BASIC CALCULUS GRADE 12

LESSON 1: LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL 𝟐𝟓𝒙 −𝟏 (𝟓𝒙 −𝟏) (𝟓𝒙 +𝟏)

𝟓. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 𝒙 →𝟎 𝟓𝒙 −𝟏 𝟓𝒙 −𝟏

Limits of exponential and logarithmic functions 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏 = 1 + 1 = 2

use c – substitution noting that the domain of
the logarithmic function is the set of positive 6. ∝
number. Thus, in x DNE when x ≤ 0. We can
illustrate the limits using table of values and
7. =1
graphs. e ≈ 2.718 281 828 459 05
Illustrative Examples
APPLICATION: Logarithmic
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 = 𝒆 𝒙 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒆 =𝒆 𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) = DNE
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 →𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒆𝟎 = 𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝟏 = 𝟎 2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦−

𝟐
=
𝟐
= DNE
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟏
𝒙 →𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟎
THEOREM 14 – LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝟏 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒙 =
𝒙→
Let c be a real number defined in the domain of 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
each function. = 𝒍𝒏𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒆𝒄 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒄 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 (𝒍𝒏 𝟐) 𝟎.𝟒𝟖
= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
APPLICATION: Exponential 𝟐 𝟐
Evaluate the following limits. 4. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) + 𝟒 =
𝒙 →−𝟏
𝟐𝒙
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆
𝒙 →𝟎 = (ln 2(−1) + 5) + 4
= (ln -2 + 5) + 4
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟐(𝟎) = 𝒆𝟎 = 1 = ln 3 + 4
𝒙 →𝟎
= 1.099 + 4
2. . 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟏 −𝒙 = 5.10
𝒙 →𝟎 5. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝒙 →𝟓
𝟏−𝟎 𝟏 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟑(𝟓)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟓) − 𝟒)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 =𝒆 = e
𝒙 →𝟎 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟑(𝟐𝟓) + 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒)
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟕𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒)
3. . 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 𝟐𝒙−𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟖𝟓 − 𝟒)
𝒙 →𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟖𝟏 = 4
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟐(𝟎)−𝟐 = 𝒆−𝟐 =
𝒙 →𝟎 𝒆𝟐 𝟓𝒙+𝟐
6. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝟔
𝟏𝟎𝒙+𝟏𝟐
𝒙 →−
𝟓
𝟒. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝟐𝒙 −𝟑 + 𝟓) 𝟏
𝒙 →𝟎
𝟓(− ) + 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟓 +𝟔
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝟐(𝟎) −𝟑 + 𝟓) 𝟏
𝒙 →𝟎 𝟏𝟎 (− ) + 𝟏𝟐
𝟓
(𝟑𝟐(𝟎) −𝟑 + 𝟓)
−𝟏+𝟐
= 𝟑−𝟑 + 𝟓 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝟔
−𝟐+𝟏𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
= +5 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝟔
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟎
= -1 + 6
𝟏 =5
= +𝟓
𝟐𝟕 7. lim− 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3(−1)
𝑥 →0
𝟏+𝟏𝟑𝟓
= = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 3
𝟐𝟕 = DNE
𝟏𝟑𝟔
=
𝟐𝟕
BASIC CALCULUS GRADE 12

LESSON 2: LIMITS OF 2. lim𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 𝑥→
2
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
2
2
𝜋 2 1
= (sec ) → ( 𝜋 )
2 cos
2
1 2
= ( ) = (0)2 = 0
0

3. lim𝜋(𝑥 2 + cot 2𝑥)

𝑥→
2
𝜋 2 𝜋
( 2 ) + cot 2 ( 2 )
𝜋 2
= ( ) + cot 𝜋
2
𝜋 2 sin 𝜋
=( ) +
2 cos 𝜋
𝜋 2 0
=( ) +
2 −1
𝜋 2 𝜋2
=( ) =
2 4

4. lim𝜋(4 − cos 𝑥)
𝑥→
3
𝜋
= (4 − cos )
3
1
=4-
2
𝟕
=
𝟐
5. lim𝜋(𝑥 csc 𝑥 )2
Limits of trigonometric functions can 𝑥→
2
be evaluated by the following theorem. The
𝜋 𝜋 2
limits are also computed by c- = ( 2 csc 2 )
substitution. The limit exists if the value
of the trigonometric function at c exists. 2 2
𝜋 1
= (2 ) ( 𝜋 )
Theorem 15 – Limits Of Trigonometric sin
2
Functions 2
𝜋2 1
Let c be a real numbers defined on the = . (1)
domain of each trigonometric functions. 4
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝒕 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝒕 𝒄 𝜋2
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 = .1
4
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝒔 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒄 𝜋2
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 = 4
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

