PEMBAHASAN EXERCISE CHAPTER 49

EXERCISE 192 Page 518

1. Sketch a family of curves represented by each of the following differential equations:

dy dy dy
(a) =6 (b) = 3x (c) =x+2
dx dx dx

dy
(a) If
dx
 6 , then y =  6 dx = 6x + c

There are an infinite number of graphs of y = 6x + c; three curves are shown below.

dy 3
 3x dx  2 x
2
(b) If  3x , then y = c
dx
A family of three typical curves is shown below.

dy x2
(c) If
dx
 x  2 , then y =  (x  2) dx 
2
 2x  c

1
 A family of three typical curves is shown below.

dy
2. Sketch the family of curves given by the equation = 2x + 3 and determine the equation of one of
dx

these curves which passes through the point (1, 3)

dy
If  2x  3 , then y =   2x  3 dx  x
2
 3x  c
dx
If the curve passes through the point (1, 3) then x = 1 and y = 3,

3 = 1  3 1  c
2
Hence, i.e. c = -1

and y  x 2  3x  1

A family of three curves is shown below, including y  x 2  3x  1 which passes through the point
(1, 3).

EXERCISE 193 Page 520

2
 dy
1. Solve: = cos 4x - 2x
dx

dy
Since
dx
= cos 4x - 2x y=   cos 4x  2x  dx
1
i.e. y= sin 4x  x2  c
4

dy
2. Solve: 2x = 3 - x3
dx

dy dy 3  x3 3 x3 3 x2
Since 2x = 3 - x3 i.e.     
dx dx 2x 2x 2x 2x 2

 3 x2  3 x3
Hence, y =    dx = ln x - +c
 2x 2  2 6

dy
3. Solve: + x = 3, given y = 2 when x = 1
dx

dy dy x2
If
dx
 x  3 , then
dx
 3 x and y =   3  x  dx  3x  2
c

1 1
If y = 2 when x = 1, then 2 = 3 - c from which, c= 
2 2
x2 1
Hence, y  3x  
2 2

dy 2 
4. Solve: 3 + sin  = 0, given y = when  =
d 3 3

dy dy 1
Since 3 + sin  = 0 i.e. = - sin θ
d d 3

1  1 1
and y =   sin  d     ( cos )  c  cos   c
3  3 3

2  2 1 
y= when  = hence,  cos  c
3 3 3 3 3

3
 2 11 2 11 1
i.e.   c i.e.   c i.e. c=
3 3 2 3 3 2 2

1 1
Hence, y cos  
3 2

1 dy
5. Solve: x
+ 2 = x - 3 , given y = 1 when x = 0
e dx

1 dy dy dy 1
If x
 2  x 3 then 3  x  e x  2 and   x  e x  2 
e dx dx dx 3
1 1  x 2 x 
Hence, y
3   x  e x
 2  dx    e  2x   c
3 2 
1 2
If y = 1 when x = 0, then 1= (0  1  0)  c i.e. c=
3 3
1  x2 x  2 1 2 2 
Thus, y=   e  2x   or  x  4x  x  4 
3 2  3 6 e 

dy x2
6. The gradient of a curve is given by + = 3x. Find the equation of the curve if it passes through
dx 2
1
the point (1, )
3

dy x 2 dy x2
If   3x , then  3x 
dx 2 dx 2
 x2  3x 2 x 3
Hence, y    3x   dx   c
 2 2 6

 1 1
If it passes through  1,  , x = 1 and y =
 3 3
1 3 1 1 3 1
Thus,   c from which, c=    1
3 2 6 3 2 6
3 2 x3
Hence, y  x  1
2 6

