Chapter 1. Multivariable Calculus: Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City International University

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HO CHI MINH
CITY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus

Calculus 2 for Biotechnology
Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Quan, PhD
quannm@hcmiu.edu.vn
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 1 / 88

Contents
1 Functions of several variables
2 Partial derivatives
3 Maxima and minima. Optimization
4 Total differentials and approximations
5 Double integrals

Introduction
Reference: Chapter 9, Calculus with Applications, by M.L. Lial, R.N.

Greenwell, and N.P. Ritchey, 10th edition
Example (Volume of a Can)

Let r and h represent the radius and height of a can in cm. The volume of
the can is then a function of the two variables r and h given by
V (r , h) = πr 2 h
Find V (3, 11).

V (3, 11) = π(32 )(11) = 99π

Introduction
Example
The surface area of a human (in square meters) has been approximated by
A (h, m) = 0.024265h0.3964 m0.5378

where h is the height (in cm) and m is the mass (in kg). Find A(h, m) for
the following data. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics.
a. Height, 172 cm; mass, 62 kg.
b. Using your mass and height, find your own surface area.

Functions of two variables
Definition
A function of two variables f is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair of
real numbers (x, y ) in a set D a unique real number denoted by f (x, y ).
The variables x and y are independent variables, and z is the dependent
variable.
The set D is the domain of f and its range is the set of values that f takes
on, that is R = {f (x, y )|(x, y ) ∈ D}.
Functions of two variables
Example
Let f (x, y ) = 4x 2 + 2xy + 3/y and find the following
a. f (−1, 3)
a. f (3, −1)
c. f (1, 0)
Solution
a. Substitute x = −1 and y = 3 to obtain
3
f (−1, 3) = 4 (−1)2 + 2 (−1) (3) + = −1
3
b. Similarly,
3
f (3, −1) = 4 (3)2 + 2 (3) (−1) + = 27
−1
c. f (1, 0) is undefined!

Graphs
Definition
If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph S of f is
the set
S = (x, y , z) ∈ R 2 : z = f (x, y ) , where (x, y ) ∈ D

The graph of a function of two variables, z = f (x, y ) is called a surface in

the three dimensional space.

Example: Graphs

Domain of functions of two variables
Example
Find and sketch the domains of
p
f (x, y ) = 9 − x2 − y
What is the range of f ?

p
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y is defined if and only if
D = (x, y ) : 9 − x 2 − y ≥ 0 = (x, y ) : y ≤ 9 − x 2

Thus, the domain consists of all points (x, y ) lying below the parabola
y = 9 − x 2 . The range of f is R = [0, ∞].

Domain of functions of two variables
Example
Find and sketch the domains of
f (x, y ) = x ln y 2 − x

g (x, y ) = ln(9 − x 2 − 4y 2 )

Functions of three variables
Definition
A function of three variables, f , is a rule that assigns to each ordered triple
(x, y , z) in a domain D of R3 a unique real number denoted by f (x, y , z).
Example
1. Let
f (x, y , z) = 4xz − 3x 2 y + 2z 2 .
then
f (2, −3, 1) = 4 (2) (1) − 3 (2)2 (−3) + 2 (1)2 = 46
2. The temperature T at a point on the surface of the Earth depends on
the longitude x and latitude y of the point and on the time t, so we could
write T = f (x, y , t).

Plane
Graph of a Plane
The graph of ax + by + cz = d is a plane if a, b, and c are not all 0.
Example
Graph of 2x + y + z = 6.
To find the x-intercept: Let y = 0 and z = 0, to get x = 3. The point

(3,0,0) is on the graph.
Similarly, one can find the y-intercept (0, 6, 0) and z-intercept (0, 0, 6).

Plane
Graph of a Plane
The graph of ax + by + cz = d is a plane if a, b, and c are not all 0.
Example
Graph of x + z = 6.
To find the x-intercept: Let y = 0 and z = 0, to get x = 6. The point

(6,0,0) is on the graph.
Similarly, one can find the z-intercept (0, 0, 6) and there is no y-intercept.
A plane that has no y-intercept is parallel to the y-axis.