APPLICATION:
EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS

𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝝅
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙→
𝟐
𝝅
= 2 sin 𝟐
= 2 (1)
=2
BASIC CALCULUS GRADE 12

LESSON 3: LIMITS OF SPECIAL

FUNCTION

APPLICATION:
Evaluate the following limits.
sin 𝑥
1. lim +2
𝑥 →0 𝑥
=1+2
=3
𝑒𝑋 − 1 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
2. lim +
𝑥 →0 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
(0)2 −3(0)+5
= 1+ 2
(0) −1
0 −0+5
= 1+
0 −1
= 1 + (-5)
= -4
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
3. lim
𝑥 →0 𝑥

(1−cos 𝑥)(1+cos 𝑥)
=
𝑥
= 0 (1 + cos 0)
= 0 (1 + 1)
=(0)(2)
=0
sin 3𝑥
4. lim
𝑥 →0 𝑥
3 (sin 𝑥)
=
𝑥
= 3(1)
=3
1 − cos 2𝑥
5. lim
𝑥 →0 𝑥
= 2 (0)
=0
BASIC CALCULUS GRADE 12

LESSON 4: CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION Discontinuity emphasizes and categorizes into
Continuity of a function describes its graph three types:
whether it contains broken part at a given 1. Removable/ Hole discontinuity
number or interval. When it is UNBROKEN at a 2. Jump/Essential discontinuity
number or interval then the function is said to be 3. Infinite/Asymptotic discontinuity
continuous. This means that it has no holes, no
jumps, or no gaps. Some function that are 1. Removable/ Hole discontinuity
ALWAYS continuous or are continuous
everywhere are the polynomial function and
trigonometric functions sine and cosine. But
those that are continuous ONLY at EVERY
NUMBER in its DOMAIN are rational functions,
radical functions, and other trigonometric
functions.

EXAMPLES OF UNBROKEN FUNCTION 2. Jump/Essential discontinuity

(CONTINUOUS)

3. Infinite/Asymptotic discontinuity

EXAMPLES OF BROKEN FUNCTION

APPLICATION
(DISCONTINUITY)
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙 −𝟐
𝟏. 𝒇(𝒙) = at x = 0
𝒙 −𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙 −𝟐
𝟐. 𝒇(𝒙) = at x = 2
𝒙 −𝟐
𝟑. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 at x = 1
√𝒙 −𝟏
𝟒. 𝒇(𝒙) = at x =1
𝒙 −𝟏
√𝒙 −𝟏
𝟓. 𝒇(𝒙) = at x = 1
√𝒙+𝟏
ANSWER:
1. a. f(c) is exists

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER

A function is said to be continuous at c or has 𝐛. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔
𝒙 →𝒄
continuity at c if the following conditions are
satisfied.
1. f(c) is exists
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥 →𝑐
3. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥 →𝑐
BASIC CALCULUS GRADE 12

THEREFORE the given function is continuous at x = 0

LESSON 5: THE SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE

TANGENT LINE - the straight line that "just
touches" the curve at that point.
2. a. f(c) is exists

SECANT LINE -a line that intersects a curve at a

minimum of two distinct points.

TANGENT LINE AT A GIVEN POINT AND ITS

SLOPE
The tangent line to the graph of f at the
point (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) is the line touching the
graph of f at the point (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) that most
closely approaches curve of the function.
Slope formula given two points
∆𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
m = ∆𝑥 =𝑥2 − 𝑥1
2 1
Slope intercept form
∆𝑦 𝑦− 𝑦
m = ∆𝑥 =𝑥 − 𝑥0
0
Slope of the secant line passes through to
THEREFORE the given function is discontinuous (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) and (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
at x =2 ∆𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
m = ∆𝑥 =𝑥1 − 𝑥0
1 0

SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE TO f at (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 )

The slope 𝑚1 of the line tangent to a given
function f at the point (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) is given by
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 )
𝒎𝑻 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙 → 𝒙𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎
APPLICATION
A. Find the slope of the line tangent to the
given curve at the indicated point.
BASIC CALCULUS GRADE 12

B. Find the general form of the equation of the

tangent line to the given curve at the indicated point.