Definite Integral and Its Application: First Year of Engineering Program Department of Foundation Year

Contents
CHAPTER VI
Definite Integral and Its Application
First Year of Engineering Program

Department of Foundation Year
LIN Mongkolsery
sery@itc.edu.kh
2021-2022
Calculus 1 ITC 1 / 37
Contents
Contents
1 Lower Sum and Upper sum
2 Definition Definite Integration
3 Fundamental Theorem of Integration
4 Application of Definite Integrations
Lower Sum and Upper sum
Lower sum and Upper sum
Let f be a function defined on [a, b]. We divide the interval [a, b] into
sub-intervals as
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b
and ∆xi = xi − xi−1 , i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Without lose of generality, we divide the interval [a, b] into sub-intervals of
b−a
equal size by setting ∆xi = ∆x = and
n
a = x0 , b = xn , xi = xi−1 + ∆x, i = 1, 2, . . . , n
or xi = x0 + i∆x, i = 1, 2, . . . , n
Because f is continuous, the Extreme Value Theorem guarantees the

existence of a minimum and a maximum value of f in each subinterval.
f (mi ) = the minimum value of f (x) in the i-th subinterval
f (Mi ) = the maximum value of f (x) in the i-th subinterval
We have
f (mi )∆x ≤ f (Mi )∆x, ∀i = 1, 2, . . . , n
The lower sum and the upper sum are defined respectively by
n
X
L(n) = f (mi )∆x
i=1
n
X
U(n) = f (Mi )∆x
i=1
We have
L(n) ≤ Area of the region ≤ U(n).
Theorem 1
Let f be a continuous and nonnegative on [a, b]. The the limit n → +∞
of the lower sum and upper sum exist and they are equal. That is,
lim L(n) = lim U(n) < ∞

n→+∞ n→+∞
By applying Squeeze Theorem, we have the area of the region is equal the
limit of the lower sum or the limit of the upper sum.
Definition 1
Let f be a continuous and nonnegative on [a, b]. The area of the region
bounded by the graph of f , the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and
x = b is
Xn
Area of the region = lim f (ci )∆x
n→+∞
i=1
b−a
where xi−1 ≤ ci ≤ xi , i = 1, 2, . . . , n and ∆x = .
n
Definition Definite Integration
Riemann Sum
Definition 2
If f is defined on the closed interval [a, b] and the limit of Riemann sums
n
X
lim f (ci ) ∆xi
n→+∞
i=1
exists (as described above), then f is said to be integrable on [a, b] and

the limit is denoted by
n
X Z b
lim f (ci ) ∆xi = f (x)dx
n→+∞ a
i=1
The limit is called the definite integral of f from a to b.
Note: For convinience in computation, we may choose ci = xi and

∆xi = ∆x = (b − a)/n
Example 3
Compute the following integral by using Riemann sum
Z 3
(x 2 + 2) dx
1
b−a 2 b−a 2i
Proof. We have ∆x = = and xi = x0 + i =1+ .
n n n n
Then
n n
" #
2i 2

X X 2
lim f (xi )∆xi = lim 1+ +2
n→+∞ n→+∞ n n
i=1 i=1
n
X 6 8 8 2
= lim + i + 3i
n→+∞ n n2 n
i=1
n
X 6
8 n(n + 1) 8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1
= lim n+ 2 + 3
n→+∞ n n 2 n 6
i=1
38
=
3
Example 4
Compute
12 22

1 1
A = lim 2 2
+ 2 2
+ ··· +
n→+∞ n n +1 n +2 2n
Proof. We have
n n 2 n
1 X i2 X i2 1 X
n
= 2 = f (xi )∆xi
n n2 + i 2 1 + i2 n
i=1 i=1 n i=1
where
x2 i
f (x) = 2
, a = 0, b = 1, xi =
1+x n
Thus
n 1
1 X i2 x2
Z
π
A = lim = dx = 1 − .
n→+∞ n n2 + i 2 0 1 + x2 4
i=1
Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Theorem 2
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b] and F be a primitive of f . Then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
Proof. We divide the interval [a, b] into subintervals

