KA40202 Foundation

Design
Ts. Ir. Dr. HABIB MUSA BIN MOHAMAD Schoology:-

Access Code
P959-NDWT-MKW5S
Shallow
Foundation
********
Design of shallow foundations
 Shallow Foundation
Shallow foundation is a foundation whose depth below the surface, z, is
equal to or is less than its least dimension, B. z≤B.
 Type of shallow foundation:
a) Pad footing
b) Strip/Continuous footing (B)

c) Raft/ Mat foundation

(A)

(C)
 Type of shallow foundation
a) Pad footing
Generally an individual foundation designed to carry a single columnload
although there are occasions when a pad foundation supports two or
more columns.
 Type of shallow foundation
b) Strip / Continuous footing
Often termed a continuous footing this foundation
has a length significantly greater than its width. It is
generally used to support a series of columns or a
wall.
Type of shallow foundation
c) Raft / Mat foundation
This is a generic term for all types of foundations
that cover large areas. A raft foundation is also
called as a mat foundation.
 Factors in the design
 Adequate depth
 Limiting settlement
 Safe against shear failure
Foundations must be designed to satisfy three general
criteria:
1. They must be located properly (both vertical and horizontal
orientation) so as not to be adversely affected by outside
influences.

2. They must be safe from bearing capacity failure (collapse).

3. They must be safe from excessive settlement.

 Specific procedures for
designing footings are given in
the remainder of this
The following steps are offered at this point:

1. Calculate the loads acting on the footing

2. Obtain soil profiles along with pertinent field and laboratory

measurements and testing results

3. Determine the depth and location of the footing

4. Evaluate the bearing capacity of the supporting soil

5. Determine the size of the footing

6. Compute the footing’s contact pressure and check its stability

against sliding and overturning

7. Estimate the total and differential settlements

8. Design the footing structure

LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS

 Dead Load
 Live Load
 Wind Load
 Snow Load
 Earth Pressure
 Water Pressure
 Earthquake Forces
 Adequate depth
 The depth of footing must be sufficient to prevent any changes in
surface conditions, horizontal loads and strong overturning moments.
 To prevent frost action and volume change effect, the depth of footing
should more than 1.2 m and 1.5 m respectively.
 Limiting settlement
 Guidelines to limiting settlement by Skempton and MacDonald, 1956:
 Sand - Maximum total settlement 40 mm
 Clay - Maximum total settlement 60 mm
 Safe against shear failure

 Shear failure occurs when the soil divides

into separate blocks or zones which move
fully or partially and tangentially with
respect to each other, along slip surfaces.

 Conventionally, the factor of safety to use in

design against shear failure is more than
3.0.
Modes of Shear Failure
 General shear failure
This occurs when a clearly defined slip
surface forms under the footing and
develops outward towards one or both
sides and eventually to the ground surface.
Modes of Shear Failure
 Local shear failure
 Significant vertical movement may take place
before any noticeable development of shear plane
occurs.
Modes of Shear Failure
 Punching shear failure
 This is a downward movement of the foundation
caused by soil shear failure only occurring along the
boundaries of the wedge of soil immediately below
the foundation.
Shallow Foundation Analysis

 BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

 SIZE OF FOOTINGS
 CONTACT PRESSURE
 TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
Bearing capacity terms
 Ultimate bearing capacity, qu orqf
 The value of the contact pressure between the
foundation and the soil which will produce shear
failure in the soil.
 Net ultimate bearing capacity, qnett
 Net loading at which ground fails in shear.
 qnett = qu - γD q
D

B
 Bearing capacity terms
Safe bearing capacity, qsafe , qa or qall
 Net ultimate bearing capacity divided with factor of safety (FS) plus the
term γD.

qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
Allowable bearing capacity
 The maximum allowable net loading intensity on the soil allowing for both
shear and settlement effects.
1. Bearing capacity refers to the ability of a soil to support or
hold up a foundation and structure. The ultimate bearing
capacity of a soil refers to the loading per unit area that will
just cause shear failure in the soil.