Surface and Traces
The graph of a function of two variables, z = f (x, y ) is called a
surface in the three dimensional space.
The curves that result when a surface is cut by a plane are called
traces. The xy-trace is the intersection of the surface with the
xy-plane. The yz-trace and xz-trace are defined similarly.

Level curves
The intersections of the surface with planes parallel to the xy-plane, i.e. the
planes z = k [or f (x, y ) = k] where k is a constant, are called level curves.

Level curves
The terraced rice fields in Sapa form level curves.

Contour map
A contour map is a plot in the xy-plane that shows the level curves
f (x, y ) = c for equally spaced values of c.

Contour map

Example
A person’s intelligence quotient (IQ) is measured by the function
100m
I (m, a) =
a
where a is the person’s actual age and m is his or her mental age.
a. Find I (12, 11) and I (16, 17).
b. Sketch the graphs of several level curves of I (m, a). How would you
describe these curves?

Common function and graph

Rate of change
The famous triple peaks Eiger, Monch, and Jungfrau in the Swiss alps.
The steepness at a point in a mountain range is measured by the gradient,
a concept defined in this chapter.
Rate of change of a function f(x,y) depends on the direction!

Partial derivatives
Informal Definition
Let z = f (x, y ) be a function of two independent variables.
The partial derivative of f with respect to x, denoted by fx (x, y ), is
the derivative of f as a function of x by considering y as a constant.
The partial derivative of f with respect to y, denoted by fy (x, y ), is
the derivative of f as a function of y by considering x as a constant.
Example
Compute the partial derivatives of f (x, y ) = x 2 y 5 .
fx (x, y ) = 2xy 5
fy (x, y ) = 5x 2 y 4

Partial derivatives
Formal Definition
Let z = f (x, y ) be a function of two independent variables. Let all
indicated limits exist.
Then the partial derivative of f with respect to x is:
∂ f (x + h, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = f (x, y ) = lim
∂x h→0 h
The partial derivative of f with respect to y is:
∂ f (x, y + h) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = f (x, y ) = lim
∂y h→0 h

Partial derivatives
Formal Definition
Let z = f (x, y ) be a function of two independent variables. Let all
indicated limits exist.
Then the partial derivative of f with respect to x is:
∂ f (x + h, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = f (x, y ) = lim
∂x h→0 h
The partial derivative of f with respect to y is:
∂ f (x, y + h) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = f (x, y ) = lim
∂y h→0 h

Partial derivatives

Partial derivatives
Example
If
f (x, y ) = 4x 2 − 9xy + 6y 3
then
fx (x, y ) = 8x − 9y
fy (x, y ) = −9x + 18y 2
Example
∂f
If f (x, y ) = sin x 2 y 5 , compute

∂x
Using the chain rule
∂f (x, y )
= 2xy 5 cos x 2 y 5

∂x

Partial derivatives
Example
If
f (x, y ) = 2x 2 + 3xy 3 + 2y + 5
then
∂f
(x, y ) = 4x + 3y 3 ,
∂x
∂f
(−1, 2) = 4 (−1) + 3 (2)3 = 20,
∂x
∂f
(x, y ) = 9xy 2 + 2,
∂y
∂f
(−1, −3) = 9 (−1) (−3)2 + 2 = 20.
∂y

Partial derivatives
Example
Find the partial derivatives
f (x, y , z) = 3x 2 yz + z 3 y
To find fx (x, y , z), we treat y and z as constants:

∂
f (x, y , z) = fx (x, y , z) = 6xyz
∂x
Similarly,
∂
f (x, y , z) = fy (x, y , z) = 3x 2 z + z 3
∂y
∂
f (x, y , z) = fz (x, y , z) = 3x 2 y + 3z 2 y
∂z

Rate of change: Example
Example
Suppose that the temperature of the water at the point on a river where a
nuclear power plant discharges its hot waste water is approximated by
T (x, y ) = 2x + 5y + xy − 40
where x represents the temperature of the river water (in degrees Celsius)
before it reaches the power plant and y is the number of megawatts (in
hundreds) of electricity being produced by the plant.
Find and interpret Tx (9, 5).

