CHAPTER 51 LINEAR FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS

EXERCISE 198 Page 532

dy
1. Solve: x =3-y
dx

dy dy 3  y 3 y
Since x = 3 – y then   
dx dx x x x

dy y 3 1 3
i.e.   from which, P= and Q =
dx x x x x
1 1
dx  3 
y e x   e x   dx
dx
Hence,
x

3
i.e. y eln x   eln x   dx
x

3
i.e. y x   x   dx since eln x  x
x

i.e. y x   3dx

i.e. y x = 3x + c

3x  c
i.e. y=
x
c
or y  3
x

dy
2. Solve: = x(1 - 2y)
dx

dy dy
= x( 1 – 2y) = x – 2xy i.e. + 2xy = x from which, P = 2x and Q = x
dx dx

y e   e  x dx
2x dx 2x dx
Hence,
2 2
i.e. ye x   e x x dx

1
 2 1 2
i.e. ye x  e x  c
2
1 2
or y  c e x
2

dy
3. Solve: t - 5t = - y
dt

dy dy 5t  y y
t - 5t = - y i.e.   5
dt dt t t

dy y 1
i.e.  5 from which, P= and Q = 5
dt t t
1 1
y e t   e
dt dt
Hence, t
(5) dt

i.e. ye ln t  5  e ln t dt since eln t  t

i.e. y t = 5  t dt

5t 2
i.e. yt= +c
2
5t c
or y 
2 t

 dy 
4. Solve: x   1 = x3 - 2y, given x = 1 when y = 3
 dx 

 dy  dy 2y
Since x   1  x 3  2y then 1  x2 
 dx  dx x
dy 2y 2
from which,   x2 1 i.e. P= and Q = x 2  1
dx x x
2 2
y e x   e  x  x 2  1 dx
dx dx
Hence,

i.e. ye 2 ln x   e 2 ln x  x 2  1 dx

ye ln x   eln x  x 2  1dx
2 2
i.e.

i.e. y x 2   x 2  x 2  1  dx since eln A  A

2
i.e. y x 2    x 4  x 2  dx

x5 x3
2
i.e. yx   c
5 3
1 1
x = 1 when y = 3, hence, 3  c
5 3
1 1 45  5  3 47
from which, c = 3   
3 5 15 15
x 5 x 3 47
2
Hence, yx   
5 3 15
x3 x 47
i.e. y  
5 3 15x2

1 dy
5. Solve: +y=1
x dx

1 dy dy
+y=1 i.e. = x(1 – y) = x - xy
x dx dx

dy
i.e. + xy = x from which, P = x and Q = x
dx

y e   e  (x) dx
x dx x dx
Hence,

2 2
i.e. ye x /2
  e x /2 x dx

2 2
i.e. ye x /2
 ex /2
c using the substitution u = x 2 / 2

c
i.e. y = 1 2
ex /2

2
or y  1  c e x /2

dy
6. Solve: + x = 2y
dx

dy dy
Since + x = 2y then - 2y = - x from which, P = - 2 and Q = - x
dx dx

y e   e
 2dx  2dx
Hence, ( x) dx

3
i.e. ye 2x   e 2x ( x) dx (1)

du
Using integration by parts on xe  1 and du = dx
2x
dx : Let u = x, then
dx
1
e
2x
and dv = e2x dx and v = dx   e2x
2
 1  1
Thus,  xe dx  (x)   e 2x     e 2x dx
2x

 2  2
1 1 1 1
=  xe2x   e2x dx   xe2x  e2x
2 2 2 4
 1 1 
Substituting in (1) gives: ye 2x     xe 2x  e 2x   c
 2 4 
1 2x 1 2x
i.e. y e 2x  xe  e c
2 4
1 1 c
or y  x   2x
2 4 e
1 1
i.e. y x   ce 2x
2 4

4
EXERCISE 199 Page 533

dy 
1. Solve: cot x = 1 - 2y, given y = 1 when x =
dx 4

dy dy 1  2y 1 2y
cot x = 1 - 2y i.e. =    tan x  2y tan x
dx dx cot x cot x cot x

