Marikina Polytechnic College

No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Y

DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF COLLAGEN

EXTRACT FROM CHICKEN FEET AS

SHOE ADHESIVE

A Research Capstone Paper

Presented to MR. MARLON C. ALTICHE

Faculty of MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Submitted by

Joraine B. Aragon

Annie C. Caampued

Dasell M. Calipay

Patrisha Ane B. Fernando

Antonio Letrago

Ace Pestelos

Gudele Maxine C. Reig

Rysa Wynnona S. Rodriguez

May 2020
 Marikina Polytechnic College
No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to acknowledge the spiritual guidance and assistance

of Our Almighty God, who, in doing this study, always look up and secure the security of

the proponents.

This research has been also made possible by the guidance, supervision,

cooperation, and participation of the following people:

Engr. Judith N. Tormes, our Senior High School Principal of this College, for

permitting the researchers to conduct this study.

Mr. Marlon C. Altiche, for his exemplary guidance, valuable feedback and

constant encouragement throughout the research project, his suggestion of great

significance throughout this research work were of tremendous help, his overflowing

patience and perspective criticism keep the team working a lot better to make this

project possible, it was very knowledgeable for the research group to work under his

special guidance and supervision.

Mr. Nelson O. Arguilles, Mrs. Anna Khristina B. Buday, and Mrs. Lerma L.

Raymundo for sparing their time validating our instrument and suggesting additional

ideas to make our questionnaire more specific, reliable and valid tool for the study.

The researchers’ parents, for financial assistance, guidance, and giving words of

wisdom to motivate and inspire while working on this paper.

The Researchers.

ii
 Marikina Polytechnic College
No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the problem,

the significance of the study, and its scope and delimitations.

Background of the Study

High exposure to chemicals in footwear industries can cause various health

effects. At present, solvents are volatile substances that are commonly utilized in

different industries that manufacture paint, adhesive, pesticide, and household cleaners

which includes shoe care products. Human health risks to these hazardous chemicals

mostly affect the nervous system which includes dizziness, headache, hearing loss,

color vision deficits, light-headedness, and mild cognitive impairment (Dick, 2006).

According to Dagoon, J. D., (1991), Shoe manufacturers use adhesive to hold

materials together which contains toxic substances such as benzene, toluene, and other

solvents. Furthermore, as stated by Hermawat (2017), most footwear industries still use

an adhesive containing benzene that can cause irritation, pulmonary edema reaction,

and central nervous system disorder to humans.

In the Philippines, the footwear industry is known and produces quality shoes that

are exported to other countries. Marikina City is the shoe capital of the Philippines,

which is known for its high-quality shoemaking, and progressive shoe industry. Marikina

City received a multi-award as Metropolitan City, often known by its brand economy,

highly-skilled, and literate workforce. The Shoe industry gives way to its economy and

people have their source of income because of the work.

1
 From this perspective, the issues about the health risk of being exposed to

commercialized adhesives have been addressed. Therefore, the researchers will

develop a natural shoe adhesive out of collagen extracted from chicken feet. Based on

the study of Alves et. Al (2002), collagen is an abundant protein in mammals and can be

found in various products of animal origin such as avian feet. Adhesives may be found

naturally or synthetically. Hence, the adhesives of “animal” origin are non-toxic

biodegradable and environmentally friendly (Thorndahl, 2009).

According to the Vegan shoe industry (2019), proteins from animals extracted in

skins, bones, ligaments, and other parts of their body are used to make animal-based

adhesives. It is created by prolonged boiling of animal connective tissues. Chicken feet

have protein colloid glues formed through hydrolysis of its collagen having a gelatinous

effect. It is uncommon to use animal ingredients in industrial adhesives because several

synthetic adhesives now exist.

Therefore, the researchers aim to conduct an alternative natural adhesive for

shoes that is organic and non-toxic and will contribute to the eco-friendly shoe industries

in Marikina City.

Statement of the Problem

This study attempts to develop and evaluate the alternative shoe adhesive using

collagen extract from chicken feet.

Specifically, it seeks to answers to the following questions:

1. What is the best acid solution for shoe adhesive?

 2. What is the evaluations of the 3 groups of respondents on the proposed shoe

adhesive, in terms of:

a. Packaging;

b. Physical Appearance;

c. Odor;

d. Application;

e. Affordability; and

f. Stability?

3. Is there a significant difference between the evaluations of the three groups of

respondents?