Solution
Tx (x, y ) = 2 + y
This partial derivative gives the rate of change of T with respect to x.
Replacing x with 9 and y with 5 gives
Tx (9, 5) = 2 + 5 = 7
This result, 7, is the approximate change in temperature of the output

water if input water temperature changes by 1 degree, from x = 9 to
x = 10 while y remains constant at 5 (500 megawatts of electricity
produced).

Example
The average energy expended for an animal to walk or run 1 km can be
estimated by the function
3.62m0.75
F (m, v ) = 25.92m0.68 + ,
v
where F (m, v ) is the energy used (in kcal per hour), m is the mass (in g),
and v is the speed of movement (in km per hour) of the animal. Source:
Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition.
a. Find F (300, 10).
b. Find Fm (300, 10) and interpret.
c. If a mouse could run at the same speed that an elephant walks, which
animal would expend more energy? How can partial derivatives be used to
explore this question?
Answers: a. 1279 kcal per hr b. 2.906 kcal per hr per g

Exercise
A weight-loss counselor has prepared a program of diet and exercise for a
client. If the client sticks to the program, the weight loss that can be
expected (in pounds per week) is given by
1 1 1937
Weight loss =f (n, c) = n2 − c + ,
8 5 8
where c is the average daily calorie intake for the week and n is the
number of 40-minute aerobic workouts per week.
a. How many pounds can the client expect to lose by eating an average of
1200 cal per day and participating in four 40-minute workouts in a week?
b. Find and interpret ∂f /∂n.
c. The client currently averages 1100 cal per day and does three 40-minute
workouts each week. What would be the approximate impact on weekly
weight loss of adding a fourth workout per week?
Answers: a. 4.125 lb b. ∂f /∂n = n/4, the rate of change of weight loss

per unit change in workouts. c. An additional loss of 3/4 lb
Second-order partial derivatives
For a function of z = f (x, y ), if the indicated partial derivative exists, then
∂2z

∂ ∂z
= = fxx (x, y ) = zxx
∂x ∂x ∂x 2
∂2z

∂ ∂z
= = fyy (x, y ) = zyy
∂y ∂y ∂y 2
∂2z

∂ ∂z
= = fxy (x, y ) = zxy
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
∂2z

∂ ∂z
= = fyx (x, y ) = zyx
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y

Example
If f (x, y ) = 3x 2 y + 2 sin(xy ) − y 3 then
fx (x, y ) = 6xy + 2 cos(xy )y
fy (x, y ) = 3x 2 + 2 cos(xy )x − 3y 2
fxx (x, y ) = 6y − 2 sin(xy )y 2
∂
fxy (x, y ) = fx (x, y ) = 6x − 2 sin(xy )xy + 2 cos(xy )
∂y
∂
fyx (x, y ) = fy (x, y ) = 6x − 2 sin(xy )xy + 2 cos(xy )
∂x
fyy (x, y ) = −2 sin(xy )x 2 − 6y

Example
Find all second-order partial derivatives of
f (x, y ) = 2e x − 8x 3 y 2

Clairaut’s Theorem
Suppose f is defined in a disk D that contains the point (a, b). If fxy and
fyx are continuous on D, then:
fxy (a, b) = fyx (a, b)
Note: For most functions found in applications and for all of the functions
in this book, the second-order partial derivatives fxy and fyx are equal.

Exercise: Blood Circulation
The flow of blood from an artery into a small capillary is given by the
formula
cπx 2 √
F (x, y , z) = y −z cm3 /s
4
where c is a positive constant, x is the diameter of the capillary, y is the
pressure in the artery, and z is the pressure in the capillary.
a. What function gives the rate of change of blood flow with respect to
capillary pressure, assuming fixed arterial pressure and capillary diameter?
b. Is this rate increasing or decreasing?