2. As load (Q) is applied, the footing undergoes a certain

amount of settlement as it is pushed downward, and a
wedge of soil directly below the footing’s base moves
downward with the footing.
 Bearing capacity analysis
Terzaghi’s analysis
 Terzaghi (1967) produced a formula for qu which allows for the effects of cohesion
and friction between the base of the footing and the soil and is also applicable to
shallow and surface foundations.

 The coefficients Nc, Nq and Ng depend upon the soil’s angle of shearing resistance
and can be obtained from next figure.
 1. The Terzaghi bearing capacity factors (Nc’, Nq’, Nγ)
are functions of the soil’s angle of internal friction, θ.

Figure 1. Chart showing

relation between bearing
capacity factors and θ
[values] of Nγ after
Meyerhof (1955)].
Table 1.
 Example 1

0.6 m 20 kN/m3
135 kN/m2

1m

A strip of wall footing 1 m wide is supported in a uniform

deposit of stiff
Clay. Depth of wall footing, Df is 0.6 m.

Determine:-

1. Ultimate bearing capacity of this footing.

2. Allowable wall load, using a factor of safety of 3.
 Solution:-

For strip or wall footing:

1. Ultimate bearing capacity of this footing.

𝑞𝑢
𝑐= = 135 / 2 = 67.5 KN/m2
2

γ1 = γ2 = 20 KN/m3

And then, refer to figure 1 or table 1. Hence:

θ = 0 analysis for cohesive soil,

Nc = 5.14
Nq = 1
Nγ = 0

So, the ultimate bearing capacity of this footing is = 360 KN/m2

2. Allowable wall load, using a factor of safety of 3.

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 360
𝑞𝑎 = = = 120 KN/m2
𝐹.𝑆 3

2. Hence;
The Allowable wall loading = qa X B = 120 X 1 = 120 KN/m of
wall length.
 Example 2.
(Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity)

Ground water table

0.6 m
20 kN/m3
135 kN/m2
1m C = 48 kN/m3

The groundwater table is located at the ground surface. Angle of

internal friction = 20°. The subsoil consists of a uniform deposit of soft,
loose soil. Determine the allowable (design) load that can be imposed
on this square footing, using a factor of safety of 3.
Solution
Because the footing is resting on soft, loose soil, the previous
equation must be modified to reflect a local shear condition.

2
𝑐′ = 𝑐
3

2
θ′ = arctan( tan θ)
3

And then, refer to figure 1 or table 1. Hence:

For γ1 = γ2 = γsat – γw

So,

qult = ?
Qallowable = ?
Inclined Load
 Example 3

178 KN

γ = 20 KN/m3 1.5 m

qu = 172 KN/m2
1.5 m

A square footing (1.5 m by 1.5 m) is subjected to an inclined

load. Determine the factor of safety against bearing capacity
failure.
 Solution

Note:

