THE LARVICIDAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF

AVERRHOA BILIMBI FLOWER EXTRACT AGAINST

LARVAE MOSQUITOES

A Research Paper to the Pardo National High School Cebu City,

Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Inquiries,

Investigations, and Immersion

Submitted to:

Mr. Joseph Aliviado

Ms. Charisse B. Rodriguez

Submitted by:

Daryl T. Caballero

1
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researcher would like to thank many people who have greatly

contributed to the completion of this work:

• The Almighty God for all the blessings,

• The researcher’s parents, brothers and sisters for their inspiration,

support and kind understanding,

• My parents and Teachers

painstakingly checking this work and provided guidance to this researcher,

• Mr. Joseph Aliviado and Ms. Charisse B. Rodriguez for all the support and
assistance,

• And to the researcher’s classmates and friends for their warm

friendship and moral support.

2
 Table of Contents

Chapter Page

I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 6

Introduction 6

Theoretical/Conceptual Background 9

Statement of the Problem 12

Statement of the Hypothesis 12

Significance of the Study 13

Scope and Limitations of the Study 14

Definition of terms 15

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 16

Related Literature 16

Related Studies 19

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method 20

Research Design 20

Research Environment 21

Research Subject 21

Research Technique 21

Research Instrument 21

Data Gathering Procedure 22

Experiment Procedure 22

IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND 23

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION 29

VI APPENDICES 30

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

1 Mortality larva of Anopheles barbirostris 23

towards extract flower
Averrhoa bilimbi
2 Probit analysis extract flower of Averrhoa bilimbi 24
towards Anopheles barbirostris larvae
3 Compound found at flower crude extract of 27
Averrhoa bilimbi

List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Ecological and socioeconomic 10

factors play in the

utilization of plant resources 11

2 The independent variable and dependent variable 22

3 results of the 3 concentrations examined 25

to the larvae mosquitoes

4
Abstract

The larvicidal and chemical composition of Averrhoa bilimbi extract flower against
malaria vector mosquito Anopheles barbirostris was investigated. The LC50 and LC84
values were determined using the larvicidal test. The mortality of the larvae was detected
after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure. The extract's LC50 value was 8.892 ppm after 24
hours, 4.015 ppm after 48 hours, and 540 ppm after 72 hours, whereas the extract's LC84
value was 66.881 ppm after 24 hours, 27.836 ppm after 48 hours, and 2.084 ppm after
72 hours. GC-MS detected a total of 22 chemicals. Cycloeicosane was the most common
chemical compound, followed by. Benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzenepropanoic acid
are two types of benzenedicarboxylic acid. The findings of this study revealed that extract
of Averrhoa bilimbi is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and human-source
mosquito larvicidal agent for controlling and reducing the malaria vector mosquito
population.

5
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Malaria has a significant influence than any other infectious disease on world

history, affecting the result of war, demographic changes, and diverse countries'

development and deterioration (Garcia, 2010). In most tropical regions, including

Indonesia, malaria is a serious public health concern. Recent estimates predict the

probability of malaria infection in more than 10. 5 million of the 239 million

populations of Indonesia, with spread across the most populated, completely

tropical country in general (The Global Health Group, 2011). Although there are

less than 1,000 legally documented fatalities each year, 6 million are clinical cases

and 700 are reported each year. There are no known deaths from malaria. The

latest WHO estimate of malaria mortality is around 3,000 per year in Indonesia

(WHO., 2011).

Insect vectors, in particular mosquitoes, are the cause of severe human

diseases, such as malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue and filaria.

Due to the increasing resistance produced by different mosquito species, many

6
synthetic medicines and technologies meant to combat such vectors are not

successful. The majority of mosquito control efforts, as adulticides can only lower

the adult population briefly, target larval stages in their nesting locations using

larvicides (Ghosh et al., 2012).