Chain rule
Example
Suppose f is a function of x and y, each of which is a function of t, then
df ∂f dx ∂f dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
Example
df
Let f (x, y ) = x 2 y , x = 2t − 1, y = t 2 . Find dt .

Local (relative) extremum
Let (a,b) be the center of a circular region D (a disk) contained in the
xy-plane. Then, for a function z=f(x,y) defined on D.
f(a,b) is a local (relative) maximum if and only if
f (a, b) > f (x, y ) , ∀(x, y ) ∈ D
f(a,b) is a local (relative) minimum if and only if
f (a, b) 6 f (x, y ) , ∀(x, y ) ∈ D

Location of extrema
Theorem on location of extrema

Let a function z = f (x, y ) have a local maximum or local minimum at the
point (a,b). Suppose fx (a, b) and fy (a, b) both exist. Then
fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0
In this case, (a, b) is a critical point of f .
Note:
a. An extremum can be a maximum, a minimum.
a. The theorem on location of extrema suggests a useful strategy for
finding extrema: locate all critical points.

Location of extrema
Example
Find all critical points of
f (x, y ) = 6x 2 + 6y 2 + 6xy + 36x − 5
Solution
To find the critical points, we solve
fx (x, y ) = 12x + 6y + 36 = 0
and
fy (x, y ) = 12y + 6x = 0
These two equations make up a system of linear equations. The solution of
this system is (x, y ) = (−4, 2).

Saddle points
Note that at a critical point the function f(x,y) may or may not attain an
extremum.
Definition
If f (x, y ) does not attain an extremum at a critical point (a, b), then
(a, b) is called a saddle point.

Second Derivative Test
How to determine whether or not a function has an extreme value at a

critical point?

Extrema
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = x 4 + y 4 − 4xy + 1
Solution
We first locate the critical points by solving
fx (x, y ) = 4x 3 − 4y = 0
fy (x, y ) = 4y 3 − 4x = 0
We substitute y = x 3 from the first equation into the second one. This
leads to the three critical points
(0, 0) , (1, 1) , (−1, −1)

Extrema
Example (Cont.)
We now apply the Second Derivative Test
fxx = 12x 2 , fxy = −4, fyy = 12y 2
D (x, y ) = 144x 2 y 2 − 16
D(0, 0) = −16 < 0: The origin is a saddle point. That is, f has no
local maximum or minimum at (0, 0).
D(1, 1) = 128 > 0 and fxx (1, 1) = 12 > 0: (1, 1) is a local minimum.
D(−1, −1) = 128 > 0 and fxx (−1, −1) = 12 > 0: (−1, −1) is a local
minimum.

Extrema
Below is the graph of f (x, y ) = x 4 + y 4 − 4xy + 1

Extrema
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = 9xy − x 3 − y 3 − 6
Answer (0, 0): saddle point, (3, 3): local maximum.

Example
A company is developing a new soft drink. The cost in dollars to produce a
batch of the drink is approximated by
C (x, y ) = 2200 + 27x 3 − 72xy + 8y 2 ,
where x is the number of kilograms of sugar per batch and y is the number
of grams of flavoring per batch. Find the amounts of sugar and flavoring
that result in minimum cost per batch.
What is the minimum cost?
Answer C (4, 18) = 1336.

Exercise: Response to stimuli
Consider an experiment in which a subject performs a task while being
exposed to two different stimuli (for example, sound and light). For low
levels of the stimuli, the subject’s performance might actually improve, but
as the stimuli increase, they eventually become a distraction and the
performance begins to deteriorate. Suppose in a certain experiment in
which x units of stimulus A and y units of stimulus B are applied, the
performance of a subject is measured by the function
2 −y 2
f (x, y ) = C + xye 1−x
where C is a positive constant. How many units of each stimulus result in
maximum performance?

