4 - Multiple Integrals PDF

CALCULUS 2
4. Multiple Integrals
(Chapter 15)
Nguyễn Anh Tú
natu@hcmiu.edu.vn
Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 1 / 71

Contents
1 Double Integrals
2 Polar Coordinates
3 Triple Integrals
4 Cylindrical Coordinates
5 Spherical Coordinates

Multiple Integrals
• The integral of a function of several variables is called a multiple

integral. In this chapter we extend the idea of a definite integral to
double and triple integrals of functions of two or three variables.
• We will see that polar coordinates are useful in computing double
integrals over some types of regions; cylindrical coordinates and
spherical coordinates greatly simplify the computation of triple
integrals over certain commonly occurring solid regions.

Multiple Integrals
• In this section, we study integration of functions f (x, y ) of two

variables. An integral of f (x, y ) is called a double integral.
• We will restrict our attention to the simplest case in which the
region of integration is a rectangle.

Section 1
Double Integrals

Double Integrals
Suppose f (x, y ) ≥ 0 on the closed rectangle
R = [a, b] × [c, d] = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}.
The graph of f is a surface

with equation z = f (x, y ).
Let S be the solid that lies
above R and under the graph
of f :
S = {(x, y , z) ∈ R3 | 0 ≤ z ≤ f (x, y ), (x, y ) ∈ R}.

Question: How to find the volume of S?
Double Integrals
Step 1: Divide the rectangle R into subrectangles.

Divide the interval [a, b] into m subintervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal width
∆x = (b − a)/m and dividing [c, d] into n subintervals [yj−1 , yj ] of
equal width ∆y = (d − c)/n.
By drawing lines parallel to the coordinate axes through the
endpoints of these subintervals we obtain mn subrectangles
Rij = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ]

= (x, y ) ∈ R2 | xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi , yj−1 ≤ y ≤ yj

each with area ∆A = ∆x∆y .

Double Integrals
Step 2: Choose a sample point (xij , yij ) in each Rij . Then we
approximate the part of S that lies above each Rij by a thin
rectangular box (or “column”) with base Rij and height f (xij , yij ).

Double Integrals
The volume of each box is
∆Vij = f (xij , yij )∆A.
Summing up, we get an approximation for the volume of S:

m X
X n
V ≈ f (xij , yij )∆A.
i=1 j=1
Our intuition tells us that the approximation becomes better as m

and n become larger. So
m X
X n
V = lim f (xij , yij )∆A.
m,n→∞
i=1 j=1

Double Integrals
Pm Pn
V ≈ i=1 j=1 ∆Vij .

Double Integrals
Definition 1.1
The double integral of f over the rectangle R is
ZZ m X
X n
f (x, y )dA = lim f (xij , yij )∆A (1)
m,n→∞
R i=1 j=1
if this limit exists.

A function is called integrable if the limit in (1) exists.
A volume can be written as a double integral: If f (x, y ) ≥ 0, then the

volume V of the solid that lies above the rectangle R and below the
surface z = f (x, y ) is
ZZ
V = f (x, y )dA
R

Double Integrals
Note: Recall that
m X
X n
lim f (xij , yij )∆x∆y = L
m,n→∞
i=1 j=1
iff for every number ϵ > 0, there is an integer N (depending on ϵ)

such that
m X
X n
L − f (x , y )∆x∆y <ϵ

ij ij

i=1 j=1
if m, n ≥ N, regardless of the choice of sample points (xij , yij ).

Example 1.1 If f (x, y ) = C is a constant function, then
ZZ
CdA = C · Area(R).
R

Double Integrals
Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is integrable on the

rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d].
We use the notation Z d
f (x, y )dy
c
to mean that x is held fixed and f (x, y ) is integrated with respect to

y from
R dy = c to y = d.
Now c f (x, y )dy is a number that depends on the value of x, so it
defines a function of x:
Z d
A(x) = f (x, y )dy .
c

Double Integrals
• If we now integrate the function A(x) with respect to x from
x = a to x = b, we get
Z b Z b Z d
A(x)dx = f (x, y )dy dx. (2)
a a c
The integral on the right side of Equation (2) is called an

iterated integral.
• Usually the brackets are omitted. Thus
Z bZ d Z b Z d
f (x, y )dydx or dx f (x, y )dy .
a c a c
means that we first integrate with respect to y from y = c to

y = d and then with respect to x from x = a to x = b.