4. What are the comments and recommendations of the respondents to the

product?

Significance of the Study

This part of the study defines who will benefit out of the findings in this study and

point out the advantage of this to the following group of people:

Shoe Manufacturers. The developed product can benefit the shoe

manufacturers and producers in which they can produce shoes with a non-toxic

adhesive. The product can lessen their use of toxic adhesives which can harm the

health of their workers.

Shoe Sellers. The product can be significant to the shoe sellers because of its

natural material for shoe adhesive which is less than the price of commercialized one.
 The School. This study can also benefit Marikina Polytechnic College in terms of

being recognized for developing natural shoe adhesives made of Collagen from

Chicken feet.

Future Researchers. This study could be a stepping stone for future

researchers who will continue this study to improve and to innovate the product.

Scope and Delimitation

The main objective of the study is to develop a shoe adhesive made of collagen

extract from chicken feet and determine the acceptability of the product based on its

packaging, physical appearance, odor, application, affordability, and stability. Also, it

aims to lessen the health risk of people that are exposed to shoe adhesives that contain

harmful chemical substances.

The three groups of respondents are composed of 15 shoe manufacturers, 15

shoe sellers, and 15 potential customers from Barangay Tumana Concepcion 1,

Marikina City. The study will be conducted during the second semester of the academic

year 2019- 2020.

 CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after a thorough and in-

depth search done by the researchers.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The purpose of this section is to show the significant bearing of the other

literature and studies to the present undertaking.

Review of Related Literature

One of the most common and abundant naturally occurring scaffold material is

the collagen. According to Parviz, J. (2010) in the article entitled “High Yield

Orthopaedics”, the word collagen means “ glue producer” that came from the Greek

word ‘kolla’, meaning ‘glue’. Collagen can be extracted from various tissues such as

tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues and can be obtained by boiling the

skin and sinews of horses and other animals. Collagen is the main protein of connective

tissue in animals and is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25%

of the total protein content.

As stated by Mandal, A. (2019) in her article entitled “What is Collagen?”, it is a

protein that contains specific amino acids such as Glycine, Proline, Hydroxyproline, and

Arginine. Collagen makes up approximately 30% of the proteins within the body that can

be found in bones, tendons, and ligaments. It is also present in all the smooth muscle

tissues, blood vessels digestive tract, heart, gallbladder, kidneys, and bladder holding

the cells and tissues together. Collagen microscopically occurs in elongated fibrils. It is

mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendon, ligament, and skin, and is also abundant
in cornea, bone, blood vessels, cartilage, intervertebral disc, and the digestive tract.
 The journal entitled “Isolation of collagen from chicken feet with the hydro-

extraction method and its Physico-chemical characterization” by Suparno, O. and

Prasetyo, N. B. (2018) utilized collagen from chicken feet using the hydro-extraction

method. Collagen is an extracellular matrix of connective tissue that is abundant, about

30% of the total protein. According to the journal, there are 26 types of collagen where

some of that type I collagen which is the main component in tendon, bone and skin

tissue, type II collagen is present in the cartilage and the conjunctiva of the eye and the

type III collagen is found in blood vessels. In the process of extraction, the materials

used to produce collagen were distilled water, NaOH, and acetic acid. The collagen

isolation process with the hydro-extraction method consists of three stages, namely pre-

treatment with NaOH solution, hydrolysis with the acetic acid solution, and extraction

with distilled water.

The first stage is the process of pre-treatment with NaOH solution aimed at

eliminating non-collagen proteins and other impurities such as fats, minerals, pigments,

and odors. The second stage was hydrolysis with a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH)

to change the structure of collagen fibresto to facilitate the extraction process. The third

stage was extraction by a hydro-extraction method. The extraction result was in the form

of a collagen solution, then the solution was dried with a freeze dryer to obtain dry

collagen and the yield was calculated.

The journal entitled “Utilization of the Chicken Feet and Skeleton Meat for the

Production of Dried Chicken Soup” by Elsesy, T. A. et. Al (2015), utilized chicken feet

and skeleton meat to prepare the dried chicken soup. According to the journal, collagen
protein substance is naturally occurring in the human body, but the problem occurs with

age progress, the body’s ability to produce less collagen, which leads to changes in

flexibility and increase in the inflammatory pain and arthritis so it is recommended to

take collagen from another source.