Exercise: Food Frying
The process of frying food changes its quality, texture, and color.
According to research done at the University of Saskatchewan, the total
change in color E (which is measured in the form of energy as kJ/mol) of
blanched potato strips can be estimated by the function.
E (t, T ) = 436.16 − 10.57t − 5.46T − 0.02t 2 + 0.02T 2 + 0.08Tt
where T is the temperature (in o C) and t is the frying time (in min).
Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.
a. What is the value of E prior to cooking? (Assume that T = 0.)
b. Use this function to estimate the total change in color of a potato strip
that has been cooked for 10 minutes at 180o C.
c. Determine the critical point of this function and determine if a
maximum, minimum, or saddle point occurs at that point. Describe what
may be happening at this point.

Total differentials
Definition
Let z = f (x, y ) be a function of x and y. Let dx and dy be real numbers.
Then the total differential of z is
dz = fx (x, y ) dx + fy (x, y ) dy
(Sometimes dz is written df .)
Example
Consider z = f (x, y ) = 9x 3 − 8x 2 y + 4y 3
a. Find dz
dz = (27x 2 − 16xy )dx + (−8x 2 + 12y 2 )dy

b. Evaluate dz when x = 1, y = 2, dx = 0.01, dy = −0.02.
dz = −2.21
Approximations
Formula
f (x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) ≈ f (x, y ) + fx (x, y ) ∆x + fy (x, y ) ∆y
Example
Approximate p
2.982 + 4.012
Solution p
Let f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , (x, y ) = (3, 4), ∆x = −0.02, ∆y = 0.01.
We need to approximate f (2.98, 4.01) = f (x + ∆x, y + ∆y ).

Approximations: Example
Solution
We have
f (x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) ≈ f (x, y ) + fx (x, y ) ∆x + fy (x, y ) ∆y
On the other hand:

x y
fx (x, y ) = p , fy (x, y ) = p
2
x +y 2 x + y2
2
Thus
3 4
f (2.98, 4.01) ≈ f (3, 4) + (−0.02) + (0.01) = 5 − 0.004 = 4.996
5 5

Approximations
Example
At a certain factory, the daily output is Q = 60K 1/2 L1/3 units, where K
denotes the capital investment measured in units of $1,000 and L the size
of the labor force measured in worker-hours. The current capital
investment is $900,000, and 1,000 worker-hours of labor are used each day.
Estimate the change in output that will result if capital investment is
increased by $1,000 and labor is increased by 2 worker-hours.
Solution K = 900, L = 1, 000, ∆K = 1, and ∆L = 2 to get
∂Q ∂Q
∆Q ≈ ∆K + ∆L
∂K ∂L
= 30K −1/2 L1/3 ∆K + 20K 1/2 L−2/3 ∆L

1 1
= 30 (10) (1) + 20 (30) (2) = 22 units
30 100
That is, output will increase by approximately 22 units.
Volume of a Can of Beer
Example
A can of beer has the shape of a right circular cylinder with radius r=1 in.
and height h=4 in. How sensitive is the volume to changes in the radius
compared with changes in the height?
Solution
The volume of a right circular cylinder is given by V = πr 2 h.
→ dV = 2πrhdr + πr 2 dh = 8πdr + πdh
The factor of 8 in front of dr in this equation shows that a small change in

the radius has 8 times the effect on the volume as a small change in the
height.
This is the reason that beer cans are so tall and thin!

Exercise: Flow of blood
The smaller the resistance to flow in a blood vessel, the less energy is
expended by the pumping heart. One of Poiseuille’s laws says that the
resistance to the flow of blood in a blood vessel satisfies
kL
F (L, r ) =
r4
where L is the length of the vessel, r is its radius, and k is a constant that
depends on the viscosity of blood.
∂F ∂F
a. Find F , , and in the case where L = 3.17 cm and r = 0.085 cm.
∂L ∂r
Leave your answer in terms of k.
b. Suppose the vessel in part (a) is constricted and lengthened so that its
new radius is 20% smaller than before and its new length is 20% greater.
How do these changes affect the flow F (L, r )? How do they affect the
∂F ∂F
values of , and ?
∂L ∂r

