CHAPTER 51 LINEAR FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS

EXERCISE 198 Page 539

dy
1. Solve: x dx = 3 - y

dy dy 3  y 3 y
  
Since x dx = 3 – y then dx x x x

dy y 3 1 3
 
i.e. dx x x from which, P = x and Q = x

1 1
dx  3 
y e x   e  x   dx
dx

Hence, x

3
y eln x   eln x   dx
i.e. x

3
y x   x   dx
i.e. x since e  x
ln x

y x   3dx
i.e.

i.e. y x = 3x + c

3x  c
i.e. y= x
c
y  3
or x

dy
2. Solve: dx = x(1 - 2y)

dy dy
dx = x( 1 – 2y) = x – 2xy i.e. dx + 2xy = x from which, P = 2x and Q = x

y e   e  x dx
2x dx 2x dx

Hence,
790
 ye x   e x x dx
2 2

i.e.
2 1 2
ye x  e x  c
i.e. 2
1 2
y  ce  x
or 2

dy
3. Solve: t dt - 5t = - y

dy dy 5t  y y
  5
t dt - 5t = - y i.e. dt t t

dy y 1
 5
i.e. dt t from which, P = t and Q = 5

1 1
y e t   e
dt dt
t
(5) dt
Hence,

yeln t  5 eln t dt
since e  t
ln t
i.e.

y t = 5
t dt
i.e.

5t 2
i.e. yt= 2 +c
5t c
y 
or 2 t

 dy 
  1
4. Solve: x  dx  = x3 - 2y, given x = 1 when y = 3

 dy  dy 2y
x   1  x 3  2y 1  x2 
Since  dx  then dx x
dy 2y 2
  x2 1
i.e. P = x and Q = x  1
2
from which, dx x
2 2
y e x   e  x  x 2  1 dx
dx dx

Hence,

791
 ye 2 ln x   e 2 ln x  x 2  1 dx
i.e.

ye ln x   eln x  x 2  1 dx
2 2

i.e.
y x 2   x 2  x 2  1 dx
since e  A
ln A
i.e.
y x 2    x 4  x 2  dx
i.e.
x 5 x3
yx 2   c
i.e. 5 3
1 1
3  c
x = 1 when y = 3, hence, 5 3
1 1 45  5  3 47
3   
from which, c= 3 5 15 15

x 5 x 3 47
yx 2   
Hence, 5 3 15

x3 x 47
y  
i.e. 5 3 15x 2

1 dy
5. Solve: x dx + y = 1

1 dy dy
x dx + y = 1 i.e. dx = x(1 – y) = x - xy

dy
i.e. dx + xy = x from which, P = x and Q = x

y e   e  (x) dx
x dx x dx

Hence,

  e x /2 x dx
2 2
ye x /2
i.e.
2 2

i.e. ye x /2
 ex /2
c 2
using the substitution u = x / 2

c
1 x 2 /2
i.e. y= e

or y  1  c e x /2

792
 dy
6. Solve: dx + x = 2y

dy dy
Since dx + x = 2y then dx - 2y = - x from which, P = - 2 and Q = - x

y e   e
 2dx  2dx
( x) dx
Hence,
ye 2x   e 2x ( x) dx
i.e. (1)
du
1
 x e dx
2x
Using integration by parts on : Let u = x, then dx and du = dx
1
e
2x
2x
dx   e2x
and dv = e dx and v= 2

 1  1
 xe dx  (x)   e 2x     e 2x dx
2x

Thus,  2  2

1 1 1 1
 xe 2x   e 2x dx   xe 2x  e 2x
= 2 2 2 4

 1 1 
ye 2x     xe2x  e 2x   c
Substituting in (1) gives:  2 4 

1 2x 1 2x
y e 2x  xe  e c
i.e. 2 4
1 1 c
y x   2x
or 2 4 e

1 1
y x   ce 2x
i.e. 2 4

793
EXERCISE 199 Page 540

dy 
1. Solve: cot x dx = 1 - 2y, given y = 1 when x = 4

dy dy 1  2y 1 2y
   tan x  2y tan x
cot x dx = 1 - 2y i.e. dx = cot x cot x cot x

dy
i.e. dx + 2ytan x = tan x from which, P = 2 tan x and Q = tan x

y e   e
2 tan x dx 2 tan x dx
(tan x) dx
Hence,

ye2ln sec x   e2ln sec x tan x dx

i.e.

yeln(sec x)   eln(sec x ) tan x dx

2 2

i.e.