The book of Kachuba, J. B. and Newman, M. A. Ph. (2011) entitled” Why this Job

killing me?’’, mentioned the health risks of the workplace in Ohio chemicals packaging

company wherein the workers are being exposed in organic solvents. Typical organic

solvents are substances used in paints, adhesives, coatings, and cleaning agents.

Workers experiencing cognitive disorders due to the neurotoxic agents that can result in

loss of memory, lack of attention span, and lack of awareness which is affecting their

work thoroughly. Based on the cited article, the study was being supported when it

comes to the problem addressed. It states that organic solvents are harmful ingredients

of adhesive that is why present researchers pursue natural and non-toxic main

ingredients for the product.

Based on the article of Mohamed, N. A., and Musa, O. A. A. (2018), acid

hydrolysis is performed for the extraction of collagen procedure in Poultry Waste, in

which it is either with organic acids (citric, acetic and lactic acid), or inorganic acid such

as hydrochloric acid (HCL). In this article, organic acids can solubilize the pack of

collagen and can also break down the tissues which help to extract the collagen easily.

From this, present researchers tend to used vinegar and calamansi as citric acid

solution which is essential in solubilizing collagen to make it liquid adhesive.

Furthermore, the Pioneer Adhesive Company in Marikina City has an

association of local shoemakers and shoe manufacturers to help and support “Grupo
Sapatero” to
continue to craft ‘dikit-tibay’ and world-class products. With regards to this, Marikina City

Mayor Marcelino Teodoro stated that the challenge in the shoe industry now is to keep it

alive through the undying support and that is the reason why shoemaking courses are

now being offered in different schools specifically in Marikina Polytechnic College

(Manila Standard Business, 2017). In this case, this study was able to make a viable

contribution for the shoe industries in Marikina City by making a shoe adhesive that is

non-toxic and natural that decreases the exposure of shoe workers from toxic

substances came from the synthetic adhesives and other chemical-based materials.

Review of Related Studies

The study of De Almeida, P. F., et. Al. (2012), entitled “Collagen extraction from

chicken feet for jelly production “, showed that the collagen extract from chicken feet

can be alternative ingredients to make jellies for the food industry. The previous

researchers used raw materials from animals to make a jelly ingredient to lessen the

waste in meat industries. The previous study focuses on the evaluation of five attributes:

the appearance, flavor, aroma, texture, and willingness to consume the product. This

study evaluated the product using the Sensory-analysis method wherein they measure

and analyze human reactions perceived by sense of smell, sight, taste touch, and

hearing.

Similarly, the present study also utilizes the use of collagen extract from chicken

feet as the main ingredient. However, the previous study used this ingredient for jelly

production while the present study used this raw material in making shoe adhesive.

Also, the present study uses a descriptive-evaluative method, which involves interviews

and questionnaires to gather data that is different from the previous study.
 The study of Fehng S. (2016) entitled “Extraction of Collagen from Fish Wastes,

Optimization, and Characterization.” Fish waste (fish skin, scales, bones, and fins)

consists of high-level content of amino acids, which is needed to produced collagen.

This study suggested that fish waste be an alternative collagen source with a high

potential for a variety of uses in many fields like in making adhesives.

Also, based on the previous study, the collagen of the animal was used. From

that, it supports the present research to pursue making adhesive that is organic, natural,

and non-toxic from animal body parts. On the other hand, the previous study uses fish

skin, scales, bones, and fins as the main source of collagen while the present study

used chicken feet. Also, the study of Fehng focuses only on the extraction of collagen

and suggested its feasibility for making adhesives. In the present study, there is an

existing product or output.

The study by Apolinada, L. V. D., et. al. (2019), entitled “Utilization of Collagen

from Fish Scales as Organic Shoe Polish” explored the possibility of collagen from fish

scales to be the main ingredient in the formulation of shoe polish. The study evaluated

the packaging, labeling, physical properties, consistency, and acceptability of the

developed product. Hence, most of the respondents commented that the developed

organic shoe polish was acceptable in terms of the said variables above. The study

aims to utilize collagen from fish scales as the main ingredient in the production of

organic shoe polish. Moreover, the study also signified that there are numerous adverse

health effects connected to heavy exposures to solvents.

The study of Apolinada, L. V. D., et. Al. (2019) and the present study both used

the collagen as an ingredient for developing products. Furthermore, the previous and
present
study uses a descriptive-evaluative method of research that uses survey questionnaires

and conducted interviews. The previous study was also addressed the health risks of

high chemical exposure. However, the previous study used collagen extracted from fish

scales, while the latter used chicken feet collagen. Lastly, their research developed a

shoe polish while the present study developed shoe adhesive.