Exercise (#21, Sec. 9.5, p. 503)
A piece of bone in the shape of a right circular cylinder is 7 cm long and
has a radius of 1.4 cm. It is coated with a layer of preservative 0.09 cm
thick. Estimate the volume of preservative used.
Hint:
The volume of the bone
V (h, r ) = πr 2 h
dV = 2πrhdr + πr 2 dh
r = 1.4, dr = 0.09, h = 7, dh = 2 × 0.09 (cm). Thus, the volume of
preservative used is estimated by
dV = 6.65 cm3

Double integrals: Introduction
Similar to partial derivatives, antiderivatives and integrals of f (x, y ) can
also be calculated with respect to one of the variables, treating other
variables as constants.
Example
Z1 x=1
2 2 2
x 3 x 2y x 3 y 2 1 y y2
x + xy + x y dx = + + = + +
3 2 3 x=0 3 2 3
0
In general,
Zb Zd
f (x, y )dx = g (y ), f (x, y )dy = h(x)
a c
The results are functions of one variable. Therefore, they can also be
integrated!

Iterated integrals
Recall the previous example,
Z1 x=1
2 2 2
x 3 x 2y x 3 y 2 1 y y2
x + xy + x y dx = + + = + +
3 2 3 x=0 3 2
3
0
Example
Evaluate the integral
Z1 Z1
 
x 2 + xy + x 2 y 2 dx  dy

I1 = 
0 0
Z1 1
y2 y 2 y 3

1 y y 25
I1 = + + dy = + + =
3 2 3 3 4 9 0 36
0

Iterated integrals
Example
Evaluate the integral
Z1 Z1
 
x 2 + xy + x 2 y 2 dy  dx

I2 = 
0 0
We first integrate w.r.t. y
Z1 y =1
2 2 2
2xy 2 x 2 y 3 2 x x2
x + xy + x y dy = x y + + = x + +
2 3 y =0 2 3
0
Thus
Z1 1
x2 x 3 x 2 x 3

2 x 25
I2 = x + + dx = + + = = I1
2 3 3 4 9 0 36
0
Iterated integrals
Funibi’s Theorem
Zd Zb Zb Zd
   
 f (x, y )dx dy =  f (x, y )dy dx
c a a c
Either of these integrals is called an iterated integral since it is evaluated

by integrating twice, first using one variable and then using the other.
We define the rectangular region R in the plane where
R = {(x, y ) : a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d}

Double integrals over a rectangular region
Definition
The double integral of f (x, y ) over a rectangular region R is defined as
follows ZZ ZZ
f (x, y ) dydx or f (x, y ) dxdy
R R
and equals either
Zd Zb Zb Zd
   
 f (x, y )dx dy or  f (x, y )dy dx
c a a c

Example
x 2 ydxdy over a rectangular region R is defined by
RR
Find
R
0 6 x 6 3, 1 6 y 6 2
Solution
One can integrate first "with respect# to y, then with respect to x.
Z 3Z 2 Z 3 2 y =2

2 2 y
x ydydx = x dx
0 1 0 2 y =1
1 3 3 27
Z 3
3 2
= x dx = x =
0 2 2 0 2
Or, integrate first w.r.t."x then w.r.t y

Z 2Z 3 Z 2 3
x=3 # Z 2
2 x 27
x ydxdy = y dy = 9ydy =
1 0 1 3 x=0

1 2

Example
6xy 2 + 12x 2 y + 4ydxdy over a rectangular region R is defined by
RR
Find
R
3 6 x 6 5, 1 6 y 6 2
Answer: 712

Example
√
RR 3 xy
Find y 2 +1
dxdy over a rectangular region R is defined by
R
0 6 x 6 4, 0 6 y 6 2
Answer: 8 ln 5

Volume
Definition
Let be a function that is non-negative on the rectangular region R defined
by a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d. The volume of the solid under the graph of
f (x, y ) and over the region R is
ZZ
V = f (x, y ) dxdy
R

Volume
Example
Find the volume under the surface z = f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 over the region
0 6 x 6 4, 0 6 y 6 4.
Answer: ZZ
512
V = x 2 + y 2 dxdy =
3
R
Volume
Example
A product design consultant for a cosmetics company has been asked to
design a bottle for the company’s newest perfume. The thickness of the
glass is to vary so that the outside of the bottle has straight sides and the
inside has curved sides, with flat ends shaped like parabolas on the 4-cm
sides, as shown in figure below. Before presenting the design to
management, the consultant needs to make a reasonably accurate
estimate of the amount each bottle will hold. If the base of the bottle is to
be 4 cm by 3 cm, and if a cross section of its interior is to be a parabola of
the form z = −y 2 + 4y , what is its internal volume?