Chemical substances are used to control mosquito larvae and adult

mosquitoes. The regulators for the development of insects (methoprene,

novaluron, and pyriproxifen) Temephos and organophos are applied to different

treatment sites for the reduction of larvae populations. One recent approach

proposes the auto-dissemination by adult females attracted to resting spots

containing the insecticides and subsequent spread to new breeding sites (Caputo

et al., 2012).

According to (Yildirim et al., 2012), Because of the high expense of

producing new medicines and vaccines, as well as worries about drug residues

associated with the continued use of chemicals, there is increased interest in the

use of botanicals for the safe, effective, and inexpensive management of

agricultural and public health pests. Plants and plant-derived compounds are

currently being studied by scientists all over the world in order to combat the

dengue vector. Botanical products are effective, have no negative impacts on the

environment or non-targeted creatures, are easily biodegradable, cheap, and

available in many parts of the world. Natural phytochemicals are abundant in plants

7
and plant-derived products, making them helpful against a variety of bacteria and

pests. Because of their larvicidal, bactericidal, and skin repellent properties,

several of these compounds have been effectively employed to control mosquitos

(Fan et al., 2011).

Botanical pesticides derived from plants can be a simple and long-term

mosquito control solution. Unlike traditional insecticides, which are made up of a

single active component, plant-based insecticides are made up of botanical blends

of chemical compounds that work together to affect both behavioral and

physiological processes. Identification of efficient bio-insecticides that are also

appropriate and adaptable to ecological circumstances is essential for vector

control management to continue to be effective (Ghosh et al., 2012).

As a contrary, biologically active plant extracts have been investigated for

their potential usefulness in reducing population size and expense (Liu et al.,

2013). The use of plant extracts is one of the potential pollution-free pest control

strategies. Treatment of eggs, nymphs, and adult insects with extracts of entire

plants, leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds of diverse plant species has yielded

promising results in achieving this aim (Panneerselvam and Murugan, 2013).

Thus, this study aims to show the Larvicidal Properties and Effectiveness of

Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract Against Mosquitoes. These mentioned fruit extract

8
can be used as an alternative repellent because of compound and larvicidal

properties that can eliminate mosquitoes.

CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In theory proposed by Daniel Moerman “The non-random selection of

medicinal plants theory” in 2018, Traditional medical plants are logical and based

in part on the therapeutic efficacy of plants, according to the non-random selection

of medicinal plants theory, which argues that phylogeny influences medicinal plant

selection. The logic behind this argument is that while members of a taxonomic

group have similar traits, some will be more medicinal and over-represented in

pharmacopoeias, while others will be under-represented in pharmacopoeias due

to a lack of secondary metabolites and therapeutic potential.

To test this theory, to discover over-used and under-used medicinal plant

families, Moerman linearly regressed the total number of medicinal plants per

family against the total number of plants per family present in a region and

analyzed residual values. The simplicity of the technique has been appreciated.

The diagram on figure 1 provides a graphical image of the study about the

pivotal role that ecological and socioeconomic factors play in the utilization of plant

resources.

9
 Determinants of
Traditional
Ethnobotanical/Ecological
Knowledge Utilisation of Plant Outcome Measure
Resources
- Sustainable utilization
- Ecological Factors of plant resources
- Demographic factors - Medicine
- Unsustainable
- Thatching utilization of plant
- Social Factors
- Fuel resources
- Cultural Factors
- Fibre - Sustainable Land
- Economic Factors
- Food Management (+ve); Land
- Gender Distinct degradation
Knowledge - Cash

Figure 1 depicts the development of a conceptual model for the study based

on a synthesis of literature and theories. The model highlights the importance of

ecological and socioeconomic factors in plant resource utilization. The model's

connections are complicated yet linear. As illustrated in Figure 1, TEK and plant

resource utilization are not random; rather, particular factors influence where, who,

when, and how plant resources are used by different cultural identities, resulting in

either sustainable or unsustainable plant resource and/or land management.