4
 dv
7. The acceleration, a, of a body is equal to its rate of change of velocity, . Find an equation for v in
dt

terms of t, given that when t = 0, velocity v = u

dv
=a hence, v =  a dt  at  c
dt

When t = 0, velocity v = u, hence, u=0+c from which, c = u

Hence, velocity, v = at + u or v = u + at

8. An object is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity, u, of 20 m/s. The motion of the object

ds
follows the differential equation = u - gt, where s is the height of the object in metres at time t
dt

seconds and g = 9.8 m/s2. Determine the height of the object after 3 seconds if s = 0 when t = 0

ds g t2
If = u – gt, then s=   u  gt  dt  ut   c
dt 2

Since s = 0 when t = 0, then c = 0

g t2 9.8t 2
Hence, s  ut  and if u = 20 and s = 9.8, then s = 20t - i.e. u = 20t – 4.9 t 2
2 2

s = 3(20) – 4.9  3
2
The height when t = 3,

i.e. height = 60 – 44.1 = 15.9 m

EXERCISE 194 Page 521

5
 dy
1. Solve: = 2 + 3y
dx

dy dy
Rearranging = 2 + 3y gives: dx =
dx 2  3y

dy
Integrating both sides gives:  dx =  2  3y
Thus, by using the substitution u = (2 + 3y),

1
x= ln(2 + 3y) + c
3

dy
2. Solve: = 2 cos2 y
dx

dy dy
If  2cos 2 y then  2dx
dx cos 2 y

and  sec y dy   2dx

2

i.e. tan y = 2x + c

dy 1
3. Solve: (y2 + 2) = 5y, given y = 1 when x =
dx 2

dy  y2  2 
If y 2
 2
dx
 5y then   dy  5dx
 y 

 2
and   y  y  dy   5dx
y2
i.e.  2 ln y  5x  c
2
1 1 5 1 5
y = 1 when x = , hence,  2ln1   c from which, c=   2
2 2 2 2 2
y2
and  2ln y  5x  2
2

6
 di
4. The current in an electric circuit is given by the equation Ri + L = 0, where L and R are constants.
dt

Show that i = Ie-Rt/L, given that i = I when t = 0

di di
If Ri + L = 0, then L = - Ri
dt dt
di Ri
and 
dt L
di R di R
from which,
i
  dt
L
and  i
   dt
L
Rt
Thus, ln i =  c
L
i = I when t = 0, thus ln I = c
Rt
Hence, ln i =   ln I
L
Rt
i.e. ln i – ln I = 
L
i Rt
i.e. ln  
I L
Rt Rt
i  
Taking anti-logarithms gives: e L and i  Ie L
I

dx
5. The velocity of a chemical reaction is given by = k(a - x), where x is the amount transferred in
dt

time t, k is a constant and a is the concentration at time t = 0 when x = 0. Solve the equation and

determine x in terms of t

dx dx
If = k(a – x), then  k dt
dt ax
dx
and  a  x   k dt
i.e. – ln(a – x) = kt + c

t = 0 when x = 0, hence - ln a = c

Thus, – ln(a – x) = kt – ln a

i.e. ln a – ln(a – x) = kt
7
  a 
i.e. ln    kt
ax
a
and  ekt
ax
a
i.e. ax i.e. a e k t  a  x
ek t
and x = a - a e k t i.e. x  a  1  e k t 

dQ Q
6. (a) Charge Q coulombs at time t seconds is given by the differential equation R + = 0, where
dt C

C is the capacitance in farads and R the resistance in ohms. Solve the equation for Q given that

Q = Q0 when t = 0

(b) A circuit possesses a resistance of 250 x 103 ohms and a capacitance of 8.5×10-6 farads, and after

0.32 seconds the charge falls to 8.0 C. Determine the initial charge and the charge after 1 second,

each correct to 3 significant figures

dQ Q dQ Q
(a) If R  =0 then 
dt C dt RC
dQ 1
i.e.  Q
 
RC
dt

t
i.e. ln Q =  k
RC

Q = Q0 when t = 0, hence, ln Q0 = k

t
Hence, ln Q =   ln Q 0
RC
t
i.e. ln Q - ln Q0 = 
RC
Q t
i.e. ln 
Q0 RC
t t
Q  
and  e RC and Q  Q 0e CR