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b
Note that
n
X
F (b) − F (a) = [F (xi ) − F (xi−1 )] . (1)
i=1
By applying MVT, there exists ci ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] such that
F (xi ) − F (xi−1 )
F 0 (ci ) = (2)
xi − xi−1
Since F 0 (ci ) = f (ci ) and xi − xi−1 = ∆xi , then we have from (1) and (2)
that
n
X
F (b) − F (a) = f (ci )∆xi
i=1
Applying the limit as n → +∞ both sides, produces

Z b
F (b) − F (a) = f (x) dx
a
Theorem 3
Z b Z a
1 f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
a b
Z b Z c Z b
2 f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
a a c
Z b Z b
3 f (x) dx = f (a + b − x) dx
a a
 Z a
Z a 2 f (x) dx, if f is even
4 f (x) dx = 0
−a 
0, if f is odd
Theorem 4
If f is a periodic function with period T , then
Z nT Z T
f (x) dx = (n − m) f (x) dx, m, n ∈ Z
mT 0
Theorem 5
If f is an even function (or odd function), then
Z x
f (t) dt
0
is an odd function (or even function).
Theorem 6
Let f and g be defined on [a, b]. Suppose that f (x) ≤ g (x), ∀x ∈ [a, b],
then Z b Z b
f (x) dx ≤ g (x) dx
a a
Theorem 7
Let f be defined on [a, b]. Suppose that m ≤ f (x) ≤ M, ∀x ∈ [a, b], then
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x) dx ≤ M(b − a)
a
Theorem 8
Let f be defined on [a, b]. then
Z b Z b

f (x) dx ≤ |f (x)| dx
a a
Theorem 9
Let f and g be defined on [a, b]. then
Z b sZ b Z b

f (x)g (x) dx ≤
2
f (x) dx g 2 (x) dx

a a a
Example 5
Compute the following integral
Z 1 Z 1
1
1
2
dx 4 arcsin x dx
0 x +x +1 0
Z π Z π
4 1
2 (x 2 + 1) sin x dx 5 dx
0 0 2 cos x + 3
Z π Z 9 √
2 1 x
3
2
dx 6 √ √ dx
0 3 sin x + 4 cos2 x 1 x + 10 − x

Example 6
Show that
Z π/2 Z π/2
cosn x dx = sinn x dx
0
0
n−1 n−3 1 π

 × × ··· × · if n is even
= n n − 2 2 2
n − 1 n − 3 2

 × × · · · if n is odd
n n−2 3
Example 7
Z 1
If un = x n tan−1 xdx, then prove that
0
π 1
(n + 1)un + (n − 1)un−2 = −
2 n
Theorem 10 (Mean Value Theorem for Integration)

Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such
that Z b
f (x) dx = f (c)(b − a)
a
Theorem 11 (Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral)

If f is continuous on an open interval I containing a, then, for every x in
the interval, Z x
d
f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a
Theorem 12
If the function u(x) and v (x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at
every point x ∈ (a, b), and f (t) is continuous for u(a) ≤ t ≤ v (b), then
Z v (x) !
d
f (t)dt = f (v (x))v 0 (x) − f (u(x))u 0 (x)
dx u(x)
Example 8
Compute Z x h p i
ln t + 1 + t 2 − ln(1 + t) dt
0
lim
x→+∞ x +1
Application of Definite Integrations
Theorem 13
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. The area of region bounded by
the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and two vertical lines x = a and x = b is
given by
Z b
f (x) dx
a
Example 9
Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of f (x) = x 2 − 5x + 6,
the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3.
Theorem 14
If f and g are continuous on [a, b] and g (x) ≤ f (x) for all x in [a, b], then
the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f and g and the vertical
lines x = a and x = b is
Z b
A= [f (x) − g (x)] dx.
a
Example 10
Find the area of the region between the graphs of
f (x) = 3x 3 − x 2 − 10x and g (x) = −x 2 + 2x
Theorem 15
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. The length of the arc of the
curve y = f (x) between tow abscissae are x = a and x = b is given by
Z b q
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
a
Theorem 16
The volume of solide obtained by
revolving about x-axis of the arc of
the curve y = f (x) from the points
x = a and x = b is given by
Z b
π f 2 (x) dx