Corrected qult for inclined load = reduction factor for the inclined load X qult

Qv = Q cos 30° =

𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡
Factor of safety = 𝑄𝑣

Answer?
Bearing capacity analysis
Question 1
 A rectangular foundation, 2m x 4m is to be founded at a
depth of 1 m below the surface of soft clay with unit
weight, γ = 20 kN/m3. If the soil parameters are, c = 24
kN/m2 and Φ = 00, determine the ultimate bearing capacity
of the foundation.
Bearing capacity analysis
 From Terzaghi’s chart,
Nc = 5.7, Nq = 1 and Nγ =0
qu = [(24)(5.7) {(1)+(0.3)(2/4)} ] + [(20)(1)(1)] +[0]
= 177.3 kN/m2
Bearing capacity analysis
Question 2
 A strip footing is 2 m wide and is founded at depth of 3 m in a soil of
unit weight 19.3 kN/m3 with c = 10 kN/m2 and Φ = 250. Using factor of
safety = 3.0, determine the values of safe bearing capacity of the
foundation.
Bearing capacity analysis
 From Terzaghi’s chart,
 Nc = 25, Nq = 13 and Nγ = 10
 qu = [(10)(25)] + [(19.3)(3)(13)] + [(0.5)(19.3)(2)(10)] = 1200 kN/m2
 qnett = qu -γD
= 1200 – [(19.3) (3)]
= 1142.1 kN/m2
 qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (1142.1)/(3) + (19.3)(3)
= 439 kN/m2
Bearing capacity analysis
 A square foundation is 1.5 m x 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the
foundation has a c = 15.2 kN/m2 and Φ= 200. The unit weight of soil, γ =
17.8 kN/m3. Determine the design load on the foundation with a factor
of safety 4. Assume the depth of the foundation is 1 m.
Bearing capacity analysis
From Terzaghi chart,
Nc = 17.7, Nq = 7.4 and Nγ = 5
qu = [(1.3)(15.2)(17.7)] + [(17.8)(1)(7.4)] + [(0.4)(17.8)(1.5)(5)]
= 535 kN/m2
qnett = qu –γD
= 535 – [(17.8) (1)]
= 517.2 kN/m2
qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (517.2) / (4) + (17.8)(1)
= 147.1 kN/m2
Bearing capacity analysis
Design load,
Q = qsafe x base area
= [(147)] [(1.5) (1.5)]
= 330.75 kN
Bearing capacity analysis
 Determine the breadth of a strip footing required to carry an inclusive
load of 550 kN per metre run at a depth of 1.5 m in a fine soil with c =
90 kN/m2 and unit weight of soil, γ= 19 kN/m3. Assume the factor of
safety is 3.
Bearing capacity analysis
 qsafe = Q / base area
 = 550 / [(B) (1)]
 = 550 / B
 From Terzaghi chart,
 Nc = 5.7, Nq = 1 and Nγ = 0
 qu = [(90)(5.7)] + [(19)(1.5)(1)] + [0]
 = 541.5 kN/m2
qnett = qu - γD
= 541.5 – [(19) (1.5)]
= 513 kN/m2
qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (513) / (3) + (19) (1.5)
= 199.5 kN/m2
Bearing capacity analysis
Therefore,
550 / B = 200
B = 550 / 200
B = 2. 75 m
Use breadth of a strip footing = 2.8 m
 Bearing capacity analysis
 Skempton’s analysis
 Skempton (1951) using Terzaghi’s analysis by showing that for a
cohesive soil (Φ= 0), the value of Nc can be estimated from Skempton
chart or can be obtained from the formula
Bearing capacity analysis

Nc Vs depth (after Skempton, 1951)

Bearing capacity analysis
 A rectangular foundation, 2m x 4m is to be founded at a depth of 1 m
below the surface of soft clay with unit weight, γ= 20 kN/m3. If the soil
parameters are c = 24 kN/m2 and Φ= 00, determine the ultimate
bearing capacity of the foundation.
Bearing capacity analysis
From Skempton chart,
Nq = 1 and Nγ = 0
= 5 [(1) + (0.2) (2)/(4)] [(1) + (0.2) (1)/(2)]
= 6.05
qu = [(24)(6.05) {(1)+(0.3)(2/4)} ] + [(20)(1)(1)] +[0]
= 186.9 kN/m2
Meyerhof’s
analysis
 Meyerhof’s analysis
 Meyerhof (1963) proposed the following general equation for qu:

qu = cN c S c I c Dc + γzN q S q I q Dq + 0 .5γBN  S I  D
where;
Nq = tan 2 (450 + Φ/2) exp (∏ tan Φ)
Nc = (Nq – 1) cotΦ
Nγ = (Nq – 1) tan 1.4 Φ
Dc = 1 + 0.4(z/B)
Dq = 1 + 2 tan Φ (1 – sin Φ)2 (z/B)
Dg = 1
Ic = Iq = (1 –α/900)2
Ig = (1 – α/Φ)2
Meyerhof’s analysis
 Meyerhof’s analysis
 A rectangular foundation, 2m x 4m is to be founded at a depth of 1 m
below the surface of soft clay with unit weight, γ = 20 kN/m3. If the soil
parameters are c = 24 kN/m2 and Φ = 00, determine the ultimate
bearing capacity of the foundation. (F.S. = 3)
 Meyerhof’s analysis
Nc = 5.14, Nq = 1 and Nγ = 0

