INTEGRAL CALCULUS

MODULE 1

ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA

INSTRUCTOR

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 1

CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

1. Integrate integrands using Power formula

2. Integrate integrands using trigonometric formulas.
3. Integrate integrands using logarithmic and exponential functions

Integral Calculus

A branch of mathematics concerned with the determination, properties

and application of integrals.

Anti-Differentiation

Is the reverse process to differentiation.

Example: What is an integral of 2x?

Integral

2x 𝒙𝟐

Derivative

Given the derivative of a function, to find the function, the required

function is called an integral of the given derivative and the process of
finding it is called INTEGRATION. The given function is the INTEGRAND.

∫(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integrand

= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥4 4𝑥 2
= − Integration
4 2

𝑥4
= − 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 Integral
4

The Indefinite Integral

The indefinite integral is a function that takes the anti- derivative

of another function. It is usually represented as an integral symbol, a
function, and then a dx at the end.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 2

Notation:

Integrand is anti-derivative of f(x)

∫ 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 +C constant of
Integration
Integral Sign

Where the symbol ʃ is called the integral sign and C is called the
constant of integration.

1.2.The Power Formula

If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 is obtained by

adding one to the exponent and dividing by new constant.

𝑈𝑛+1
∫ 𝑈𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Negative Exponents:
𝑎
Any function look like f(x)=𝑥𝑛 can be written using a negative
exponent:

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂. 𝒙−𝒏

Fractional Exponents:
𝑥
Functions look like f(x) = a. √𝑥 𝑚 can be written as power of x using
fractional components:
𝒎
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂. 𝒙 𝒏

Integrands with more than one term:

To evaluate such integrals, we integrate each term:

∫(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 3

General Power Rule for Integration:

If g is differentiable function of x, then

𝒏 ′(
[𝒈(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
Equivalently,if u=g(x),then

𝒏
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
Note: The process of integration can be simplified by use of a
substitution or change of variable. The purpose of substituting a new
variable is to bring the problem to a form which the standard formula can
be applied.

Illustrative Example:

𝒙𝟐+𝟏
1.∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟐+𝟏

𝒙𝟐
= +𝑪
𝟑

𝒙𝟑+𝟏
2.∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟑+𝟏

𝒙𝟒
= +𝑪
𝟒

3.∫ 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 ∫ 𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟓+𝟏
=𝟏𝟎. 𝟓+𝟏 + 𝒄

𝒙𝟔
=10. +𝒄
𝟔

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟔
= +𝒄= +𝒄
𝟔 𝟑

4.∫ 𝟗𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟗 ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟏+𝟏
=9. 𝟏+𝟏 + 𝒄

𝒙𝟐
=9. 𝟐 + 𝒄

𝟗𝒙𝟐
= 𝟐
+𝒄

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 4

 𝟏
5.∫ 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙

𝒙−𝟒+𝟏
= +𝒄
−𝟒+𝟏

𝒙−𝟑 𝟏
=− + 𝒄 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄
𝟑

𝟏
6.∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
+𝟏
𝒙𝟐
= 𝟏 +𝒄
+𝟏
𝟐

𝟑
𝒙𝟐
= 𝟑 +𝒄
𝟐

7.∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝒙𝟑+𝟏
=𝟑. 𝟐+𝟏 − 𝟒. 𝟐+𝟏 + 𝒄

𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝟒
= − +𝒄
𝟑 𝟒

= 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒄

8.∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐)𝒅𝒙

= 𝟔 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝒙𝟏+𝟏
=6. 𝟐+𝟏 + − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝟏

𝒙𝟐
=𝟐𝒙𝟑 + − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐

𝟏
9.∫ √𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟏
=∫ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝟓 𝟏
+𝟏 +𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
=𝟓 + 𝟏 +𝒄
+𝟏 +𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

𝟕 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= 𝟕 + 𝟑 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐

𝟕 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
=𝟕 . 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 . 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄

𝟕 𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐
= 𝟕
+ 𝟑
+𝒄

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 5

 𝟏 𝟏
10.∫ 𝟔 (𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟔 ∫(𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟏
= 𝟔 ∫(𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝟔 . 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟔 . −𝟒 ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟑 + 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐+𝟏
= 𝟑 + 𝟑 . 𝟏+𝟏 + 𝟔 . 𝟐+𝟏 +𝑪

𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
= + + 𝟏𝟖 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑

Illustrative Example:

Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation

𝑥4
1. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥
3.∫
(𝑥+5)2
Checking
1 =∫(𝑥 + 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 3
4 let u= x+5

du = dx

2.∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 =∫(𝑢)−2 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑥+5)−1
−1
𝑥3 𝑥2
=6 −4 +𝑥+𝑐 1
3 2 =-− +𝑐
𝑥+5

=2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 Checking:
Checking:
−1(−1)(𝑥 + 5)−2
6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 1
(𝑥+5)2

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 6

 4.∫ 3(3𝑥 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 5.∫ 𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

u=3x-1
= ∫ 𝑥 (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
du=3dx
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 3(𝑢)4 ( )
3
4𝑥 3 𝑥 4
= 2𝑥 2 − + +𝐶
𝑢5 3 4
= +𝑐
5
Checking:
1
= (3𝑥 − 1)5 +c
5 4 1
4𝑥 − (3𝑥 2 ) + (4𝑥 3 )
3 4
Check:
4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
𝑑 1
[ (3𝑥 − 1)5 + 𝑐]
𝑑𝑥 5 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )
1 𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2
(5)(3𝑥 − 1)4 (3)
5