y sec 2 x   sec 2 x tan x dx 2

ln(sec x)
 sec 2 x
i.e. since e

1
2 2 2
i.e. y sec x = 2 sec x + c using the substitution u = sec x

2 2
   1 
 sec   sec 
y = 1 when x = 4 , hence 1 4 = 2 4 +c

Hence, 2=1+c from which , c = 1

1
2 2
Thus, y sec x = 2 sec x + 1

1 1
or y= 2 + sec 2 x
794
 1
 cos 2 x
i.e. y= 2

d
2. Solve: t dt + sec t(t sin t + cos t) = sec t, given t =  when  = 1

d
t  sec t  t sin t  cos t    sec t
Since dt

d  sec t cos t  sec t

  sec t sin t   
then dt  t  t

 1 
sec t cos t  1    cos t 1
 cos t  sec t
sec t sin t    sin t   tan t 
from which, P = t  cos t  t t and Q = t
 1  1
  tan t  t dt   tan t   dt sec t
e   e  t dt
Hence, t
sec t
 e(ln sec t  ln t )   e(ln sec t  ln t) dt
i.e. t
sec t
 eln(t sec t)   eln(t sec t ) dt
i.e. t
sec t
 t sec t   t sec t dt   sec 2 t dt
i.e. t

and  t sec t  tan t  c

t =  when  = 1, hence,  sec  = tan  + c

i.e. -=c

Thus,  t sec t  tan t  

sin t
tan t   sin t 
   cos t    cos t
t sec t t sec t t 1 t
1 t t
or cos t cos t

1
  sin t   cos t 
i.e. t

dy 2 2
3. Given the equation x dx = x  2 - y show that the particular solution is y = x ln(x + 2), given
795
 the boundary conditions that x = - 1 when y = 0

dy 2 dy 2 y

Since x dx = x  2 - y then dx = x(x  2) x

dy y 2 1 2

i.e. dx + x x(x  2) from which, P = x and Q = x(x  2)

dx  
1 1
2
y e x   e x 
dx
 dx
Hence,  x(x  2) 

 2 
yeln x   eln x   dx
i.e.  x(x  2)  since e  x
ln x

 2 
yx   x  dx
i.e.  x(x  2) 

2
yx   dx
i.e. (x  2)

i.e. y x = 2 ln(x + 2) + c

x = - 1 when y = 0 0 = 2 ln 1 + c from which, c = 0

Hence, y x = 2 ln(x + 2)

2
ln(x  2)
i.e. y= x

dy 4
4. Show that the solution of the differential equation dx - 2(x + 1) = (x  1) y is:
3

4 2
y = (x + 1) ln(x + 1) , given that x = 0 when y = 0

dy 4 dy 4
 2  x  1  y  2  x  1
3 3
y 
Since dx (x  1) from which, dx (x  1)

4

Q = 2(x  1)
3
i.e. P= x 1 and
4 4
y e  x 1   e  x 1 2(x  1)3 dx
 dx  dx

Hence,

796
 y e 4ln(x 1)   e 4ln( x 1) 2(x  1)3 dx
i.e.

y e ln(x 1)   eln(x 1) 2(x  1)3 dx

4 4

i.e.
y 1
 2(x  1)3 dx
i.e. (x  1) 4
(x  1) 4

y 2
 dx  2 ln(x  1)  c
and (x  1) 4
(x  1)

x = 0 when y = 0, hence, 0 = 2 ln 1 + c from which, c = 0

y
 2 ln(x  1)
Thus, (x  1) 4

 x  1 ln  x  1
4 2

or y=

dy
5. Show that the solution of the differential equation dx + ky = a sin bx is given by:

 a   k 2  b 2  ab 
 2 2   
k 2  b 2   kx
y =  k  b  (k sin bx - b cos bx) +  e , given y = 1 when x = 0

dy
Since dx + ky = a sin bx then P = k and Q = a sin bx

y e   e  (a sin bx)dx
k dx k dx

Hence,

y e k x   ek x (a sin bx)dx
i.e.

y ek x  a  e k x sin bx dx
i.e.

 e kx 
ye kx
a 2  k sin bx  b cos bx  c
k  b
2
i.e.  from integration by parts,
page 504 of textbook

 e0 
2 
a 2 k sin 0  b cos 0    c
k b
(1) e =  
0
y = 1 when x = 0,
ab

i.e. 1= k  b2 + c
2

ab k 2  b 2  ab

c = 1 + k b k 2  b2
2 2
from which,

797
  ekx  k 2  b 2  ab
2 
ye kx
a 2 k sin bx  b cos bx   
Hence, k  b  k 2  b2

 k  b  ab
2 2
 1
a 2  k sin bx  b cos bx  
 (k 2  b 2 ) e k x
y = k  b
2
and

 a   k 2  b 2  ab   k x
2 
 2 k sin bx  b cos bx   e
 k b
2 2
i.e. y=  k  b  + 

dv
6. The equation dt = - (av + bt), where a and b are constants, represents an equation of motion

when a particle moves in a resisting medium. Solve the equation for v given that v = u when

t=0

dv dv
Since dt = - (av + bt) then dt + av = - bt from which, P = a and Q = -bt

v e   e  ( bt) dt
a dt a dt

Hence,
v eat  b  t eat
i.e. (1)
du
1
Using integration by parts on  t eat dt
: Let u = t, then dt and du = dt
1
e dt  ea t
at
at
and dv = e dt and v= a

