Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

CHAPTER 9

TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION

9-1. The time factor for a clay layer undergoing consolidation is 0.15. What is the degree of
consolidation (consolidation ratio) at the center and at the quarter points (that is, z/H = 0.25 and
0.75)? What is the average degree of consolidation for the layer?
SOLUTION:
T = 0.15
(a) z = 0.25 → Uz = 0.63 (Fig. 9.3)
H
(b) z = 0.75 → Uz = 0.20 (Fig. 9.3)
H
Average degree of consolidation, U = 44% (Fig. 9.5)

9-2. If the final consolidation settlement for the clay layer of Problem 9.1 is expected to be 1.5 m,
how much settlement has occurred when the time factor is (a) 0.3 and (b) 0.8?
SOLUTION:
Given: sc = 1.5 m : s(t) = (sc )Uavg (Eq. 9.12)
(a) T = 0.3 → Uavg = 61.4% → s61.4% = (1.5 m)(0.614) = 0.92 m
(b) T = 0.8 → Uavg = 88.7% → s88.7% = (1.5 m)(0.887) = 01.33 m

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-3. If the clay layer of Example 9.1 were singly drained, would there be any difference in the
calculated values? If so, how much difference?

SOLUTION:
Yes, Hdr = 12 m for single layer
cvt (8.0)(10 −8 m s2 )(3.1536)(107 s yr)(5 yr)
Eq. 9.5: T = = = 0.0876 (compares to 0.35 in Ex. 9.1)
H2dr (12 m)2
For T = 0.0876, use Fig. 9.3 to interpolate values of Uz
The results are tabulated below.

z (m) z/H Uz (%)

3 0.25 52
6 0.5 23
9 0.75 8
12 1.0 4

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-4. Plot a graph of excess pore pressure versus depth, similar to Fig. Ex. 9.2, for the soil and
loading conditions given in Example 9.2, but for the case of single drainage. Assume that under
the clay there is impervious shale instead of a dense sand.
SOLUTION:
Hdr = 12 m for single layer
cvt (8.0)(10−8 m2 s)(3.1536)(107 s yr)(5 yr)
Eq. 9.5: T = = = 0.0876 (compares to 0.35 in Ex. 9.1)
H2dr (12 m)2
For T = 0.0876, use Fig. 9.3 to interpolate values of Uz
ux u
Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − = 1− x (given : Δσ = 100 kPa)
ui Δσ
ux = (100 kPa)(1 − Uz )

z (m) z/H Uz (%) ux (kPa) uo (kPa) u = ux+ uo

0 0 1 0 29.43 29.43
3 0.25 52 48 58.86 106.86
6 0.5 23 77 88.29 165.29
9 0.75 8 92 117.72 209.72
12 1.0 4 96 147.15 243.15
Notes: z = depth below top of clay layer, uo = hydrostatic pressure

u (kPa)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0

2
Hydrostatic pressure
Excess pore pressure
u = 100 kPa at t = 0
Depth below top of clay (m)

10

12

14

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-5. For the soil and loading conditions of Examples 9.1 and 9.2, estimate how long it would take
for 0.2, 0.35, and 0.45 m of settlement to occur. Consider both single and double drainage.

SOLUTION:
s(t)
(Eq. 9.12): Uavg =
sc
For both single and double-layer drainage, sc = 0.48 m (see Ex. 9.5)
s(t) T × H2dr
Uavg = , calculate T using Eq. 9.10 or 9.11, calculate t as: t =
0.48 cv
c v = 8.0 × 10−8 m2 s
Hdr = 12 m for single-layer drainage and Hdr = 6 m for double-layer drainage
See table for solutions.
single double
drainage drainage
s(t) Uavg T t t
(m) (decimal) (Eq. 9.10 or 9.11) (yr) (yr)
0.2 0.417 0.136 7.78 1.95
0.35 0.729 0.444 25.36 6.34
0.45 0.938 1.038 59.27 14.82

9-6. By evaluation of the series expression [Eq. (B.2.23) in Appendix B.2] for the solution to the
consolidation equation, determine the average degree of consolidation U to the nearest 0.001 for
time factors 0.15, 0.6, 0.8 and infinity. Verify your computations by referring to Table 9.1 and Fig.
9.5(a). Also check by Eqs. (9.10 and 9.11). (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
EQUATIONS
2
T = cv(t/D )
2 2
Uc = 1-Σ2/M *Exp(-M *T) ==> Constant distribution of initial pore pressure (Terzaghi's assumption)
where M = nπ/2 and n = 1, 3, 5, … α
2
Us = 1-Exp(-π *T/4) ==> Based on sinusoidal distribution of initial pore pressure (for thick clay layer)