V =
a
Theorem 17
The volume of solide obtained by
revolving about y -axis of the arc of
the curve x = f (y ) from the points
y = c and y = d is given by
Z d
π f 2 (y ) dy

V =
c
Theorem 18
Assuming that the functions f (x)
and g (x) are continuous and
non-negative on the interval [a, b]
and g (x) ≤ f (x), consider a region
that is bounded by two curves
y = f (x) and y = g (x), between
x = a and x = b. The volume of the
solid formed by revolving the region
about the x -axis is
Z b
[f (x)]2 − [g (x)]2 dx.

V =π
a
Theorem 19
The volume of the solid generated by
revolving about the y -axis a region
between the curves x = f (y ) and
x = g (y ), where g (y ) ≤ f (y ) and
c ≤ y ≤ d is given by the formula
Z d
[f (y )]2 − [g (y )]2 dy

V =π
c
Example 11
The catenary line y = cosh x rotates
around the x− axis and produces a
surface called a catenoid. Find the
volume of the solid bounded by the
catenoid and two planes x = −1 and
x = 1.
Example 12
Calculate the volume of the solid
obtained by rotating the region
bounded by the curve
y = 2x − x 2 and the x -axis
about the y -axis.
Theorem 20
Suppose that y are smooth
non-negative functions on the
given interval. If the curve
y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b is rotated
about the x -axis, then the
surface area is given by
Z b q
A = 2π f (x) 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
a
Example 13
If the curve is described by the
function x = g (y ), c ≤ y ≤ d,
and rotated about the x -axis,
then the area of the surface of
revolution is given by
Z d q
A = 2π y 1 + [g 0 (y )]2 dy
c
Example 14
If the curve y = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b
is rotated about the y -axis, then
the surface area is given by
Z b q
A = 2π x 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
a
Theorem 21
If the curve is described by the
function x = g (y ), c ≤ y ≤ d,
and rotated about the y -axis,
then the area of the surface of
revolution is given by
Z d q
A = 2π g (y ) 1 + [g 0 (y )]2 dy
c
Example 15
Find the area of the surface
formed by rotating the parabola
y = 1 − x 2 on the interval [0, 1]
around the y -axis.
Example 16
Find the area of the surface
obtained
√ by rotating the curve
3
y = x on the interval [0, 1]
around the y -axis.

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Definite Integral and Its Application: First Year of Engineering Program Department of Foundation Year

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Contents

First Year of Engineering Program

1 Lower Sum and Upper sum

2 Definition Definite Integration

3 Fundamental Theorem of Integration

4 Application of Definite Integrations

Lower sum and Upper sum

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b

and ∆xi = xi − xi−1 , i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Lower sum and Upper sum

Because f is continuous, the Extreme Value Theorem guarantees the

Lower sum and Upper sum

Lower sum and Upper sum

lim L(n) = lim U(n) < ∞

Lower sum and Upper sum

exists (as described above), then f is said to be integrable on [a, b] and

The limit is called the definite integral of f from a to b.

Note: For convinience in computation, we may choose ci = xi and

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Proof. We divide the interval [a, b] into subintervals

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Applying the limit as n → +∞ both sides, produces

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

is an odd function (or even function).

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Theorem 10 (Mean Value Theorem for Integration)

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Theorem 11 (Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral)

Fundamental Theorem of Integration

Application of Definite Integrations

Application of Definite Integrations

f (x) = 3x 3 − x 2 − 10x and g (x) = −x 2 + 2x

Application of Definite Integrations

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