FLUID MECHANICS I

PRINCIPLES OF FLUID MECHANICS

SOLVING PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS

Volume 1 & 2

Mr. L MASHEANE

OFFICE: BHP 152

EMAIL: lmasheane@cut.ac.za
TELEPHONE NUMBER: 051 507 3683
 OBJECTIVES

• To discuss pressure and show it varies within a static fluid.

• To show how to calculate a resultant hydrostatic force and
find its location on a submerged surface.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

These gates have been

designed to resist the
hydrostatic loadings
within this canal
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
TOTAL PRESSURE FORCE - the force exerted by a
static fluid on a surface either plane or curved when
the fluid comes in contact with the surface.

CENTRE OF PRESSURE – the point of application of

the total pressure on the surface.

THE SUBMERGED SURFACES MAY BE:

• Vertical plane surface,
• Horizontal plane surface,
• Inclined plane surface, and
• Curved surface.
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE

h
h

F
Pressure Distribution
2 Diagram

ρgh
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
1

F
Pressure
2 Distribution
Diagram
ρgh
h2
dF = ∫ pdA = ∫ ρgy × bdy
h1
 p + p2 
h 1 
h
F = pmean × A =  1 × A
= ρgb ∫ ydy = ρgb  y 2   2 
0
 2 0
1 1
1
[
= ρgb h 2 − 0 = wbh × h]
1 = (0 + wh ) × A = wA × h = wAy
2 2 2 2
= wAy A = bh
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE

THE FORCE F GOES THROUGH THE

CENTROID OF THE PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION GRAPH. THEREFORE:
F = wAy
2
h= h
3
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
THE FORCE F GOES THROUGH THE CENTROID
OF THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH.
THEREFORE:
2
h= h
3
F = wAy
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE

LOCATION OF THE RESULTANT

FORCE

CENTRE OF PRESSURE

2
h= h
3
 FLAT VERTICAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE
y y`
b/2

1 3
I XX = bd
12 d C x`
d/2

x
b
s

1
I XX = bd 3 d
C x`

36 d/3
x

1 r

= πd 4
x

I XX
C

64
HYDROSTATIC FORCE WITH
TWO DIFFERENT
SUBSTANCES
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE WITH
TWO DIFFERENT
SUBSTANCES
1
F1 = w1 A1 y = w1bh1 × h1 h1 ρ1 F1
2
F1 Pressure
Distribution
Diagram
F2 = w1h1 A2 = w1h1bh2
F2
1 h2 F2
ρ2

F3 = w2 A2 y = w2bh2 × h2
2
F3 F3

FT = F1 + F2 + F3
1  h2 h2
FT × y = F1 ×  h1 + h2  + F2 × + F3 ×
3  2 3
 FLAT HORIZONTAL
RECTANGULAR SURFACE

F
h A=lb

F = p × A = whA = whlb OR
F = Weight of fluid on surface A
= wV f = wlbh
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON
INCLINED SUBMERGED
SURFACE
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON
INCLINED SUBMERGED
SURFACE
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON
INCLINED SUBMERGED
O
SURFACE
θ
h
h
F

x dA

G
C
Are
a

CONSIDER A SMALL STRIP (dA) AT A DEPTH (h) BELOW

THE WATERLINE. THE PRESSURE (dp) ON THE STRIP IS:
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON
INCLINED SUBMERGED
p = ρgh
SURFACE
= ρgx sin θ
Force dF on the strip :
dF = pdA = ρgx sin θdA
Total Force ( F ) on surface :
F = ∫ ρgx sin θ dA
A

= ρg sin θ ∫ xdA
A
∫ xdA
THE A IS THE FIRST MOMENT OF THE AREA ABOUT “O”.
THEREFORE, FOR THE WHOLE AREA IT IS THE DISTANCE
FROM THE CENTROID TO “O” MULTIPLIED WITH THE AREA.
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON
INCLINED SUBMERGED
SURFACE
y
∫AxdA = sin θ × A
y
∴ F = ρg sin θ × × A = ρgyA
sin θ
 THANK YOU

Contact details
L. MASHEANE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
Tel.: 051 507 3683
E-mail: lmasheane@cut.ac.za

www.cut.ac.za | Bloemfontein (051) 507 3911 | Welkom (057) 910 3500

 SELF STUDY

A rectangular plane surface is 2m wide and 3m deep. It lies in vertical

plane in water. Determine the total pressure and position of centre of
pressure on the plane surface when its upper edge is horizontal and
(a) Coincides with water surface
(b) 2.5m below the free water surface.

Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of diameter 1.5m which is

placed vertically in water in such a way that the centre of the plate is 3m
below the free surface of water. Find the position of centre of pressure also.

www.cut.ac.za | Bloemfontein (051) 507 3911 | Welkom (057) 910 3500

 SELF STUDY

A rectangular plane surface is 2m wide and 3m deep. It lies in vertical

plane in water. Determine the total pressure and position of centre of
pressure on the plane surface when its upper edge is horizontal and
(a) Coincides with water surface

www.cut.ac.za | Bloemfontein (051) 507 3911 | Welkom (057) 910 3500

 SELF STUDY

A rectangular plane surface is 2m wide and 3m deep. It lies in vertical

plane in water. Determine the total pressure and position of centre of
pressure on the plane surface when its upper edge is horizontal and
2.5m below the free water surface.

www.cut.ac.za | Bloemfontein (051) 507 3911 | Welkom (057) 910 3500

 SELF STUDY

An opening in a dam is covered

with a plate of 1 m square and
is hinged on the top and
inclined at 60° to the horizontal.
If the top edge of the gate is 2
m below the water level what is
the force required to open the
gate by pulling a chain set at
45° angle with plate and set to
the lower end of the plate. The
plate weight 2200 N. (18.66 kN)www.cut.ac.za | Bloemfontein (051) 507 3911 | Welkom (057) 910 3500