The study of Baluyot, N. F. L. et. Al., (2019) entitled” Multi-purpose Liquid

adhesive using melted polystyrene in orange (Citrus sinensis), developed a liquid

adhesive came from polystyrene wastes. It aims to reduce environmental issues

especially pollution. The study was limited to 3 groups of respondents: the potential

customers, shoemakers, and shoe vendors.

The previous study is similar to the present research in terms of the respondents,

wherein the shoe vendors and potential customers are one of the target participants. As

revealed in its title, the previous and present study both develop an adhesive. In

contradict, the study of Baluyot N. F. et. Al. used polystyrene wastes as the main

ingredient while the present was uses collagen extract from chicken feet.

The study of Balgis, B. A. (2013), entitled “Development of Natural Adhesive

using Lignin and Soy protein”, developed a natural adhesive that contains raw materials

from lignin and soy protein. And also determined the bonding strength as well as the

water-resistant ability of the natural adhesive by undergoing different experimentations.

Similar to the present study, the researchers also used raw material in making

adhesive that addresses the issue of synthetic adhesives containing chemical

substances that are harmful to humans. Unlike the previous study, the present

researches use different main ingredient which is the collagen extract from chicken feet.
Also, Balgis
conducted his study without any respective respondents, instead, he used apparatus to

determine its bonding strength that contradicts the present study that has the

involvement of participants.

Furthermore, the study of Hamarneh A. (2010) entitled “Novel wood Adhesives

from bio-based materials and polyketones”, stated that the needs of green product and

having high environmental standards has led to renewed interest in environmentally

friendly wood adhesives. This research aimed to improve the properties of natural-

based adhesives to render the competitiveness of synthetic adhesives in the market.

The researcher uses polyketone adhesive which is a thermoplastic polymer and bio-

based materials such as soy protein and jatropha protein in testing and making this

adhesive. The matrix-like experimental design was used as a method to know the

stability and shelf life of the emulsions as well as the performance as a wood adhesive.

Similar to the study, present researchers pursue to develop an adhesive out of

natural-based materials. It also considers the issue of the synthetic ones and supports

environmentally friendly adhesives. In which, the present study uses collagen extract

from a raw material that does not have any harmful chemical substances. About its

product, the previous study developed adhesive for novel woods while the present

study is for the shoes. Plants are the source of their product and animals in the present

research
Conceptual Framework of the Study

The conceptual framework of the study is presented in figure 1.

Figure 1: present the framework of the development of Collagen Extract from

Chicken Feet as Shoe Adhesive.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-Prepare the materials
that will be using

Wash the chicken feet to

remove the dirt and debris

-The chicken feet are then

The ingredients needed
were gathered such as
chicken feet, calamansi,
vinegar and water
soaked in the water
-Treat the chicken feet
with calamansi and Developed Shoe Adhesive out of
vinegar Collagen Extract from Chicken
Feet
Boil the treated chicken
feet to produce a thick
gelatin-like substance.
 Figure 1: Development of Collagen Extract from Chicken Feet a Shoe Adhesive

In the input, the raw materials were listed in making the product which is the Shoe

Adhesive out of Collagen Extract form Chicken Feet. This includes chicken feet,

calamansi, vinegar, and water.

For the process, the researchers first prepared the raw materials for making the

assumed output. The researchers utilized washing, soaking, and boiling for the process

of making the product.

As an output, the Shoe Adhesive out of Collagen Extract from Chicken Feet was

developed.

Figure 2: Presents the model of the data gathering process.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-Liquid shoe adhesive

made from chicken
feet collagen
-Evaluation test
- Survey
questionnaires -Statistical treatment of -Evaluated liquid shoe
data adhesive from chicken feet
collagen
-Analysis and interpretation
-Respondents of data

15 shoe
manufacturers
15 shoe sellers
15 students
 Figure 2: Evaluation of Collagen Extract from Chicken Feet a Shoe Adhesive

In the Input refers to the developed product and the Survey Questionnaire that

was designed for the target respondents.

About the process, before the evaluation test, the researchers ask for permission

and made a formal letter to conduct the study. Thereafter, the questionnaires are

spread out on the respondents. Therefore, researchers can analyze and interpret the

gathered data.