Q0

(b) R = 250  103  , C = 8.5  10-6 F, t = 0.32 s and Q = 8.0 C

8
 0.32

Hence, 8.0  Q 0 e 8.5106  250103
 Q 0  0.8602 

8.0
from which, initial charge, Q0  = 9.30 C
0.8602
t 1
 
When t = 1 s, charge, Q = Q 0 e CR
 9.30 e 8.5106  250103
= 5.81 C

7. A differential equation relating the difference in tension T, pulley contact angle  and coefficient of

dT
friction  is = T. When  = 0, T = 150 N, and  = 0.30 as slipping starts. Determine the tension
d

at the point of slipping when  = 2 radians. Determine also the value of  when T is 300 N

dT dT
Since = T then   d
d T

dT
and  T 
  d

i.e. ln T = μ θ + c

When  = 0, T = 150 N, and  = 0.30, hence ln 150 = (0.30)(0) + c

from which, c = ln 150

Hence, ln T = μ θ + ln 150

i.e. ln T – ln 150 = μ θ

 T 
i.e. ln    
 150 

T
from which,  e  and T = 150 e  
150

When  = 2 radians, tension, T = 150 e

0.30 (2)
 150e0.60 = 273.3 N

300 (0.30) 
When T = 300 N, 300 = 150 e(0.30)  i.e. e i.e. 2  e (0.30) 
150

Hence, ln 2 = ln [e(0.30)  ] = 0.30 θ

1
from which, contact angle, θ = ln 2 = 2.31 rad
0.30

9
 d
8. The rate of cooling of a body is given by = k  , where k is a constant. If  = 60oC when t = 2
dt
minutes and  = 50oC when t = 5 minutes, determine the time taken for  to fall to 40oC, correct to the

nearest second

d d d
If
dt
 k then

 k dt and   
 k dt

i.e. ln  = kt + c

When  = 60C, t = 2, i.e. ln 60 = 2k + c (1)

When  = 50C, t = 5, i.e. ln 50 = 5k + c (2)

(1) – (2) gives: ln 60 – ln 50 = -3k

1 60
from which, k =  ln  0.06077
3 50

Substituting in (1): ln 60 = 2(-0.06077) + c

from which, c = ln 60 + 2(0.06077) = 4.2159

Hence, ln  = kt + c = -0.06077t + 4.2159

When  = 40C, ln 40 = -0.06077t + 4.2159

4.2159  ln 40
and time, t =  8.672 min = 8 min 40 s
0.06077

10
EXERCISE 195 Page 524

dy
1. Solve: = 2y cos x
dx

dy dy
Since = 2y cos x then  2cos x dx
dx y

dy
and  y 
 2 cos x dx

i.e. ln y = 2 sin x + c

dy
2. Solve: (2y - 1) = (3x2 + 1), given x = 1 when y = 2
dx

dy
If (2y – 1)   3x 2  1 , then   2y  1 dy   3x
2
 1  dx
dx

i.e. y2  y  x3  x  c

x =1 when y = 2, hence, 4–2=1+1+c from which, c=0

Thus, y 2  y  x3  x

dy
3. Solve: = e2x-y, given x = 0 when y = 0
dx

dy
= e2x-y = (e2x)(e - y), by the laws of indices
dx

dy
Separating the variables gives: y
= e2x dx i.e. e y dy = e2x dx
e

Integrating both sides gives:  e dy =  e

y 2x
dx

1 2x
Thus the general solution is: ey = e +c
2

1 0
When x = 0, y = 0, thus: e0 = e +c
2

11
 1 1
from which, c=1- =
2 2

1 2x 1
Hence the particular solution is: ey = e +
2 2

dy
4. Solve: 2y(1 - x) + x(1 + y) = 0, given x = 1 when y = 1
dx

dy dy
If 2y(1 – x) + x(1 + y) =0 then x(1 + y) = -2y(1 – x) = 2y(x – 1)
dx dx

 1 y   2(x  1) 
Thus,  
 y 
 dy   
 x 
 dx

1   2
i.e.    1 dy  
y 
 2   dx
 x

ln y + y = 2x – 2 ln x + c

x = 1 when y = 1, hence, ln 1 + 1 = 2 – 2 ln 1 + c from which, c = -1

Thus, ln y + y = 2x – 2 ln x – 1

or ln y + 2 ln x = 2x – y – 1

i.e. ln y + ln x 2 = 2x – y – 1

and ln  x 2 y   2x  y  1

y2  1 y dy  y2  1 
5. Show that the solution of the equation = is of the for  2  = constant
x  1 x dx
2
 x 1