1  1 t at 1 at
 te dt  (t)  e a t    ea t dt
at
e  2e
Thus, a  a = a a

t 1 
v e at  b  e a t  2 e a t   c
Substituting in (1) gives: a a 

b b
2
c 2
v = u when t = 0, hence, u= a from which, c=u- a
t 1  b bt b b
v e at  b  e a t  2 e a t   u  2   e a t  2 eat  u  2
Thus, a a  a a a a

bt b  b b bt  b
v  2   u  2  e  at or 2
   u  2  e  at
or a a  a  a a  a 

7. In an alternating current circuit containing resistance R and inductance L the current i is given

798
 di
by: Ri + L dt = E0 sin t. Given i = 0 when t = 0, show that the solution of the equation is given

 E0   E 0 L   Rt /L
 R 2  2 L2  (R sin t  L cos t)   R 2  2 L2 e
by: i=    

di di di E 0 Ri
 E 0 sin t
L L  E 0 sin t  Ri  sin t 
Since Ri + dt then dt and dt L L
di Ri E 0 R E0
  sin t sin t
i.e. dt L L from which, P= L and Q = L
 R dt  R
dt  E 
i  e  L    e  L  0 sin t  dt
Hence,    L 
Rt Rt
 E0 
ie L
 e L
 L sin t  dt
i.e.  
Rt
E 0  RLt 
ie L    e sin t dt 
L  
i.e. (1)
eax
 eax sin bx dx   a sin bx  b cos bx   c
From page 504 of textbook, a 2  b2
Rt
Rt
eL R 
e L
sin t dt 
R
2  sin t   cos t   c
2 
L 
  
Hence, L
Rt
Rt
E eL R 
ie L
 0  sin t   cos t   c
L R 2
2 L 
 2  
Substituting into (1) gives: L 
Rt
E eL R 
 0 2 2 
sin t   cos t   c
L R  L  L
2

 2 
 L 
Rt
Rt
E0 L e LR 
ie L
 2 2 
sin t   cos t   c
i.e.
R  L   L
2


E0 L E0 L 
()  c
0 = R  L from which, c = R   L
2
2 2 2 2 2
i = 0 when t = 0, hence,

799
 Rt
Rt
E0 L e L R  E0 L 
ie L
  sin t   cos t   2
Thus,
 R  L   L
2 2 2
 R  L 
2 2

E0 L
R  E0 L  
Rt
i 2 2 2 
sin t   cos t   2 e L
i.e.
 R   L   L   R   2 2
L 
E0 E0  L   RLt
i  R sin t  L cos t    2 2 
e
or
R 2
  2L2  R  L 
2

8. The concentration, C, of impurities of an oil purifier varies with time t and is described by the

dC
equation a dt = b + dm - Cm, where a, b, d and m are constants.

Given C = c 0 when t = 0, solve the equation and show that:

b   mt/a
  d  (1  e )  c0 e  mt /a
C= m 

dC dC b d m Cm
a  b  dm  Cm   
Since dt then dt a a a
dC m b dm m b dm
 C  
and dt a a a from which, P = a and Q = a a
m m
dt  b dm
C e a   e a  
dt
 dt
Hence, a a 
mt mt
 b dm
Ce a   e a    dt
i.e. a a 
mt
mt
ae b dm
a
Ce a
   k
i.e. m a a 

a  b dm b b
c c   k  dk c0  d
C = 0 when t = 0, hence, 0 = m  a a  m from which, k = m
mt
mt
ae  b dm 
a
b
Ce a
     c0   d
Thus, m a a  m
mt
a  b dm  b  a
C      c0   d  e
i.e. ma a   m 

800
 mt
b   b  
C    d    c0   d  e a
i.e. m   m 
mt mt
b  b   a 
C    d   de  c0 e a
i.e. m  m 

 
mt mt
b  
C    d   1  e a   c0e a
or m  

dv
t
9. The equation of motion of a train is given by: m dt = mk(1 - e ) - mcv, where v is the speed, t
is the time and m, k and c are constants. Determine the speed, v, given v = 0 at t = 0

dv dv
m  mk  1  e  t   mcv  k  1  e  t   cv
Since dt then dt
dv
 cv  k  1  e  t  k  1  e t 
and dt from which, P=c and Q=

v e   e  k(1  e  t ) dt
c dt cdt

Hence,
v e c t   e c t k(1  e  t ) dt  k   ec t  e c t  t  dt
i.e.
 ec t e t (c 1) 
ve  k  
ct
z
 c c  1 
i.e. where z is the constant of integration
k k
 z
v = 0 when t = 0, hence, 0 = c c 1
k k ck  k(c  1) k
  
from which, z = c 1 c c(c  1) c(c  1)

 e c t e t (c 1)  k
v ec t  k    
 c c  1  c(c  1)
Thus,
k k e  t  k   ct
  e
i.e. v= c c  1  c(c  1) 

 1 e t e  ct 
v k   
or  c c  1 c(c  1) 

801
802