Finally, the output, the researchers obtain the evaluation of the (3) groups of

respondents on the developed shoe adhesive out of collagen extract from chicken feet.

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference among the level of acceptability of the (3) three

groups of respondents on the developed shoe adhesive product out of collagen extract

from chicken feet in terms of Physical properties, application, Odor, and Packaging.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as conceptually and operationally to better

understand the study.

Acceptability. The term acceptability refers to the capability or worthiness of

being accepted and the state of satisfactory or adequate. In this study, it refers to

discover and determine the rate of acceptance of the three groups of respondents to the

product of this research which is the shoe adhesive out of collagen extract from chicken

feet.

Adhesive. The term Adhesive refers to a substance that is used to make the

materials stick or hold together. In this study, it refers to a substance that makes the
parts
and materials of shoes hold together. The adhesive in this study is non-toxic and natural

out of collagen extract from chicken feet.

Affordability. The term Affordability refers to having a price that isn’t too high. In

this study, it refers to a factor used to evaluate the product. It defines the low-cost of a

developed product that ordinary customers can consume.

Application. The term Application refers to an act of applying and a medicated or

protective layer of material. In this study, it refers to one of the variables used to

evaluate the product. It defines how the developed shoe adhesive applied in shoes

including its enough viscosity and strength.

Chicken Feet. The term Chicken feet refer to a lower part of the chicken that has

an edible tissue of skins and tendons which is eaten by Asian, Middle Eastern, and

Vietnamese cuisines. In this study, it refers to raw material and an ingredient to develop

a shoe adhesive.

Collagen. The term Collagen refers to the main structural protein found in skin

and other connective tissues. In this study, it refers to the raw material and the

ingredient for developing the shoe adhesive. It creates a gelatinous substance that has

a viscous property.

Extract. This term refers to separate, remove or get by pulling it out, cutting, and

squeezing. In this study, it refers to the essential substance extracted from the boiled

chicken feet. Development. The term Development refers to the act or process of

creating something over some time and the state a developed project. In this study, it

refers to the organized process of developing and creating a shoe adhesive product.
 Odor. The term Odor refers to the quality of a particular smell. In this study, it

refers to the smell of the developed product and used if it is appropriate in shoe

adhesive.

Packaging. The term Packaging refers to the wrapping material around an item

that serves to identify, display, protect, and promote the product to make it clean and

marketable. In this study, it refers to the container where the product is placed inside. It

was designed relative to the developed shoe adhesive.

Physical Properties. The term Physical Properties refer to the characteristic of a

matter that is observable and measurable without changing the chemical identity of a

sample. In this study, it refers to the properties of the develop shoe adhesive out of

collagen extracted from chicken feet such as the color, smell, and physical appearance

that is being evaluated through the survey questionnaires.

Shoe Adhesive. The term Shoe adhesive refers to a substance that attaching the

outsoles to the uppers of shoes. In this study, it refers to an alternative shoe adhesive

that makes attaching the parts and materials of a shoe.

Stability. The term stability refers to the quality of something that is not easily

changed or a degree of firmness. In this study, it refers to one of the qualities of the

developed shoe adhesive that shows its state of being stable regardless of the factors in

the environment.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research methodology, the source of data, research

instrument, data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment of data.

Methods of Research Design

This study uses Descriptive-Evaluative as the research method. According to

Seludo-Ballena (2002) from the book of Method of Research, she defines Descriptive

Design as the method that intends to gather relatively limited data from a relatively large

number of subjects. This is used to measure an existing phenomenon without inquiring

into why it exists. It is conducted by phone, mail, or through personal contact (surveys,

interviews) with the subjects. The developed product of Collagen extracts from chicken

feet as Shoe adhesive is evaluated by the 3 groups of respondents through a four-point

Likert scale to determine its acceptability. Besides, there is a comment and suggestion

part on the research instrument which is relevant to give further information and

recommendation needed to improve the study. The descriptive-evaluative research

method uses to explain and analyze the data gathered following the research output or

the product.

Sources of Data

The sources of data in this study were gathered from 3 groups of respondents in

an equal quantity; 15 shoe manufacturers,15 shoe sellers, and 15 potential customers

at Barangay Tumana Conception 1, Marikina City during the first quarter of the

academic year 2020. The primary data are obtained using Purposive Quota Sampling, it

is a non- probability sampling that is selected based on the characteristics of the given
population

and the objective of the study. It is also known as selective or Subjective Sampling.