B Nq
Sc = 1 + .
L Nc
= (1) + [(2/4) (1 / 5.14)] = 1.1

B
Sq = 1 + tan
L
= (1) + [(2/4) (tan 00) =1

B
S  = 1 − 0.4
L
= (1) – [(0.4) (2/4)] = 0.8
 Meyerhof’s analysis
Dc = 1 + 0.4(z/B)
= (1) + [(0.4) (1/2)] = 1.2

Dq = 1 + 2 tan Φ (1 – sin Φ)2 (z/B)

= (1) + [(2) (tan 00) (1 – sin 00)2 (1/2)] =1

Dγ = 1
 Meyerhof’s analysis
Due to no inclination load, therefore α= 00
Ic = Iq = (1 – α/900)2
= (1 – 0/90)2
=1
Iγ = (1 – α/∏)2
= (1 – 0/0)2
=1

q u = cN c S c I c Dc + γzN q S q I q Dq + 0 .5γBN  S I  D
= [(24)(5.14)(1.1)(1)(1.2)] + [(20)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)] + [0]
= 182.8 kN/m2
 Meyerhof’s analysis
qnett = qu - γD
= 182.8 – [(20) (1)]
= 162.8 kN/m2
qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (162.8) / (3) + (20) (1)
= 74.3 kN/m2
 Hansen’s analysis
 Hansen (1970) using Meyerhof’s analysis by suggested different value
of Nγ that can be obtained from theformula
 Nγ = 1.5 (Nq – 1) tan 1.1Φ
 which can be applies to a strip footing only.
 Hansen’s analysis
 A strip footing is 2 m wide and is founded at depth of 3 m in a soil of
unit weight 19.3 kN/m3 with c = 10 kN/m2 and Φ= 250. Using factor of
safety = 3.0, determine the values of safe bearing capacity of the
foundation.
 Hansen’s analysis
From bearing capacity table,
Nc = 20.72 and Nq = 10.66
Nγ = 1.5 (Nq – 1) tan1.1Φ
= 1.5 (10.66 – 1) [tan 1.1 (25)]
= 7.54
B Nq
Sc = 1 + .
L Nc

= (1) + [(2/ ) (10.66 / 20.72)]
B
S q==11+ tan
L
=1
B
S = 1 −0.4
L
=1
 Hansen’s analysis
Dc = 1 + 0.4(z/B)
= (1) + [(0.4) (3/2)]
= 1.6

Dq = 1 + 2 tan f (1 – sinΦ)2 (z/B)

= (1) + [(2) (tan 250) (1 – sin 250)2 (3/2)]
= 1.8

Dγ = 1
 Hansen’s analysis
Due to no inclination load, therefore α = 00
Ic = Iq = (1 –α/900)2
= (1 – 0/90)2
=1
Iγ = (1 – α/Φ)2
= (1 – 0/0)2
=1
qu = cN c S c I c Dc + γzN q S q I q Dq + 0 .5γBN  S I  D