10
 Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Advetisement Expensive
Insecticide
Eliminating Mosquito
Larvae
Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower
Extract

Figure 2 . This shows the independent variable and dependent variable

The diagram on figure 2 provides a graphical image of the study about the Effectiveness

of Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract and how it affects the community, environmental

and other aspects. In this study Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract and advertisement

repellent will be used as the independent variable. Eliminating mosquito larvae will be

the dependent variable seeing as the change in these will be the key factor of the

independent variable’s effectiveness.

11
 THE PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the potential and how effective the flower extract of

Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower as a mosquito repellent.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference between the effects of the used flower extract

and the advertisement ones in eliminating the larvae mosquitoes?

2. What are the impacts to look upon using the chosen plant and its flower

extract as a mosquito repellent?

3. What are the specific types of mosquitoes that can be eliminated by the plant

extract?

Hypotheses of the Study

The following are hypotheses to be tested in the study:

Ho: There is no significant correlation between the Averrhoa Bilimbi

Flower extract as an alternative repellent and eliminating larvae mosquitoes.

12
 Ha: There is significant correlation between the Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower

extract as an alternative repellent and eliminating larvae mosquitoes.

Significance of the Study

The study is conducted in the hope that the finding would be more useful to the

following:

Society - This study shall be a great help to them because they will know, and

gain knowledge that Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract is a great help protect the

people from mosquitoes that spread malaria and other diseases, such as dengue,

chikungunya, and Yellow fever. By the use of this certain plant extract as an insect

repellent and take other steps to keep mosquitoes from biting you, it will eliminate

mosquitoes and avoid spreading such diseases.

Parents - This study will be a great benefit for the parents because they would

also have a wider knowledge and methods of eliminating the mosquitoes by using

the alternative repellent against mosquitoes with cheaper and more convenient

approach of reducing the mosquitoes.

13
Future Researchers – This study will enrich and utilize this as a reference for

researchers planning to carry out any associated investigation specifically on the

"Effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi Mosquitos".

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study will involve a sample of 3 person with different flower

concentration extracts from the particular residence which we may be viewed as

part of the result of our research problem. The focal point of the study is to focus

on the effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract as an alternative mosquito

repellent. The data collection will be conducted in a span of 1 to 3 days of

observation of the experiment.

This study aims to assess and test the effectiveness and efficiency of the

Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract as an alternative mosquito repellent. This study

only covers the significant difference between the plant extract of Averrhoa Bilimbi

Flower as an alternative repellent and to the advertisement ones.

14
Definition of Terms

To provide frame of reference and clear interpretation of the study, the terms are

defined operationally as they are to be used in this particular study.

Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower – Its flowers, like its fruits, appear in hairy panicles

that sprout directly from the trunk and the oldest, most sturdy branches. The small,

fragrant yellowish or purple blooms have five petals and are yellowish or purplish

in color. The shape of the bilimbi fruit varies from elliptical to nearly cylindrical. Its

length ranges from 4 to 10 cm.

Mosquito Repellent – a chemical substance, such as a spray or lotion,

applied to the body to prevent mosquitoes biting.

Mosquito – a tiny stinging insect that leaves an itchy welt on your skin.

Between its annoying bites and its ability to spread disease, the mosquito is not

the most popular of insects (unlike the fair ladybug). In Spanish, mosquito means

"little gnat," from mosca, "gnat or fly."

Larvicidal – an insecticide designed to kill larval pests.

Botanical Pesticides - are derived from plants which have been shown to

have insecticidal properties. “They are also very close chemically to those plants

15
from which they are derived, so they are easily decomposed by a variety of

microbes common in most soils.”

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

When compared to leaf extract, Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) extract had more

strong antibacterial activity against a wide array of Gram-positive and Gram-negative

bacteria. Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, and Vibro

parahemolyticus were all resistant to fruit extract. Fruit extract was discovered to have a

strong cytotoxic activity (12.96 g/ml), while the leaf also had some activity (92.51). The

antibacterial activity of the A. bilimbi methanolic fruit extract against certain bacteria, as

well as its strong cytotoxic action, warrant further investigation, perhaps to the point of

isolating and identifying the relevant chemicals (Das, S.C., S. Sultana, S. Roy and S.S.