Data Gathering Instrument

The Research instrument used in the study is adopted and modified from the study

of Baluyot, et. Al., (2019), entitled” Multipurpose Liquid adhesive using melted

polystyrene in orange (Citrus Sinensis). The survey checklist is consisting of two parts,

the profile of the respondents and the evaluation part. The first part includes the name

of the respondents(optional), the gender, age, and the social group where they belong.

In the second part, which is the evaluation part, it includes the checklist with four criteria

to evaluate, the packaging, physical appearance, odor, application, affordability, and

stability. The evaluation of three groups of respondents was measured on a Likert scale,

4- strongly agree, 3-agree, 2-disagree, and 1-strongly disagree. At the bottom part of

the questionnaire, the researchers include the comments and suggestions of the

respondents for further improvement of the study. The researchers asked an approval

letter for the process and validity of the research and signed it to the SHS Principal of

Marikina Polytechnic College. Thereafter, the formal letter for the Content and Construct

Validations are signed by the chosen validators.

Data Gathering Procedure

The Data were gathered through validated survey questionnaires. The researchers

surveyed the area of Baranggay Tumana Concepcion 1, Marikina City, and chose 15

potential targets within every three groups of respondents, which are the Shoe

Manufacturers, Shoe Sellers, and Consumers. Each one of the respondents was given

a set of questionnaires and has an opportunity to critique the developed shoe adhesive
by giving them a sample product. The questionnaire has 3 parts, and the last part is the

comments and suggestions for the respondents which merely give ideas to the

researchers on how to improve the developed product. Thereafter, the data gathered

undergo classifying and analyzing process using the mean and One-factor ANOVA to

determine the comparison of 3 groups of respondents before the development and

acceptability of six variables which are the packaging, physical appearance, odor,

application, affordability, and stability of the said product.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers use One-Way ANOVA or one-way analysis of Variance as the

statistical treatment. It is used to determine whether there are any significant differences

statistically between the mean of three or more unrelated groups of respondents. It

includes the assumptions of the test and the comparing of data being gathered.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alves, S. G.T., & Prudencio-Ferreira, S. H. (2002). Propriedades funcionais de material

colagenoso de pes de frango. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 52(3),

289- 293. PMid:12448344

Angeles, N. (2011). The History of Marikina’s Shoe Industry. Artes de las Filipinas.

http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/160/the-history-of- marikina-s-shoe-

industry?fbclid=IwAR3BN7sL3uKAlT9Tjyx47qDnUUypjTtVk3a1PGNrl2wzv5Tfj

Kkkr1ionH4

Apolinada, L. V. D., Corpuz, J. R., Dela Torre, F.D. N., Eusebio, K. F. M., Morada,

G.V.V. & Suan, D. M. E. (2019). Utilization of Collagen from Fish Scales as Organic

Shoe Polish. Marikina City: Marikina Polytechnic College.

Balgis, B. A. (2013). Development of Natural Adhesive Using Lignin and Soy Protein.

http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/8726/1/CD8427%20%40%2052.pdf

Baluyot, N. F. L., Banzuela, P. B. T. M., Bon, A. J. P., Bonavente, J.M. S., Castillo,

R. M. Q.& Galigo, J. B. G. (2019). Multi-Purpose Liquid Adhesive using Melted

Polystyrene in Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Oil. Marikina City: Marikina Polytechnic

College.

Dagoon, J. D., (1991). Crafts and Industries: A specialized Course for High School

and Post-High School Technology. Philippines: Rex Book Store.

De Almeida, P. F., De Aravjo, Oliveira, G. M. & Santana, J. C. C. (2012). Collagen

 Marikina Polytechnic College
No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

extraction from chicken feet for jelly production.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7d79/0cfdd07b30252a3e46c97f307ea34afbe4f5.

pdf

Dick, F. D. (2006). Solvent Neurotoxicity. Occupational and Environmental Medicine

2006; 63:221-226. DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.022400

Elsesy, T. A. et. al (2015). Utilization of the Chicken Feet and Skeleton Meat for the

Production of Dried Chicken

Soup. https://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://pdfs.semanticsc

holar.org/7262/cf63ee6a095df43b3ea4b3ec3d32742ef049.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiK

oq6W_Y7oAhUjyYsBHbwoBrEQFjACegQIBBAC&usg=AOvVaw3Xt8gC8s_xEh0r

mCjzNVnO&fbclid=IwAR00Vmqfow8GVvwNUN0CvGoccxbafbdWamPRDtZPKIy

u3RzcGgC_EoIuV1A

Fehng, S. P. C. (2016). Extraction of Collagen from Fish Wastes, Optimization,

and Characterization.