= [(10)(20.72)(1)(1)(1.6)] + [(19.3)(3)(10.66)(1)(1)(1.8))] +
[(0.5)(19.3)(2)(7.54)(1)(1)(1)]
= 1588 kN/m2
 Hansen’s analysis
qnett = qu - γD
= 1588 – [(19.3) (3)]
= 1530 kN/m2

qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (1530) / (3) + (19.3) (3)
= 567.9 kN/m2
 Effect of ground water on
bearing capacity
 If the water table is at or above the footing’s base, the soil’s submerged
unit weight, γ’ (unit weight of soil, γsat – unit weight of water, γw) should
be used.
 If the water table is below the footing’s base, the water table assumed
to have no effect and the soil’s full unit weight, γ should be used.
 If the water table is at or above the footing’s base, the soil’s
submerged unit weight (unit weight of soil minus unit weight of
water) should be used in the
 If the water table is at distance B (note that B is the footing’s width) or
more below the footing’s base, the water table is assumed to have no
effect, and the soil’s full unit weight should be used.
 If the water table is below the base of the footing but less than distance
 B below the base, a linearly interpolated value of effective unit weight
should be used in the
 If the water table is at the ground surface, the soil’s submerged unit
weight should be used in the

 If the water table is at or below the footing’s base, the soil’s full unit
weight should be used in these terms.
 If the water table is between the footing’s base and the ground surface,
a linearly interpolated value of effective unit weight should be used in
the
 Effect of ground water on
bearing capacity

Question 1
A strip footing of breadth 2.5 m is to be founded at a depth of 2 m in a
well drained compact sand having the unit weight, γsat = 20 kN/m3 with
c’ = 0 kN/m2 and Φ’ = 350. Assuming that the water table may rise to the
surface and adopting a factor of safety of 3, determine the safe bearing
capacity using Terzaghi’s analysis.
 Effect of ground water on
bearing capacity
Nc = 57.8, Nq = 41.4 and Nγ = 42.4

q u = cN c + γ' zN q + 0 .5γ' BN γ
γ’ = γsat – γw

qu = [(0)] + [(20 – 9.81)(2)(41.4)] + [(0.5)(20 – 9.81)(2.5)(42.4)]

= 1384 kN/m2

qnett = qu - γ’D
= 1384 – [(20 – 9.81) (2)]
= 1363.6 kN/m2

qsafe = qnett/FS +γ’D

= (1363.6)/(3) + (20 – 9.81)(2)
= 474.9 kN/m2
Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
 If the foundation is subjected to eccentric load, the effective length, L’
and effective width, B’ should be used in the calculation.
 L’ = L – 2e; B’ = B – 2e

2e B'
e

cL

B
Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity

Eccentric Load
Eccentric loads result from loads applied somewhere other
than the footing’s centroid or from applied moments

Such as those resulting at the base of a tall column from wind

loads on the structure.

Footings with eccentric loads may be analyzed for bearing

capacity by two methods:

(1) the concept of useful width and

(2) application of reduction factors.

****
In the useful width method, only that part of the footing that
is symmetrical with regard to the load is used to determine
bearing capacity by the usual method, with the remainder of
the footing being ignored.
 Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
 A continuous footing is 1.8 m wide and is founded at a depth of 0.75 m
in a clay soil of unit weight, γ = 20 kN/m3 with c = 30 kN/m2 and Φ= 00.
The foundation is to carry a vertical line load which will act at a
distance of 0.5 m from the centre. Determine the value of safe bearing
capacity using Meyerhof’s analysis by taking factor of safety = 3.
Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
From bearing capacity table ,
Nc = 5.14, Nq = 1 and Nγ = 0

Eccentricity of line load, e = 0.5 m

 Effective width of footing, B’ = B – 2e
 = 1.8 – [(2) (0.5)]
 = 0.8 m

Sc = 1 +
B Nq
. = (1) + [(0.8/ ) (10.66 /20.72)] = 1
L Nc
=1
B
Sq = 1 + tan
L
=1
B
S  = 1 − 0.4
L
 Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity

Dc = 1 + 0.4(z/B)
= (1) + [(0.4) (0.75/0.8)]
= 1.17
Dq = 1 + 2 tan f (1 – sinΦ)2 (z/B)
= (1) + [(2) (tan 00) (1 – sin 00)2 (1/0.8)]
=1
Dγ = 1
 Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
Due to no inclination load, therefore α = 00