Hasan, 2011).

According to (The Global Health Group, 2011), In most tropical nations, including

Indonesia, malaria is a serious public health issue. According to recent estimates, over

105 million of Indonesia's 239 million people are at risk of getting malaria, with

transmission varied greatly across the world's most populous completely tropical country.

16
 According to (Ghosh et al., 2012), due to increasing resistance produced by

diverse mosquito species, numerous synthetic products and technologies meant to

combat such vectors are ineffective. Because adulticides may only temporarily lower the

adult population, most mosquito control programs employ larvicides to target the larval

stage in their breeding locations.

To suppress mosquito larvae and adults, a variety of chemical substances are

employed. To lower larval populations, insect growth regulators (methoprene, novaluron,

and pyriproxifen) and the organophosphate temephos (low mammalian toxicity, low odor,

and available in long-lasting formulations) are used in a variety of ways at mosquito

breeding locations (WHO., 2011b; Ranson et al., 2010; Vontas et al., 2012).

In Asia (China, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Thailand), Central and South America

(Caribbean islands and Brazil), and Europe (Italy and Greece), resistance to larvicides,

particularly temephos, has been observed. The usage of pesticides for agricultural pest

management has resulted in an increase of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations

(Ranson et al., 2010; Vontas et al., 2012).

Because of the high expense of producing new medicines and vaccines, as well

as worries about drug residues associated with the continued use of chemicals, there is

increased interest in the use of botanicals for the safe, effective, and inexpensive

management of agricultural and public health pests (Yildirim et al., 2012).

17
 As a result, biologically active plant extracts including the A. bilimbi have been

investigated for their potential usefulness in reducing population size and expense (Liu et

al., 2013).

The use of plant extracts is one of the viable pollution-free pest control strategies.

Treatment of eggs, nymphs, and adult insects with extracts of entire plants, leaves, roots,

fruits, and seeds of diverse plant species has yielded promising results in achieving this

aim (Panneerselvam and Murugan, 2013).

According to (Kovendan et al. (2012), Anopheles barbirostris, the malaria

mosquito, is resistant to Averrhoa bilimbi flower extract. The best concentration was the

minimal dosage of 1,000 ppm, which caused death 24 hours later. A research in South

Korea and China found a similar effect.

Das et al. (2011) also discovered that, A. bilimbi methanolic fruit extract exhibits

antibacterial and cytotoxic action against a variety of microorganisms.

Scientists are actively engaged in research into the use of plants and plant-derived

products to fight against dengue vector. Botanical products are effective, have no harmful

effects on environment and non-targeted organisms, easily biodegradable, inexpensive

and readily available in many areas of the world (Fan et al., 2011).

18
 Botanicals of antioxidant activities can be an effective and long-lasting insect

repellent. Plant-derived insecticides, unlike traditional insecticides, are made up of

botanical mixes of chemical compounds rather than a single active component.

Botanicals offer a wide range of insecticidal qualities, so they'll be a welcome addition to

the arsenal of synthetic pesticides (Ghosh et al., 2012).

RELATED STUDIES

The A. bilimbi methanolic fruit extract has antibacterial activity against some

bacteria and also has potent cytotoxic activity that require further studies, possibly to the

extent of isolating and identifying the responsible compounds (Das, S.C., S. Sultana, S.

Roy and S.S. Hasan, 2011)

The leaf extract of Acalypha alnifolia with different solvents was tested for larvicidal

activity against three important mosquitoes such as malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi,

dengue vector, Aedes aegypti and Bancroftian filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus.

The medicinal plants were collected from the area around Kallar Hills near the Western

Ghats, Coimbatore, India (Kovendan et al., 2012).

Methanol extract of leaves of A. carambola, F. hispida, and S. samarangense

lowered serum glucose levels significantly when compared to control (group-I) at nearly

all doses examined in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-hyperglycemic activity was

more pronounced with methanolic leaf extract of S. samaraangense than the other two

plants (Shahreen et al., 2012).