http://eprints.utar.edu.my/2410/1/SCA-2016-1201365-1.pdf

Gregory, I. (2003). Ethics in Research.

https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oOW_eV_apwYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1

1&dq=gregory+2003+ethics&ots=d9gM7WWToF&sig=tJ-

GG1BSDPg2Ru2YWm0yECt6Cvg

Hamarneh, A. I. M. (2010). Novel Wood Adhesives from Bio-Based Materials and

22
 Polyketones. Groningen: s.n.

https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/14618182/Thesis_Binded_A_Hamarneh2.

pdf

Hermawat, E. (2017) Evaluation of Benzene Exposure and S-PMA as a Biomarker of

Exposure to Workers in the Informal Footwear Industry.

https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Life/article/view/2579/5529

Kachuba, J. B., and Newman, M. A. Ph. (2011). Why is this Job Killing me?”. Xibris

Corporation.

Mandal, A. (2019). What is Collagen?

https://www.news-medical.net/amp/health/What-is-Collagen.aspx

Manila Standard Business (2017). Grupo Sapatero formed to uplift the Marikina

shoe industry.

https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/237787

Mohamed, N. A., and Musa, O. A. A. (2017). Occupational Asthma in Sudan.

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication. 7,613.

Parviz, J. (2010). High Yield Orthopaedics.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-

dentistry/collagen?fbclid=IwAR0iSXvjhxFkJkh9SXzUgNyZU8kFUaeJ_vFs1l4ZjP_

ugkViKxAG5pCeA6k

Seludo-Ballena, N. D. (2000). Methods of Research. Quezon City: Quest Foundation

Inc.

Suparno, O., and Prasetyo, N. B. (2018). Isolation of Collagen from Chicken feet with
 Hydro-extraction method and its Physico-chemical characterization.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://iopscience.iop.o

rg/article/10.1088/1755-

1315/335/1/012018/pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiP4c6P_47oAhVrKqYKHeyrCQEQFjAVe

gQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw3nX5KK-

dNcwhHyiRyzhh1q&fbclid=IwAR3g6wNwbK77kxwJbVuqZDQB-

X63XD76NyJRa9Hn4MrLrNMIZ_oYt4fI0H0

Thorndahl E. (2009) The use of Hide Glue as an Adhesive. Charlotte, North Carolina:

Bjorn Industries.

Vegan shoe industry (2019). Understanding Glues for Vegan Shoes.

https://www.vegankicks.com/understanding-vegan-shoe-

glues/?fbclid=IwAR0x441RzSmqNzJqH2r3v9PULWIWstzYEhdiD2vHTPOnSz6g

UKENenc-Be0
 Marikina Polytechnic College
No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

APPENDICES

25
LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Letter of Request to Conduct Research to the Senior High School

Principal

Appendix B: Letter for Request of Content Validation

Appendix C: Letter for Request to Construct Validation

Appendix D: Survey Questionnaire

Appendix E: Letter for Laboratory

Appendix F: Procedure for Extracting of Chicken Feet

Appendix A
Appendix B
 Marikina Polytechnic College
No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Appendix C

29
 Marikina Polytechnic College
No. 2 Mayor Chanyungco St. Sta. Elena Marikina City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Appendix D

30
Appendix E
Appendix F
DOCUMENTATIONS
 DOCUMENTATION

Approval of Research

Engr. Judith Tormes, Senior High School principal, approves

and signs the letter for the continuation of the research with
Annie Caampued and Gudele Maxine Reig, members of the
research group.
 DOCUMENTATION

Consultations of Research Adviser

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig,

Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez, and Patrisha Ane Fernando, members of the
group, consults Mr. Marlon Altiche, their Research Capstone Instructor, for
the Chapter I and Statement of the Problem.

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig, Rysa
Wynnona Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos, and Antonio Letrago,
members of the group, consults Mr. Marlon Altiche, their Research Capstone
Instructor, for the revision of their Chapter II.
 DOCUMENTATION

Consultations of Research Adviser

 Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig, Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez,
Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos, and Antonio Letrago, members of the group, consults Mr. Marlon
Altiche, their Research Capstone Instructor, for the improvement of their Chapters I and II.