Double Integrals
Similarly, the iterated integral

Z d Z b Z dZ b
dy f (x, y )dx = f (x, y )dxdy
c a c a
Z d Z b
= f (x, y )dx dy
c a
means that we first integrate with respect to x (holding y fixed) from

x = a to x = b and then we integrate the resulting function of y with
respect to y from y = c to y = d.

Double Integrals
Suppose f is continuous and positive on
R = [a, b] × [c, d].
Then the volume of the solid that lies above R and under the surface
z = f (x, y ) is ZZ
V = f (x, y )dxdy .
R
But we have another formula

Z b
V = A(x)dx
a
where A(x) is the area of a cross-section of S in the plane through x

perpendicular to the x-axis,
Double Integrals
Z d
A(x) = f (x, y )dy ,
c
where x is held fixed and f (x, y ) is integrated with respect to y from
y = c to y = d. Hence
Z b Z b Z d
V = A(x)dx = f (x, y )dy dx.
a a c

Double Integrals
A similar argument shows that
Z d Z b Z d Z b
V = f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y )dxdy
c a c a

Double Integrals
Thus, ZZ Z d Z b
V = f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dxdy
c a
R
Z b Z d
= f (x, y )dydx
a c
or we can also write

ZZ Z d Z b
V = f (x, y )dA = dy f (x, y )dx
c a
R
Z b Z d
= dx f (x, y )dy .
a c

Double Integrals
Fubini’s Theorem
If f is continuous on the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d] then
1 ZZ Z b Z d
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx
a c
R
Z d Z b
= f (x, y )dxdy
c a
2 In the special case where f (x, y ) = g (x)h(y ),

ZZ Z b Z d
g (x)h(y )dA = g (x)dx × h(y )dy
a c
R

Double Integrals
Example 1.2 Evaluate the iterated integrals.

R3R2
(a) 0 1 x 2 ydydx
R2R3
(b) 1 0 x 2 ydxdy .
RR
Example 1.3 Evaluate the double integral f (x, y )dA where
R
f (x, y ) = 1 − 6x 2 y and R = [0, 2] × [−1, 1].
Answer: 4.
Example 1.4 Calculate
Z 2 Z π/2
e x cos ydydx.
0 0
Answer: e 2 − 1.

Double Integrals - General Regions
Let f (x, y ) be a function defined on a region D. We suppose that D
is a bounded region, which means that D can be enclosed in a
rectangular region R.
Then we define a new function F with domain R by
(
f (x, y ) if (x, y ) ∈ D,
F (x, y ) =
0 if (x, y ) ∈ R but not in D.

Definition 2.1
If F is integrable over R, then we define the double integral of f
over D by ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA = F (x, y )dA
D R
where
(
f (x, y ) if (x, y ) ∈ D,
F (x, y ) =
0 if (x, y ) ∈ R but not in D.

Properties of Double Integrals
Assume that f and g are integrable over D and c is a constant. Then
RR
(a) f (x, y )dA = 0 if D has zero area.
D
RR
(b) If f (x, y ) ≥ 0 on D, then f (x, y )dA is the volume of the solid
D
lying vertically above D and below the surface z = f (x, y ).
RR
(c) 1dA = Area(D).
D
(d)
ZZ ZZ ZZ

f (x, y ) + g (x, y ) dA = f (x, y )dA + g (x, y )dA.
D D D
(e) ZZ ZZ
cf (x, y )dA = c f (x, y )dA.
D D

(f) If f (x, y ) ≥ g (x, y ) for all (x, y ) in D, then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA ≥ g (x, y )dA.
D D
(g) If m ≤ f (x, y ) ≤ M for all (x, y ) ∈ D, then

ZZ
m area(D) ≤ f (x, y )dA ≤ M area(D).
D
(h)
Z Z ZZ

f (x, y )dA≤ |f (x, y )|dA.

D D

(i) If D is the union of domains D1 , D2 , . . . , DN that do not overlap
except possibly on boundary curves, then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dA + · · · + f (x, y )dA.
D D1 DN

A plane region D is said to be of Type I if it lies between the graphs
of two continuous functions of x, that is,
D = {(x, y )| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
where g1 and g2 are continuous on [a, b].