Ic = Iq = (1 – α/900)2
= (1 – 0/90)2
=1
Iγ = (1 – α/Φ)2
= (1 – 0/0)2
=1
qu = cN c S c I c Dc + γzN q S q I q Dq + 0 .5γBN  S I  D

= [(30)(5.14)(1)(1)(1.17)] + [(20)(0.75)(1)(1)(1)] + [0]

= 195.4 kN/m2
 Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
qnett = qu - γD
= 195.4 – [(20) (0.75)]
= 180.4 kN/m2

qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (165.4) / (3) + (20) (0.75)
= 75 kN/m2
 Effect of eccentric loading
on bearing capacity

 A foundation is 3 m wide and 9 m long is to be founded

at a depth of 1.5 m in a deep deposit of dense sand.
The angle of shearing resistance of the sand is 350 and
its unit weight is 19 kN/m3. The foundation is to carry a
vertical line load which will act at a distance of 0.5 m
from the centre. Determine the safe bearing capacity
using Meyerhof’s analysis if it subjected to a vertical line
load of 220 kN per meter run, together with a
horizontal line load of 50 kN per meter run acting at the
base of the foundation. Use factor of safety 3.
 Effect of eccentric loading
on bearing capacity
From bearing capacity table,
Nc = 46.12, Nq = 33.3 and Nγ = 45.23
Eccentricity of line load, e = 0.3 m
Effective width of footing,
B’ = B – 2e
= 3 – [(2) (0.3)]
= 2.4 m
B
Sc = 1 + . =N(q1) + [(2.4/9) (33.3 / 46.12)] = 1.19
L Nc

B = (1) + [(2.4/9) (tan 350) = 1.19

Sq = 1 + tan 
L
B= (1) – [(0.4) (2.4/9)] = 0.89
S  = 1 − 0.4
L
 Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
Dc = 1 + 0.4(z/B)
= (1) + [(0.4) (1.5/2.4)]
= 1.25
Dq = 1 + 2 tan Φ (1 – sin Φ)2 (z/B)
= (1) + [(2) (tan 350) (1 – sin 350)2 (1.5/2.4)]
= 1.16
Dγ = 1
Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
The foundation is effectively acted upon by an inclined load whose angle to a vertical
load, therefore
α = tan -1 (horizontal load / vertical load)
α = tan -1 (50 / 220)
α = 12.80

Ic = Iq = (1 –α/900)2
= (1 – 12.8/90)2
=0.74

Ig = (1 – α/Φ)2
= (1 – 12.8/35)2
= 0.4

qu = cN c S c I c Dc + γzN q S q I q Dq + 0 .5γBN  S I  D

= [0] + [(19)(1.5)(33.3)(1.19)(0.74)(1.16)] + [(0.5)(19)(2.4)(45.23)(0.89)(0.4)(1)]

= 1336.6 kN/m2
 Effect of eccentric loading on
bearing capacity
qnett = qu - γD
= 1336.6– [(19) (1.5)]
= 1308kN/m2

qsafe = qnett/FS + γD
= (1308) / (3) + (19) (1.5)
= 464.5 kN/m2
 Settlement
Total settlement : 50 mm for sand; 75 mm for clay.
Differential settlement : 12 mm while the angular distortion 1/500.
Two types of settlement:
Immediate settlement : as soon as the load is applied.
Consolidation settlement : process of pore water pressure dissipation
from soil.
 Settlement
Elastic settlement (immediate settlement) (Harr, 1966)

where:
B = width of footing
qo = nett pressure from footing, kN/m2
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil, kN/m2
= possion’s ratio of soil
= factor depend on footing flexibility
 Settlement
Consolidation settlement (primary settlement) (normally consolidation)

where
mv = coefficient of volume compressibility
= stress increment
H = soil thickness
 Settlement
Consolidation settlement (primary settlement) (normally consolidation)

where
Cc = compression index
Ho = soil thickness
eo = initial void ratio
= effective vertical stress
= stress increment