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig, Rysa Wynnona
Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos, and Antonio Letrago, members of the
group, consults Mr. Marlon Altiche, their Research Capstone Instructor, for the revision
of chapters II and III, and the letter for validators.
 DOCUMENTATION

Consultations of Research Adviser

Annie Caampued and Dasell Calipay, members of the group, consult Mr. Marlon
Altiche, their Research Capstone Instructor, for scheduling their online consultation and
some announcements via messenger.
 DOCUMENTATION

Consultations of Research Adviser

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine

Reig, Rysa Wynnona Reig, and Patrisha Ann Fernando, members of
the group, consult Mr. Marlon Atiche, their Research Capstone
Instructor, for the revision of their appendices and documentations via
messenger video call.
 DOCUMENTATION

Library Visits

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig, Rysa Wynnona
Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos, and Antonio Letrago, members of the group,
reads and study previous researches at Research Department of Marikina Polytechnic College,
for their Statement of the Problem (SOP).

Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez, Joraine Aragon and Patrisha Ane

Fernando, members of the group, reads and search for more related
literatures and studies at Quezon City Public Library, for the
improvement of their Chapter II.
 DOCUMENTATION

Library Visits

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine

Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig, Rysa Wynnona
Gudele Maxine Reig, member of the group,
Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando and Ace
uses the E-library of Quezon City Public
Pestelos, members of the group, visit the
Library to search for more related literatures
Quezon City Public Library to search for more
and studies regarding the research.
related literatures and studies.

Annie Caampued, Gudele Maxine Reig, Patrisha Ane Fernando, and Ace Pestelos, members of the
group, visit the National Library to search for additional related literatures and studies.
 DOCUMENTATION

Group Meetings

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig, Rysa
Wynnona Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos and Antonio
Letrago, members of the group, shares idea to each other for their Statement of
the Problem (SOP) and Background of the study.

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, and Rysa Wynonna

Rodriguez members of the group, meet at TE bench for the
improvement of their product.
 DOCUMENTATION

Group Meetings

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon and Ace

Pestelos, members of the group, prepare regards to the submission
of letter for validators to Mr. Marlon Altiche, their Research
Capstone Instructor.

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine

Reig and Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez, members of the group, meet for
the revision of their documentation via messenger.
 DOCUMENTATION

Title Defense

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine

Reig, Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos,
and Antonio Letrago, members of the group, defend their chosen topics
to Mr. Marlon Altiche, their research capstone Instructor, in front of the
class.
 DOCUMENTATION

Validations of Research
Instrument

Annie Caampued and Joraine Aragon, members of the group, consults Mr.
Marlon Altiche, their Research Capstone Instructor, for the revision of their
research instrument and letter for respondents.

Mr. Marlon Altiche, Research Capstone Instructor, signs the research

instrument and letter for validators of Group III, with Annie Caampued and
Dasell Calipay, members of the group.
 DOCUMENTATION

Materials Used

Prepare the raw material and ingredient needed. The chicken feet
soak and boil with water.
 DOCUMENTATION

Materials Used

Annie Caampued and Gudele Maxine Reig, members of the group, mix
the other ingredients such as vinegar and calamansi while boiling the
chicken feet.

Joraine Aragon member of the group, buy the

ingredients needed for the product.
 DOCUMENTATION

Development of Product

Joraine Aragon and Patrisha Ane Fernando,

members of the group, prepare the chicken feet
for the first trial of the product.

Trial two (2) of the developing product

 DOCUMENTATION

Development of Product

Trial three (3) of the product at Aragon’s residence

Trial three (3) of the developing product wherein the

researchers use leather samples.
 DOCUMENTATION

Additional Pictures

Annie Caampued, Joraine Aragon and Patrisha Ane Fernando, members

of the group, consult Mr. Nelson Arguilles, their General Chemistry II
Instructor, for the development of their product.

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig,

Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez, Patrisha Ane Fernando, Ace Pestelos and
Antonio Letrago, members of the group, consult Ms. Mesina, their
Research Project Instructor, for the grammar and organization of their
written chapters.
DOCUMENTATION

Additional Pictures
 DOCUMENTATION

Additional Pictures

Annie Caampued, Dasell Calipay, Joraine Aragon, Gudele Maxine Reig,

Rysa Wynnona Rodriguez and Patrisha Ane Fernando, members of the
group, discuss for the revision of their chapters, bibliography and for the
compilation of their documentation via messenger.