Theorem 2.3
If f is continuous on a region
D = {(x, y )| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
where g1 (x) and g2 (x) are continuous on [a, b], then

ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y )dA = dx f (x, y )dy
a g1 (x)
D

RR
Example 2.1 Evaluate (x + 2y )dA, where D is the region
D
bounded by the parabolas y = 2x 2 and y = x 2 + 1.
32
Answer: 15
.
A plane regions which can be expressed as
D = {(x, y )| c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y )}
where h1 and h2 are continuous, is called a region of type II.

Theorem 2.4
If f is continuous on a region
D = {(x, y )| c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y )}
where h1 (x) and h2 (x) are continuous on [a, b], then

ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y )dA = dy f (x, y )dx
c h1 (y )
D

Example 2.2 Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and above the region D in the xy -plane
bounded by the line y = 2x and the parabola y = x 2 .
Solution D can be written as a type II region:
n y √ o
D = (x, y )| 0 ≤ y ≤ 4, ≤x ≤ y .
2

Therefore ZZ
V = (x 2 + y 2 )dA
D
√
Z 4 Z y
= (x 2 + y 2 )dxdy
0 y /2
Z 4 x3 x=√y
2
= +y x dy

0 3 x=y /2
4 y 3/2
y3 y3
Z
= − dy + y 5/2 −
0 3 24 2
2 5/2 2 7/2 13 4 4 216
= y + y − y = .
15 7 96 0 35

Example 2.3 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane
z = 0 and the elliptical paraboloid z = 1 − 4x 2 − y 2 .
Answer: V = π4 .
FIGURE 2.7

RR
Example 2.4 Evaluate xydA where D is the region bounded by
D
the line y = x − 1 and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6.
Answer: 36.

Example 2.5 Evaluate

ZZ
2
e y dA
D
where D is the region bounded by the lines y = 2, x = 0, and

y = x/2.
Answer: e 4 − 1.

Section 2
Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates
Recall that the polar coordinates (r , θ) of a point are related to the
rectangular coordinates (x, y ) by the equations
r2 = x2 + y2 x = r cos θ y = r sin θ
FIGURE 3.1
Polar Coordinates
Integrals Polar Coordinates
If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by
0 ≤ a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, where 0 ≤ β − α ≤ 2π, then
ZZ Z β Z b
f (x, y )dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
α a
R
Note: dA is replaced by rdrdθ.

Polar Coordinates
Theorem 3.2
If f is continuous on a polar region of the form
D = {(r , θ)| α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}
then
ZZ Z β Z h2 (θ)
f (x, y )dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
α h1 (θ)
D

Polar Coordinates
Example 3.1 Find the limits of integration for integrating f (x, y )

over the region D that lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ and
outside the circle r = 1.
FIGURE 3.3 Region lies inside the cardioid

r = 1 + cos θ and outside the circle r = 1.

Polar Coordinates
Example 3.2 Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by

one loop of the four-leaved rose r = | cos 2θ|.

Polar Coordinates
Solution A loop is given by the region
n π π o
D = (r , θ) : − ≤ θ ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ cos 2θ .
4 4
So the area of one loop of the four-leaved rose is
ZZ Z π/4 Z cos 2θ
A= dA = rdrdθ
−π/4 0
D
π/4
1 π/4

1
Z r =cos 2θ
Z
2
= r dθ = cos2 2θdθ
2 −π/4 r =0 2 −π/4
Z π/4
1 1 1 π/4
= (1 + cos 4θ)dθ = θ + sin 4θ

4 −π/4 4 4 −π/4
π
= (square units).
8
Example
Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 , above the xy -plane, and inside the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 2x.
Solution In polar coordinates, the boundary circle becomes

r 2 = 2r cos θ or r = 2 cos θ. Thus the disk D is given by
n π π o
D = (r , θ)| − ≤ θ ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ .
Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn
2 4. Multiple Integrals
2 Fall 2022 44 / 71
Example
Therefore,
ZZ Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ
2 2
V = (x + y )dA = r 2 rdrdθ
−π/2 0
D
π/2 Z π/2
1 4 2 cos θ
Z
= r drdθ = 4 cos4 θdθ
−π/2 4 0 −π/2
Z π/2 Z π/2
=8 cos4 θdθ = 2 (1 + cos 2θ)2 dθ
0 0
Z π/2
1
=2 1 + 2 cos 2θ + (1 + cos 4θ) dθ
0 2
3 1 π/2 3π
= 2 θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ = .

2 8 0 2

Section 3
Triple Integrals

Triple Integrals
Integral of a function of three variables f (x, y , z) over a rectangular
box
E = {(x, y , z)| a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, r ≤ z ≤ s}
is defined in a similar way to the two-dimensional analog. The first
step is to divide E into sub-boxes by dividing [a, b] into m
subintervals, divide [c, d] into n subintervals, [r , s] into p subintervals.
This results in the division of E into mnp sub-boxes
Eijk = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ] × [zk−1 , zk ].
Choosing sample points Pijk ∈ Eijk arbitrary, we obtain triple

Riemann sum p
Xm X n X
f (Pijk )∆V ,
i=1 j=1 k=1
where ∆V = ∆x∆y ∆z is the volume of Eijk .

Triple Integrals
Definition 5.1
The triple integral of f over the rectangle E is
ZZZ m X p
n X
X
f (x, y , z)dV = lim f (Pijk )∆V
m,n,p→∞
E i=1 j=1 k=1
if this limit exists.

The triple integral always exists if f is continuous.

Triple Integrals
Theorem 5.1 (Fubini’s Theorem)

If f is continuous on the rectangular box
E = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r , s],
then
ZZZ Z sZ d Z b
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dxdydz
r c a
E
Note There are five other possible orders in which we can

integrate, all of which give the same value.

Triple Integrals
A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs
of two continuous functions of x and y :

E = (x, y , z)| (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )
where D is the projection of E onto the xy -plane.
Then
ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dz dA (3)
u1 (x,y )
E D

Triple Integrals
In particular, if the projection of E onto the xy -plane is a type I plane
region,

D = (x, y , z)| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)
then
E = (x, y , z)| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x),

u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )
and Equation (3) becomes
ZZZ Z bZ g2 (x)Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV= f (x, y , z)dzdydx
a g1 (x) u1 (x,y )
E

Triple Integrals
If D is a type II plane region then

E = (x, y , z)| c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y ),

u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )
and Equation (3) becomes

ZZZ Z dZ h2 (y )Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV= f (x, y , z)dzdxdy
c h1 (y ) u1 (x,y )
E

Triple Integrals
Example 4.1 Evaluate

ZZZ
I = (x + y + z)dV ,
E
where E is bounded by the coordinate planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,

and the plane x + y + z = 1.
Answer: I = 18 .

Triple Integrals
A solid region E is of type 2 if it is of the form

E = (x, y , z)| (y , z) ∈ D, u1 (y , z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y , z)
where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane.
Then
ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (y ,z)
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dx dA
u1 (y ,z)
E D
Triple Integrals
Finally, a type 3 region is of the form

E = (x, y , z)| (x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)
where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane.
Then
ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (x,z)
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dy dA
u1 (x,z)
E D
Example
RRR √
Evaluate x 2 + z 2 dV , where E is the region bounded by the
E
paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and the plane y = 4.
Solution: The projection D of E onto the xz-plane is the disk

x 2 + z 2 ≤ 4. In polar coordinates,
D = {(r , θ)| 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.

Triple Integrals
Since
E = {(x, y , z)| (x, z) ∈ D, x 2 + z 2 ≤ y ≤ 4}.
we have
ZZZ √ ZZ Z 4 √

x2 + z 2 dV = 2 2
x + z dy dA
x 2 +z 2
E D
ZZ √
= (4 − x 2 − z 2 ) x 2 + z 2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 2
= (4 − r 2 )r · rdrdθ
0Z 2π0 Z 2
2 4
= dθ · (4r − r )dr
0 0
4 1 5 2 128
3
= 2π r − r = π.
3 5 0 15
Section 4
Cylindrical Coordinates

Triple Integrals - Cylindrical Coordinates
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P(x, y , z) in the
three-dimensional space is represented by the triple (r , θ, z), where r
and θ are polar coordinates of the point (x, y ) (the projection of P
onto the xy -plane).
To convert from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, we use the
equations
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ z =z

In cylindrical coordinates:
• The equation r = a
describes an entire cylinder
about the z-axis.
• The z-axis is given by
r = 0.
• The equation θ = θ0
describes the plane that
contains the z-axis and
makes an angle θ0 with the
positive x-axis.
• The equation z = z0
describes a plane
perpendicular to the z-axis.
Example 5.1 Find a cylindrical coordinate description for the
region D bounded below by the plane z = 0, laterally by the circular
cylinder x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1, and above by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 .