3(3𝑥 − 1)4

6. ∫(3𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥

Let u=3x+3

du=3dx

𝑑𝑢
dx=
3

𝑑𝑢
=∫(𝑢)4 ( )
3

1 (𝑢)5
=
3 5

1 (3𝑥+3)5
=
3 5

(3𝑥+3)5
= +C
15

Checking

5
(3𝑥 + 3)4 (3)
15

(3𝑥 + 3)4

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 7

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 8
Exercises:

Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation

1. ∫(3 − 2𝑦 −2 )𝑑𝑦

1
2.∫( √𝑡- 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
√

𝑑𝑥
3.∫ (2𝑥−7)4

𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
4.∫ (1+𝑦3 )2

𝑥 4 +𝑎4
5.∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
4
6.∫(2𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥
1
7.∫(√𝑥 +x√𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√
1 4
8.∫(2 3√𝑥 + 3
5 √𝑥 )dx
3 1
9.∫( − )𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
4𝑥 2
47 1
10.∫(3√𝑥 3 + 𝑥5 + 6 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 9

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 10
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
MODULE 1 Part 2

ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA

INSTRUCTOR

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 1

1.3.Logarithms Function

𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝐼𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶; 𝑢 > 0
𝑢

Note: Logarithms are only applicable if denominator’s power is only 1

Illustrative Example: Integrate the following logarithms Function:

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 2

 2𝑑𝑦 (1−2𝑥 )2
1. ∫ 2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 − 4 𝑥

Let u=3y-4 (1−4𝑥+4𝑥 2 )

=∫ 𝑥
du=3dy
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
=∫ − 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2( ) =∫ − 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ 3 𝑥
𝑢
4𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑢 =In/x/-4x+
=3 ∫ 2
𝑢

2 =In /x/-4x+2𝑥 2 + 𝑐
= 𝐼𝑛/3𝑦 − 4 /+𝑐
3
Checking:

=In /x/-4x+4𝑥 2
Checking:
1
2 =𝑥 − 4 + 4𝑥 2
𝑑[ 𝐼𝑛/3𝑦 − 4 /+𝑐]
3
𝑑𝑢
=𝑑 (𝐼𝑛 𝑢) = 𝑢

2 3𝑑𝑦
= ( )
3 3𝑦 − 4

2𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 − 4

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 3

 𝑣+3 (𝑦−3)𝑑𝑦
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 4. ∫
𝑉−1 𝑦 2 −6𝑦+1

4
=∫ (1 + 𝑣−1) 𝑑𝑣 Solution:

𝑑𝑣 Let 𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑣 + 4 ∫ 𝑣−1
du=(2y-6)dy
=v+4 In/v-1/+C
=2(y-3)dy
𝑑𝑢
(𝑦−3)(2(𝑦−3))
Checking: =∫ 𝑢
=d[ v+4In/v-1/+c] 1 𝑑𝑢
=2 ∫ 𝑢
=d(v)+d(4In/v-1/+)
1
1 =2 𝐼𝑛/𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 1/+𝑐
=[1+4(𝑉+1)]

𝑣+3
=𝑉−1
Checking:
1
=𝑑[2 𝐼𝑛/𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 1/+𝑐]

1 2(𝑦−3)𝑑𝑦
=[2] 𝑦 2 −6𝑦+1

(𝑦−3)𝑑𝑦
=𝑦 2 −6𝑦+1

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 4

Exercises:
Integrate the following logarithms Function:

1
1.∫
𝑥
1
2.∫ 𝑥+5

8
3.∫ 5−2𝑥
𝑥 2 −2
4.∫ 𝑥+1
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
5.∫ 𝑥+1

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 5

1.4.Exponential Function

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐

𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐

Where a=constant

Illustrative Example: Evaluate the following integrals.

1.∫ 𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3.∫ (𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡

Let u=-3y = ∫(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
du = -3dy = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
=∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (−3) Let u= 2t u=-2t
1
=− 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (𝑑𝑢) du = 2dt du= -2 dt
1 1
1 −3𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑡+(− )𝑒 −2𝑡
=-3 𝑒 +𝐶 2 2

1 1
=2 𝑒 2𝑡 -2t-2 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑐

2
2. ∫ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

Let u=−𝑦 2

du = -2ydy
𝑑𝑢
=∫ 𝑦𝑒 𝑢 −2𝑦

1
=− 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 2
=-− 2 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝐶

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 6

 2−1
4.∫ 𝑣𝑒 3𝑣 𝑑𝑣 4𝑡 2
5.∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑡
Let u=3𝑣 2 − 1
Let u=4t2
du= 6vdv du=8tdt
𝑑𝑢
=∫ 𝑣𝑒 𝑢 6𝑣
Thus:
1
=6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑡 𝑒𝑢
1 2 −1 8𝑡
=6 (𝑒 3𝑣 )+𝑐
1
=8 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 2
=8 𝑒 4𝑡 + 𝐶

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 7

Exercises: Evaluate the following Integrals.

1.∫ 𝑒 2𝑥
2.∫ 10−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3.∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4.∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥
4
5.∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. ROMEL N. VINGUA 8