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SOIL STRESSES
Introduction
• We have to know the distribution of stress at a
given depth to analyze the:
i) Compressibility of soils
ii)Bearing capacity of foundations
iii)Stability of embankments
iv)Lateral pressure on retaining structure
Introduction
• In determining the stress distribution, we have
to know the stress that will be carried by
water and the stress to be carried by the solid
(soil skeleton).
sat
h2 Total stress, σ γ dry h1 γ sat h 2
C Pore water pressure, u γ w h 2
Effective stress, σ' σ u γ dry h1 γ sat γ w h 2
Effective stress concept
1. Water level is at the soil surface
hw Total stress, σ γ w h w
A Pore water pressure, u γ w h w
Effective stress, σ' σ u 0
q (kN/m2)
Total stress, σ q
A Pore water pressure, u γ w 0 0
Effective stress, σ' σ u q
sat
h2 Total stress, σ q γ dry h1 γ sat h 2
C Pore water pressure, u γ w h 2
Effective stress, σ' σ u q γ dry h1 γ sat γ w h 2
Stresses in saturated soil with seepage
The effective stress in soil is different from static condition when there
have upward or downward seepage of water.
The effective stress for downward seepage is higher than upward
seepage
Upward seepage
Stresses in saturated soil with seepage
Downward seepage
Stresses in saturated soil with seepage
Example 1
A uA 0
38 9.81h 44.15 0
so, h 0.63m
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO LOADING
Stress Due To a Point Load
assumed that the soil is elastic, homogeneous and isotropic
Stress Due To a Point Load
X - AXIS
Horizontal stress in x P 3 x 2
z x 2
y 2
y 2
z
x 5 (1 2 ) 2 3 2
direction 2 L Lr ( L z ) L r
Horizontal stress in y P 3 y 2 z y2 x2 x2 z
y 5 (1 2 ) 2 3 2
direction 2 L Lr ( L z ) L r
3P z 3 3P z3
Vertical stress, z z
2 L 2 (rNOTE:
5 2
z 2 )5 / 2
r x2 y2
P 3 1 P I
z 2
z 2 r 2 5 2 z2 1
L x2 y2 z2 r 2 z2
= Poisson’s Ratio
z
1
Stress Due To a Point Load
X - AXIS
P 3 1 P
Vertical stress z 2 2 I1
5
z 2 r 2 2
z
1
z
NOTE:
Stress Due To a Line Load
X - AXIS
2qz 3
x2 z 2
2
2q
z x z 1
2
2
2
q z x z2 1 2
Stress Due To a Line Load
X - AXIS
2
q z x z2 1 2
Note: The value of does not include the overburden pressure of the
soil above point A
Stress Due To a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
X -Example:
AXIS circular foundation, water tank
1
q 1
R z 2
132
Stress Due To a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
X - AXIS
Stress Due To a Rectangular Loaded Area
XMany
- AXISstructural foundations are rectangular. The increase in stress below
the corner of a rectangular are
z qI 3
Where;
In radian
B L
m' n'
z z
Note: If the m’2+n’2+1< m’2n’2, add to the angle.
Stress Due To a
Rectangular
X - AXIS
Loaded
Area
The value of I3 also
can be determine
using this chart
Stress Due To a Rectangular Loaded Area
I c f (m1 , n1 )
L z 2z
m1 n1
B B B
2
Stress Due To a Rectangular Loaded Area
Lateral Earth Pressure
Lateral Earth Pressure
γz
Po = ½ Ko’H2
1/3H
Ko’H
Rankine’s Theory of active and passive earth
pressures
Rankine’s theory assumes that:
' '
'a z tan 45 2c' tan 45
2
2 2
Rankine’s active earth pressures
' '
'a z tan 45 2c' tan 45
2
2 2
'
'a z tan 45
2
2
So,
'a 2 '
Ka tan 45
'o 2
Rankine’s active earth pressures
' '
'a z tan 45 2c' tan 45
2
2 2
' '
' p z tan 45 2c' tan 45
2
2 2
Rankine’s passive earth pressures
' '
' p z tan 45 2c' tan 45
2
2 2
'
'a z tan 45
2
2
So,
'a 2 '
Kp tan 45
'o 2
Rankine’s passive earth pressures
' '
' p z tan 45 2c' tan 45
2
2 2
cos 2 '
Ka
sin ' ' sin '
2
cos 2 cos ' 1
cos ' cos
cos 2 '
Kp
sin ' ' sin '
2
cos 2 cos ' 1
cos ' cos
Coulomb’s Earth Pressure
cos 2 '
Ka
sin ' ' sin '
2
cos 2 cos ' 1
cos ' cos
Coulomb’s Earth Pressure
cos 2 '
Kp
sin ' ' sin '
2
cos cos ' 1
2
cos ' cos