y 2  1 y dy y x
Since 
x 2  1 x dx
then  2
y 1
dy   2
x 1
dx

1 1
i.e. ln  y2  1  ln  x 2  1  c
2 2
1 1
 
    
2 2  ln x 2  1 2  c
i.e. ln y  1
 

12
 1
 y2  1  2
i.e. ln  2  c
 x 1

 y2  1 
or ln  2   c
 x 1 

 y2  1 
and   e = a constant
c
 2
 x  1 

dy
6. Solve xy = (1 - x2) for y, given x = 0 when y = 1
dx

dy xy dy
Since xy = (1 - x2) then =
dx 2
(1  x ) dx

dy x
and  dx
y 1  x 2 

dy  x 
i.e.  y
  2 
 1 x 
dx

 x  du du
For   2 
dx let u = (1 - x2) from which,  2x and dx =
 1 x  dx 2x

 x   x  du 1 1 1 1
Hence,   2 
dx        du   ln u   ln 1  x 2 
 1 x   u  2x 2 u 2 2

dy  x 
i.e. if  y
  2 
 1 x 
dx

1
then ln y = - ln(1 - x2) + c
2

1
x = 0 when y = 1, hence, ln 1 = - ln 1 + c from which, c = 0
2

1
Hence the particular solution is: ln y = - ln(1 - x2)
2

 

and ln y = ln 1  x 2 2

13
 1
1
y = 1  x 2 

i.e. 2  1

1  x 2 2

1
i.e. y=
1  x  2

dy
7. Determine the equation of the curve which satisfies the equation xy = x2 - 1, and which passes
dx

through the point (1, 2)

dy x 2 1  1
Since xy
dx
 x 2  1 then  y dy  
x
dx    x   dx
 x

y2 x 2
i.e.   ln x  c
2 2

If the curve passes through (1, 2) then x = 1 and y = 2,

22 12 3
hence,   ln1  c from which, c =
2 2 2
y2 x 2 3
Thus,   ln x 
2 2 2
or y 2  x2  2ln x  3

8. The p.d., V, between the plates of a capacitor C charged by a steady voltage E through a resistor R is

dV
given by the equation CR +V=E
dt

(a) Solve the equation for V given that at t = 0, V = 0

(b) Calculate V, correct to 3 significant figures, when E = 25 volts, C = 20 x 10-6 farads,

R = 200×103 ohms and t = 3.0 seconds

dV dV E  V
(a) Since CR  V  E then 
dt dt CR
dV dt
i.e.  E  V   CR
t
from which,  ln  E  V   k
CR
14
 At t = 0, V = 0, hence, - ln E = k

t
Thus,  ln  E  V    ln E
CR
t
ln E  ln  E  V  
CR
 E  t
and ln  
 E  V  CR
t
E
i.e.  eCR
EV
E
i.e. t
 EV
CR
e
t
E 
and V E t
 E  Ee CR

CR
e
 
t

i.e. V  E1 e  volts
CR

 
t
    3.0

 25 1  e 2010 20010   25 1  e 0.75  = 13.2 V

(b) Voltage, V  E 1  e CR 6 3

 
  
   

dy
9. Determine the value of p, given that x 3  p  x , and that y = 0 when x = 2 and when x = 6.
dx

dy px  p 1 
Since x 3
dx
=p–x then  dy   x 3
dx    3  2  dx
x x 

i.e.  dy    px  x 2  dx
3

px 2 x 1
i.e. y  c
2 1

p 1
i.e. y 2
 c
2x x

p 1
y = 0 when x = 2, hence, 0    c (1)
8 2
p 1
y = 0 when x = 6, hence, 0  c (2)
72 6

15
 1 1  1 1
(1) – (2) gives: 0  p       
 8 72   2 6 
p 1
i.e. 0 
9 3
p 1
i.e.  from which, p = 3
9 3

16