dy
i.e. + 2ytan x = tan x from which, P = 2 tan x and Q = tan x
dx

y e   e
2 tan x dx 2 tan x dx
Hence, (tan x) dx

i.e. ye 2ln sec x   e 2ln sec x tan x dx

2 2
i.e. ye ln(sec x )   e ln(sec x ) tan x dx

2
i.e. y sec 2 x   sec 2 x tan x dx since e ln(sec x )  sec 2 x

1
i.e. y sec 2 x = sec 2 x + c using the substitution u = sec 2 x
2

2 2
   1 
y = 1 when x = , hence 1  sec  =  sec  + c
4  4 2 4

Hence, 2=1+c from which , c = 1

1
Thus, y sec 2 x = sec 2 x + 1
2

1 1
or y= +
2 sec 2 x

1
i.e. y=  cos2 x
2

d
2. Solve: t + sec t(t sin t + cos t) = sec t, given t =  when  = 1
dt

d
Since t  sec t  t sin t  cos t    sec t
dt

5
 d  sec t cos t  sec t
then   sec t sin t   
dt  t  t

 1 
sec t cos t  1    cos t 1 sec t
 cos t 
from which, P = sec t sin t   sin t   tan t  and Q=
t  cos t  t t t
 1  1
  tan t  t dt   tan t  t  dt sec t
Hence, e e dt
t
sec t
i.e.  e(ln sec t ln t )   e(ln sec t ln t ) dt
t
sec t
i.e.  eln(t sec t )   eln(t sec t ) dt
t
sec t
i.e.  t sec t   t sec t dt   sec2 t dt
t

and  t sec t  tan t  c

t =  when  = 1, hence,  sec  = tan  + c

i.e. -=c

Thus,  t sec t  tan t  

sin t
tan t   sin t 
or    cos t    cos t
t sec t t sec t t 1 t
1 t t
cos t cos t
1
i.e.   sin t   cos t 
t

dy 2 2
3. Given the equation x = - y show that the particular solution is y = ln(x + 2), given
dx x2 x

the boundary conditions that x = - 1 when y = 0

dy 2 dy 2 y
Since x = -y then = 
dx x2 dx x(x  2) x

dy y 2 1 2
i.e. +  from which, P= and Q =
dx x x(x  2) x x(x  2)

1 1
dx  2 
y e x   e x 
dx
Hence,  dx
 x(x  2) 

6
  2 
i.e. yeln x   eln x   dx since eln x  x
 x(x  2) 

 2 
i.e. yx   x  dx
 x(x  2) 

2
i.e. yx   dx
(x  2)

i.e. y x = 2 ln(x + 2) + c

x = - 1 when y = 0 0 = 2 ln 1 + c from which, c = 0

Hence, y x = 2 ln(x + 2)

2
i.e. y= ln(x  2)
x

dy 4
4. Show that the solution of the differential equation - 2(x + 1) 3 = y is:
dx (x  1)

y = (x + 1) 4 ln(x + 1) 2 , given that x = 0 when y = 0

dy 4 dy 4
 2  x  1  y  2  x  1
3 3
Since y from which, 
dx (x  1) dx (x  1)
4
i.e. P=  and Q = 2(x  1) 3
x 1
4 4
y e   e  x 1 2(x  1)3 dx
 dx  dx
Hence, x 1

i.e. y e 4ln(x 1)   e 4ln(x 1) 2(x  1)3 dx

4 4
i.e. y e ln(x 1)   e ln(x 1) 2(x  1)3 dx

y 1
i.e. 4
 4
2(x  1)3 dx
(x  1) (x  1)
y 2
and 4
 dx  2ln(x  1)  c
(x  1) (x  1)

x = 0 when y = 0, hence, 0 = 2 ln 1 + c from which, c = 0

y
Thus,  2 ln(x  1)
(x  1) 4

y =  x  1  ln  x  1 
4 2
or

7
 dy
5. Show that the solution of the differential equation + ky = a sin bx is given by:
dx

 a   k 2  b 2  ab   kx
y=  2 2 
(k sin bx - b cos bx) +  2 2  e , given y = 1 when x = 0
k b   k b 

dy
Since + ky = a sin bx then P = k and Q = a sin bx
dx

y e   e  (a sin bx)dx
k dx k dx
Hence,

i.e. y e k x   e k x (a sin bx)dx

i.e. y e k x  a  e k x sin bx dx

 e kx 
2 
i.e. y ek x  a  2 k sin bx  b cos bx   c from integration by parts,
k  b 
page 489 of textbook

 e0 
2 
y = 1 when x = 0, (1) e 0 = a  2 k sin 0  b cos 0   c
k  b 
ab
i.e. 1=  +c
k  b2
2

ab k 2  b2  ab
from which, c=1+ 
k 2  b2 k 2  b2

 e kx  k 2  b 2  ab
2    2 2
Hence, y ek x  a  2 k sin bx  b cos bx
k  b  k b

2 2
 1  k  b  ab
and y = a 2 2  k sin bx  b cos bx  
 (k 2  b2 ) ek x
k  b

 a   k 2  b 2  ab   k x
i.e. y=  2 2   k sinbx  bcosbx  +  e
k b 
2 2
 k b 

dv
6. The equation = - (av + bt), where a and b are constants, represents an equation of motion
dt

when a particle moves in a resisting medium. Solve the equation for v given that v = u when

t=0

8
 dv dv
Since = - (av + bt) then + av = - bt from which, P = a and Q = -bt
dt dt

v e   e  (bt) dt
a dt a dt
Hence,

i.e. v e at  b  t e at (1)

du
Using integration by parts on  te  1 and du = dt
at
dt : Let u = t, then
dt
1
e
at
and dv = eat dt and v = dt  ea t
a
1  1 t 1
Thus,  te dt  (t)  e a t    ea t dt = ea t  2 ea t
at

a  a a a

t 1 
Substituting in (1) gives: v e at  b  e a t  2 e a t   c
a a 
b b
v = u when t = 0, hence, u= c from which, c=u-
a2 a2
t 1  b bt b b
Thus, v e at  b  e a t  2 e a t   u  2   e a t  2 e at  u  2
a a  a a a a

bt b  b  b bt  b 
or v  2   u  2 e at or 2
   u  2 e  at
a a  a  a a  a 

7. In an alternating current circuit containing resistance R and inductance L the current i is given

di
by: Ri + L = E0 sin t. Given i = 0 when t = 0, show that the solution of the equation is given
dt

