components availability - the interrelated human, social and cultural factors that influence risk -
which connect contribute to turning a hazard into a disaster. An important factor that can increase
their servants of communities is their local knowledge, which, in combination with outside
knowledge, has helped communities manage crises, be natural hazards, economic problems, or
political conflicts.

In combination with the latest technology and scientific assessment, local and indigenous
knowledge can give communities and decision-makers a very good knowledge base to enable
them to make decisions about the environmental issues they face. Walshe and Nunn and Lauer
describe how indigenous knowledge about tsunami risks and responses, in combination with
scientific and other knowledge, played an important role in helping villagers survive the
1999 tsunami in Vanuatu and in the Solomon Islands in 2007, respectively (Hiwasaki, Luna, &
Shaw, 2014)

Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires

a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships.
A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for
managing climate change will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to that risks. A new
approach is needed to underpin the incorporation of risk management into work on climate change
and in the introduction of climate change into natural hazards and development planning. The
approach needed is one that is capable of dealing with the long-term transformations that climate
change may bring and the ways in which people respond, both at the national, regional and local
level.
The key concepts in that new approach should be capacity-building and
resilience. We have shown that comprehensive risk management, as it has evolved in the field
of natural hazards planning over the past 20 years, provides the basis for such new paradigm. A
conceptual bridge exists when one considers the shared understanding of risk as a function of
hazard and vulnerability and when, in addition, one considers the conceptual and practical
overlap between notions vulnerability and resilience (O’Brien, O’Keefe, Rose & Wisner, 2006)

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IV. Check your Understanding:
Word Search Puzzle: Encircle the word that can be found in the puzzle.

Vulnerable
V DISA S T E R F R Disaster
U A B C D S E E L PI Risk
L F I R E U D D O S Flood

N O L G H N I U
H O K Reduce
Fire
E U E J F A K K D E Tsunami
R C X L M M N O I X Plan
A E C P Z Q I I T P Warning

B E E
S H R D R R A
S L Hazard

L;
L G H A Z E
A R D E A
F
E I
W A R N I N G O N
J
V. Enrichment:
R R
Please refer to your MOODLE accounts for this part. The teacher will make an announcement for
your output here in the Enrichment. The deadline for the Set A will be on Saturday and the deadline
for the Set B will be on Wednesday next week.

VI. References/Materials:

Quiambao-Udan J., Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Senior High School 1st Edition, 2019

https://www.publichealthnotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/DRReduction.jpg
http://www.unisdr.org/2012/images/whoweare/internationalstrategy.jpg
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PM.png
https://www.easyuni.my/media/uploads/2019/12/20/mass-comm.jpg
https://cms-assets.tutsplus.com/uploads/users/23/posts/27997/image/what-is-brainstorming-
definition.jpg
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firefighters%20locate%20vicims-esize.jpg
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4690d84f0847/71145bd223bfaa6f374c66407c2835ac.png
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Index.gif
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638.jpg?cb=1408957783

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 ☐ Plan Delivered
☐ Partially Delivered
Reason: _____________________________
_____________________________
Action Taken: _________________________
_________________________
☐ Not Delivered
Reason: ___________________________
___________________________
Action Taken: _______________________
_______________________

Approved by: LLORIELARD LARONA

Subject Coordinator

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Name and Signature : CHRISTIAN JOHN CANDIG LLORIELLARD LARONA FELMAR MALOTO
Designation : Subject Matter Expert Subject Coordinator Assistant Principal
Date : 2021.04.07

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 NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

Select subject here.

Student’s Name: ________________________________ Date Submitted: __________________

Grade & Section: ________________________________
Quarter/Term: Finals Week No.: 12
Teacher/s: Christian John M. Candig
Mark Harold G. Estandarte
IV. Check your Understanding:
Word Search Puzzle: Encircle the word that can be found in the puzzle.

V DISA S T E R F R Vulnerable
U A B C D S E E L PI Disaster
Risk
L F I R E U D D O S Flood
N O L G H N I U
H O K Reduce
E U E J F A K K D E Fire
R C X L M M N O I X Tsunami
Plan
A E C P Z Q I I T P Warning
B E E
S H R D R R A
S L Hazard
L;
L G H A Z E
A R D E A
F
E I
W A R N I N G O N J
R R
_________________________________
Parent’s / Guardian’s Name & Signature

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