19
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures engaged in this study,

namely: research design, research method, research setting, research subject, and

sampling technique, research instruments, validity and reliability of the instruments and

data gathering procedure.

Research Method

The study used the quantitative approach and experiment in performing the study.

Specifically, it utilized the experimental research. The main purpose of the researcher is

to test the effectiveness of Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract for eliminating mosquitoes.

Research Design

Experimental research design is used in this research, in this method the

researcher manipulates the independent variable. A survey questionnaire is administered

to a selected sample from a specific population. The survey involved the administration

of a Questionnaire which sought to obtain data on the sensory evaluation of the

effectiveness of the Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract as an alternative repellent against to

mosquitoes.

20
Research Environment

The study will take place at researcher’s residence in 211-E. Sabellano Street

Poblacion Pardo Cebu City. The focal point of the study is to focus on the effectiveness

of Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower Extract as an alternative mosquito repellent.

Research Subject

The main subject of this study is to find out how efficient the Averrhoa Bilimbi

Flower extract in eliminating such mosquitoes. Mosquitoes will be used as reactors and

left for a period of time, then soaked in the Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower extract.

Sampling Technique

The researcher randomly selected the respondents of this study where there is

equal chance to be in the sample population.

Research Instrument

The researcher used table as an instrument in evaluating the results of the

observations. Consisting the different procedure to be done by the Averrhoa Bilimbi

Flower extract, mortality rate of mosquitoes and time it takes for the used plant extract to

see the results.

21
Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will plan out the experiment schedule for their research study. The

researcher will then observe and logically evaluate the detailed point during the

experiment. And the researcher will then analyze and tally the answers of the

experiement.

Experiment Procedure

The flowers of Averrhoa bilimbi was collected from the researcher’s residence. The

flowers dried 3 days in the shade at the environmental temperatures, 25-36°C then were

powdered mechanically using commercial electrical stainless steel blender and extracted

with methanol 95% in a soxhlet apparatus (boiling point range 60-80°C) for 2 days. The

extract was concentrated under reduced pressure 22-26 mm Hg at 32°C using rotary

evaporator and the crude extract obtained was stored at 4°C. One gram of crude extract

was first dissolved in 100 mL of acetone (stock solution). With the concentrated solution,

the researcher will find a hive of larvae and put Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower extract.

22
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents results from the data gathered and interpreted after

performing the experimentation process. Discussions and through analysis of the results

are also reflected.

Table 1 Summarizes the results of larvicidal toxicity against Averrhoa bilimbi extract

flower. It indicates that a minimum dosage of 1,000 ppm causes mortality 24 hours after

application, while a dose of 20,000 ppm has a substantial influence on larval mortality

when compared to other concentrations.

Table 1: Mortality larva of Anopheles barbirostris towards extract flower Averrhoa bilimbi

Concentration No. of larvae Hours Average

%

Averrhoa bilimbi l.

I 5 24 100 100
II 5 24 50 50
III 5 24 25 25
• I : 100%-0% (etanol – water)
• III : 50%-50% (etanol – water)
• V : 0%-100% (etanol – water)

23
Table 2: Probit analysis extract flower of Averrhoa bilimbi towards Anopheles barbirostris

larvae

In concentrations of 10,000 and 15,000 ppm, Anopheles barbirostris larval

mortality reached more than 50% after 24 hours. On 20,000 ppm, the death rate of

Anopheles barberiostris larvae was above 74%. The larvae were completely unaffected

by control.

A total of 3 distinct concentrations were studied in the toxicity research, and their

respective toxicity results are listed in Table 2. The 50 percent lethal concentration, or

LC50, is often used as a benchmark for comparing relative toxicity across substances.

The LC50 level is defined as the concentration at which half of the population of the test

insect, in this example, Anopheles barbirostris larva, would die.

After exposing the larvae mosquitoes to the concentrations, when 24 – hours

passed, the results of the three concentrations varied. Figure 3 shows the results of the

3 concentrations examined to the larvae mosquitoes.