 E   E L 
by: i =  2 0 2 2  (R sin t  L cos t)   2 0 2 2  e  Rt /L
R  L  R  L 

di di di E 0 Ri
Since Ri + L  E 0 sin t then L  E 0 sin t  Ri and  sin t 
dt dt dt L L
di Ri E 0 R E0
i.e.   sin t from which, P= and Q= sin t
dt L L L L
 R dt  R
dt  E 
Hence, i  e  L    e  L  0 sin t  dt
   L 
Rt Rt
E 
i.e. i e L   e L  0 sin t  dt
 L 

9
 Rt
E 0  RLt 
i.e. ie    e sin t dt  (1)
L
L  
eax
From page 489 of textbook, 
ax
e sin bx dx  2  a sin bx  b cos bx   c
a  b2
Rt
Rt
e L
R 
Hence, e L
sin t dt 
R
2  sin t   cos t   c
2 
L 
  
L
Rt
Rt
E0 e R L

Substituting into (1) gives: ie L
  sin t   cos t   c
L R 2
2L 
 2  
L 
Rt
E eL R 
 0  sin  t   cos  t   c
L R  L L
2 2 2

 2 
 L 
Rt
Rt
E0 L e LR 
i.e. ie L
 2 2 
sin t   cos t   c
R   L   L
2


E0 L E0 L 
i = 0 when t = 0, hence, 0= ()  c from which, c=
R  2 L2
2
R 2  2 L2
Rt
Rt
E0 L e L R  E0 L 
Thus, ie L
  sin t   cos t   2
R   L   L
2 2 2
 R   L
2 2

E0 L
R  E0 L  
Rt
i.e. i 2 2 
sin  t   cos  t   e L

R   L  
2
L  R   L 
2 2 2

E0 Rt
 E0  L   L
or i  R sin t  L cos t    2 2 2  e
 R 2  2L2  R  L 

8. The concentration, C, of impurities of an oil purifier varies with time t and is described by the

dC
equation a = b + dm - Cm, where a, b, d and m are constants.
dt

Given C = c 0 when t = 0, solve the equation and show that:

b 
C =   d  (1  e  mt /a )  c0 e  mt /a
m 

10
 dC dC b d m Cm
Since a  b  dm  Cm then   
dt dt a a a
dC m b dm m b dm
and  C  from which, P= and Q = 
dt a a a a a a
m m
 dt  dt  b dm
Hence, Ce a
e a
   dt
a a 
mt mt
 b dm
i.e. Ce a   e a    dt
a a 
mt
mt
ae b dm 
a
i.e. Ce a
   k
m a a 

a  b dm  b b
C = c 0 when t = 0, hence, c 0 =    k  d k from which, k = c0  d
ma a  m m
mt
mt
ae a b dm  b
Thus, Ce a
   c0  d
m a a  m
mt
a  b dm   b  a
i.e. C     c0   d e
ma a   m 
mt
b   b  
i.e. C    d   c0   d e a
m   m 
mt mt
b  b   a 
i.e. C    d     d e  c0e a
m  m 
mt mt
b    
or C    d   1  e a   c 0e a
m  

dv
9. The equation of motion of a train is given by: m = mk(1 - e  t ) - mcv, where v is the speed, t
dt
is the time and m, k and c are constants. Determine the speed, v, given v = 0 at t = 0

dv dv
Since m  mk 1  e t   mcv then  k 1  e  t   cv
dt dt
dv
and  cv  k 1  e t  from which, P=c and Q = k 1  e  t 
dt

v e   e  k(1  e t ) dt
cdt cdt
Hence,

i.e. v e c t   e c t k(1  e t ) dt  k  e c t  e c t t dt

11
 ct  ec t e t (c 1) 
i.e. ve  k   z where z is the constant of integration
 c c 1 

k k
v = 0 when t = 0, hence, 0=  z
c c 1
k k ck  k(c  1) k
from which, z=   
c 1 c c(c  1) c(c  1)

 ec t e t (c 1) 
ct k
Thus, ve  k   
 c c  1  c(c  1)

k k e t  k   ct
i.e. v=   e
c c  1  c(c  1) 

 1 et e  ct 
or vk   
 c c  1 c(c  1) 

12