Suppose that

E = (x, y , z)| (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )
where D is given in polar coordinates by

D = (r , θ)| α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ) .
Then
ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV
E
Z β Z h2 (θ) Z u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
= f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)rdzdrdθ
α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
Note dV is replaced by rdzdrdθ.

RRR
Example 5.2 Evaluate the integral zdV , where E is the
E
region inside the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 and above the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2.
11
ANSWER: 3
π.

Section 5
Spherical Coordinates

Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates
The spherical coordinates (ρ, θ, ϕ) of a point P in space are given by

the equations
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ z = ρ cos ϕ
Here 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, and
ρ2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
If E is a spherical wedge given by

E = (ρ, θ, ϕ)| a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ ϕ ≤ d
then
ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV
E
Z Zd Zβ b
= f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)ρ2 sin ϕdρdθdϕ
c α a
This is the three dimensional analogue of the formula for integrals in

polar coordinates. Note that the part ρ2 sin ϕdρdθdϕ comes from the
approximate volume of small spherical wedges (see next slide)
ρ2i sin ϕk ∆ρ∆θ∆ϕ.


More generally, if E is defined by
θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ2 , ϕ1 ≤ ϕ ≤ ϕ2 , ρ1 (θ, ϕ) ≤ ρ ≤ ρ2 (θ, ϕ)
then we have
ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV
E
Z θ2Z ϕ2Z ρ2 (θ,ϕ)
= f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)ρ2 sin ϕ dρdθdϕ
θ1 ϕ1 ρ2 (θ,ϕ)

5.3 Find the volume of the solid that lies above the
Example p
cone z = x 2 + y 2 and below the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = z.
Answer: V = π8 .

Solution: The sphere passes through the origin and has center
1
(0, 0, 2 ). The description of the solid in spherical coordinates
is
E = 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π4 , 0 ≤ ρ ≤ cos ϕ .

The volume of E is
ZZZ Z 2π Z π Z cos ϕ
4
V = dV = ρ2 sin ϕdρdϕdθ
0 0 0
E
π
2π
1
Z Z ρ=cos ϕ
4
= sin ϕ ρ3 dϕdθ

0 0 3 ρ=0
π
2π Z
1
Z
4 π
= sin ϕ cos3 ϕdϕdθ = · · · = .
3 0 0 8

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CALCULUS 2

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 1 / 71

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 2 / 71

• The integral of a function of several variables is called a multiple

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 3 / 71

• In this section, we study integration of functions f (x, y ) of two

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 4 / 71

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 5 / 71

The graph of f is a surface

S = {(x, y , z) ∈ R3 | 0 ≤ z ≤ f (x, y ), (x, y ) ∈ R}.

Step 1: Divide the rectangle R into subrectangles.

Rij = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ]

each with area ∆A = ∆x∆y .

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 7 / 71

Nguyễn Anh Tú natu@hcmiu.edu.vn 4. Multiple Integrals Fall 2022 8 / 71

∆Vij = f (xij , yij )∆A.

Summing up, we get an approximation for the volume of S:

Our intuition tells us that the approximation becomes better as m

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if this limit exists.

A volume can be written as a double integral: If f (x, y ) ≥ 0, then the

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iff for every number ϵ > 0, there is an integer N (depending on ϵ)

if m, n ≥ N, regardless of the choice of sample points (xij , yij ).

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Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is integrable on the

to mean that x is held fixed and f (x, y ) is integrated with respect to

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The integral on the right side of Equation (2) is called an

means that we first integrate with respect to y from y = c to

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Similarly, the iterated integral

means that we first integrate with respect to x (holding y fixed) from

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R = [a, b] × [c, d].

But we have another formula

where A(x) is the area of a cross-section of S in the plane through x

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or we can also write

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2 In the special case where f (x, y ) = g (x)h(y ),

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Example 1.2 Evaluate the iterated integrals.

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(g) If m ≤ f (x, y ) ≤ M for all (x, y ) ∈ D, then

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D = {(x, y )| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}

where g1 (x) and g2 (x) are continuous on [a, b], then

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A plane regions which can be expressed as

where h1 and h2 are continuous, is called a region of type II.

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where h1 (x) and h2 (x) are continuous on [a, b], then

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