Volume
Hint
Z3 Z4
−y 2 + 4y dydx = 32

V =
0 0

Double integrals over other regions
D = {(x, y ) : a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y )dxdy = f (x, y )dydx
D a g1 (x)
Integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x.

Example
RR
Evaluate I = D (x + 2y )dxdy where D is the region enclosed by y = 2x
and y = x 2 .

Solution
D = (x, y ) : 0 6 x 6 2, x 2 6 y 6 2x

Integrate first with respect to y, then with respect to x.
ZZ Z2 Z2x Z2
y =2x
I = (x + 2y ) dxdy = (x + 2y ) dydx = xy + y 2 y =x 2 dx
R 0 x2 0
Z2
28
6x 2 − x 3 − x 4 dx =

I =
5
0

Example
Evaluate I = D (x + 2y )dxdy where D is the region enclosed by y = 2x 2
RR
and y = 1 + x 2 .

D = {(x, y ) : c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y )}
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y )dxdy = f (x, y )dxdy
D c h1 (y )

Example
Evaluate
2
Z2 Zy
I = xydxdy
1 y

Solution
Integrate first with respect to x, then with respect to y.
2
 2 
Z2 Zy Z2 Zy Z2 5
y3

y 27
I = xydxdy =  xydx  dy = − dy =
 
2 2 8
1 y 1 y 1

Interchanging Limits of Integration
Sometimes it is easier to integrate first with respect to x, and then y,

while with other integrals the reverse process is easier.
The limits of integration can be reversed whenever the region D can

be re-expressed in the above two types.
Back to the example in slide # 70, we integrated first with respect to

y, then with respect to x and found I = 28/5. We now interchange
limits of integration: Integrate first with respect to x, then with
respect to y.

Back to the example in slide # 66
√
Re-write D = (x, y ) : 0 6 y 6 4, y /2 6 x 6 y .
√
ZZ Z4 Z y
I = (x + 2y ) dxdy = (x + 2y ) dxdy
R 0 y /2
Z4 √ 2 y 2
!
y 2
√ y 28
I = − + 2y y− =
2 8 2 5
0

Example
Evaluate
Z16 Z4 p
x 3 + 4dxdy
√
0 y
Comments: It is very difficult to integrate first with respect to x, because

we can NOT evaluate Z p
x 3 + 4dx
We therefore interchange limits of integration by integrating first with

respect to y!
What should we do?

Solution
The region is given by
√
D = {(x, y ) : y 6 x 6 4, 0 6 y 6 16}
We re-write D as
D = (x, y ) : 0 6 y 6 x 2 , 0 6 x 6 4

Z4 Zx 2 p Z4 p x 2
I = x 3 + 4dydx = y x 3 + 4 dx

0
0 0 0
Z4 4
p
2
3
2 3 3/2

= x x + 4dx = (x + 4) = 122.83
9 0
0

Average value
Definition
The average value of the function z = f (x, y ) over a region R is defined as
ZZ
1
z= f (x, y )dxdy
A
R
where A is the area of the region R.

Example
Find the average value for the function f(x,y) over the given region D
f (x, y ) = 3x 2 + 6y 2 ,
where D: 0 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 2.
Solution
We have A = 1 × 2 = 2.
ZZ Z1 Z2 Z1
2 2 2 2
2
(3x + 6y )dxdy = (3x + 6y )dydx = (3x 2 y + 2y 3 )0 dx =
D 0 0 0
Z1
1
= (6x 2 + 16)dx = (2x 3 + 16x)0 = 2 + 16 = 18
0
1
Thus, the average value of F (x, y ) is z = A (18) = 9.
Average value
Example
A city occupies a semicircular region of radius 3km bordering on the
ocean. Find the average distance from points in the city to the ocean.