24
 Concentration 1 Concentration 3

Concentration 2

Figure 3: results of the 3 concentrations examined to the larvae mosquitoes

In concentration 2, Anopheles barbirostris larval mortality reached more than 50%

after 24 hours. On concentration 3, the death rate of Anopheles barberiostris larvae was

above 74%. The larvae were completely unaffected by control.

Averrhoa bilimbi is a type of flower used in the production of cannabis oil. The

compounds were identified by using GC-MS with authentic standard and twelve

compounds were found at flower crude extract of Averrhoa bilimbi. Crude extract of

Averrhoa bilimbi chemical analysis revealed that listed in table 3.

Averrhoa bilimbi flower extract has insecticidal activity against malaria mosquito,

Anopheles barbirostris. The best concentration were the minimum dosage as low as

25
1,000 ppm caused mortality 24 h after application. 20,000 ppm has an effect on the

mortality of larvae significantly compared to other concentrations.

A study by Kovendan et al. (2012) found that, the highest larval mortality on leaf

extract of Acalypha alnifolia was methanolic extract to control three mosquito vectors. The

early fourth-instar larvae of A. stephensi was found to be the most susceptible to

insecticide poisoning.

The results of the leaf extract of A. alnifloia are promising as good larvicidal activity

against the mosquito vector A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus. Leaf

extract Averrhoa bilimbi also reported to be effective larvicide on Aedes aecki. The leaf

extract was found to have significance correlation based on statistical test between

concentration elevation and count of larva mortality at 24 h test (Nurhayati, 2013).

The major chemical compounds of extract flower of Averrhoa bilimbi were

cycloeicosane followed by benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzenepropanoic acid.

26
 Table 3: Compound found at flower crude extract of Averrhoa bilimbi

Since there has been no previous record of Averrhoa bilimbi flower extract, only

(Shahreen et al., 2012) revealed that fruit extract can display antibacterial activity against

certain bacteria, implying the existence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antibacterial

27
chemicals. When compared to Gram-negative bacteria, gram-negative bacteria were

more sensitive to the extracts.

According to Das et al. (2011), A. bilimbi could be associated with the presence of

bioactive compounds of flavonoids type like luteolin and apigenin. The fruit extract has

antibacterial activity against some bacteria and also has potent cytotoxic activity. Fruit

fraction was more toxic than leaf portion, which clearly indicates the presence of potent

bioactive principles in these extracts which might be very useful as antiproliferative,

antitumor, pesticidal and other bioactive agents.

The preservation of the environment is seen as fundamental. To be acceptable, a

pesticide does not need to produce significant mortality in target creatures, but it must be

environmentally friendly. Phytochemicals might be useful since they are reasonably safe,

cheap, and widely available in many regions of the world. In various parts of the world,

several plants are utilized in traditional medicines for mosquito larvicidal properties.

Screening locally available materials medicinal plants for mosquito control would create

employment opportunities, minimize dependence on expensive and imported products,

and encourage local initiatives to improve public health.

28
 CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

This chapter exhibits comprehensive summary of findings, conclusion based on

the obtained results and recommendations drawn from the conclusion.

Conclusion

Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract could be used as a larvicide for Aedes aegypti based

on mortality and histopathological evaluation after a 24-hour exposure. Damage to the

basal membrane, columnar cells, and cytoplasm was discovered as a pathological

consequence in the midgut. The methanolic fruit extract of A. bilimbi shows antibacterial

and cytotoxic activity against a variety of microorganisms. This suggests that these

extracts include strong bioactive principles that might be helpful as antibacterial,

anticancer, insecticide, and other bioactive agents.

Recommendations

The researcher recommended to use Averrhoa Bilimbi Flower as an alternative

mosquito repellent. The used plant extract contains the chemical compounds that can

eliminate the larvae with the accurate concentration and hours taken by the experiment,

said to be an environmentally friendly, inexpensive and natural.

29
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