Example (cont.)
Solution
πr 2 9π
A= = , distance = f (x, y ) = y
2 2
√ 
ZZ Z3 Z9−x 2 Z3
1
9 − x 2 dx = 18

I = ydxdy =  ydy  dx =
 
2
R −3 0 −3
The average distance is I

A = π4 .

Average value
Example: Production function

A production function is given by
P (x, y ) = 500x 0.2 y 0.8
where x is the number of units of labor and y is the number of units of

capital. Find the average production level if x varies from 10 to 50 and y
from 20 to 40.

Average value
Example
The surface area of a human (in square meters) has been approximated by
A (h, m) = 0.024265h0.3964 m0.5378

where h is the height (in cm) and m is the mass (in kg). Source: The
Journal of Pediatrics.
Find the average surface area of a human in a region where h varies from
150 cm to 178 cm and m from 38 kg to 85 kg.

Average value
Exercise
In a psychological experiment, x units of stimulus A and y units of
stimulus B are applied to a subject, whose performance on a certain task is
then measured by the function
2 −y 2
P (x, y ) = 10 + xye 1−x
Suppose x varies between 0 and 1 while y varies between 0 and 3. What is

the subject’s average response to the stimuli?

Selected Exercises
Section 9.1: 1, 2, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45.
Section 9.2: 1, 4, 6-7, 10-13, 17-19, 24, 25, 27, 33-34, 53-55, 57-59.
Section 9.3: 3-5, 14, 18, 27, 28, 39, 42.
Section 9.5: 1, 4, 8-11, 21-24,26,
Section 9.6: 1-3, 9-10, 11-13, 20-23, 27-28, 30-33, 37, 40-41, 46, 53-54,
58, 67.

Chapter 1. Multivariable Calculus: Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City International University

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Chapter 1. Multivariable Calculus: Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City International University

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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HO CHI MINH

Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 1 / 88

1 Functions of several variables

3 Maxima and minima. Optimization

4 Total differentials and approximations

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 2 / 88

Reference: Chapter 9, Calculus with Applications, by M.L. Lial, R.N.

Example (Volume of a Can)

Find V (3, 11).

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 3 / 88

A (h, m) = 0.024265h0.3964 m0.5378

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 4 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 6 / 88

S = (x, y , z) ∈ R 2 : z = f (x, y ) , where (x, y ) ∈ D

The graph of a function of two variables, z = f (x, y ) is called a surface in

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 7 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 8 / 88

What is the range of f ?

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 9 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 10 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 11 / 88

To find the x-intercept: Let y = 0 and z = 0, to get x = 3. The point

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 12 / 88

To find the x-intercept: Let y = 0 and z = 0, to get x = 6. The point

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 13 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 14 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 15 / 88

The terraced rice fields in Sapa form level curves.

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 16 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 17 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 18 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 19 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 20 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 21 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 22 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 23 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 24 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 25 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 26 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 27 / 88

To find fx (x, y , z), we treat y and z as constants:

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 28 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 29 / 88

This result, 7, is the approximate change in temperature of the output

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 30 / 88

Answers: a. 1279 kcal per hr b. 2.906 kcal per hr per g

Answers: a. 4.125 lb b. ∂f /∂n = n/4, the rate of change of weight loss

For a function of z = f (x, y ), if the indicated partial derivative exists, then

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 33 / 88

fxx (x, y ) = 6y − 2 sin(xy )y 2

fyy (x, y ) = −2 sin(xy )x 2 − 6y

Find all second-order partial derivatives of

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 35 / 88

fxy (a, b) = fyx (a, b)

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 36 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 37 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 38 / 88

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 39 / 88

Theorem on location of extrema

fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0

In this case, (a, b) is a critical point of f .

Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 1. Multivariable calculus Fall 2015 40 / 88