(Constant ui) (Sinusoidal ui) (Sinusoidal ui)

Real Time Factor Degree of Degree of Settlement at
Time, t Consolidation Consolidation Time t
(yr) (%) (%) (in)
t T Uavg Us-avg Sc Ss

1.00 0.1500 43.695 30.934 12.85 9.09

2.00 0.6000 81.556 77.246 23.98 22.71
3.00 0.8000 88.740 86.109 26.09 25.32
4.00 1000.0000 100.000 100.000 29.40 29.40

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-7. How much difference would there be in the (a) computed ultimate settlement and (b) the
time required for 90% consolidation for the soil conditions of Example 9.7 if the clay layer were
doubly drained?
SOLUTION:
10 m
Hdr = = 5 m for double-layer drainage
2
c t (0.544)(10−2 c m2 s)(3.1536)(107 s yr)(3.5 yr) 1m2
Eq. 9.5: T = v2 = × = 2.4 (compares to 0.6 in Ex. 9.7)
Hdr (5 m)2 10,000 cm2
For T = 2.4, use Fig. 9.5 to interpolate values of Uavg
(a) Uavg = 99.78%
Thus, 9 cm represents 99.78% of the total settlement.
Use Eq. 9.12 to determine the total consolidation settlement, sc .
s(t) 9 cm
sc = = = 9.02 cm ≈ 9 cm
Uavg 0.9978
TH2dr
(b) t = ; For Uavg = 90%, T = 0.848
cv
(0.848)(5 m)2
thus, t= × 10,000 cm2 = 1.23 yr
(0.544)(10 −2 c m2 s)(3.1536)(107 s yr)

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-8. A deposit of Swedish clay is 11 m thick, on the average, and apparently drained on the
bottom. The coefficient of consolidation for the clay was estimated to be 1.7 x 10-4 cm2/s from
laboratory tests. A settlement analysis based on consolidation tests predicted an ultimate
consolidation settlement under the applied load in the field to be 0.95 m. (a) How long would it
take for settlements of 40 and 70 cm to occur? (b) How much settlement would you expect to
occur in 3 yr? 8 yr? 35 yr? (c) How long will it take for the ultimate settlement of 0.95 m to occur?
SOLUTION:
s(t) s(t)
(a) Use Eq. 9.12: Uavg = → Uavg =
sc 0.95 m
Calculate T using Eq. 9.10 or 9.11
T × H2dr
Calculate t as: t = ; c v = 1.7 × 10−4 c m2 s
cv
Hdr = 11m for single-layer drainage and Hdr = 5.5 m for double-layer drainage
See table below for part (a) solutions.
single drainage Hdr double drainage
= 11 m Hdr = 5.5 m
s(t) Uavg T t t
(cm) (decimal) (Eq. 9.10 or 9.11) (yr) (yr)
40 0.421 0.139 31.4 7.9
70 0.737 0.456 102.9 25.7

cvt
(b) Eq. 9.5: T =
H2dr
(1.7)(10−4 c m2 s)(3.1536)(107 s yr)(t yr) 1m2
for double-layer drainage: T = × = 0.01772(t)
(5.5 m)2 10,000 cm2
Use Fig. 9.5 or Eq.s 9.10 and 9.11 to estimate values of Uavg for time, t
Use Eq. 9.12 to determine settlement, s(t)in time, t: s(t) = sc × Uavg
t = 3 yr → T = 0.01772(3) = 0.053 → Uavg = 26.0% → s(t) = (0.95 m)(0.26) = 0.247 m = 247 mm
t = 8 yr → T = 0.01772(8) = 0.1418 → Uavg = 42.5% → s(t) = (0.95 m)(0.425) = 0.404 m = 404 mm
t = 35 yr → T = 0.01772(35) = 0.620 → Uavg = 82.4% → s(t) = (0.95 m)(0.824) = 0.783 m = 783 mm

(c) Theoretically, it takes an infinite amount of time to obtain a settlement = sc .

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-9. A conventional laboratory consolidation test on a 25 mm thick sample gave a time for 90%
consolidation equal to 9.5 min. Calculate cv in cm2/s, m2/s, and ft2/d.

SOLUTION:

cvt TH2dr
Eq. 9.5: T = → cv =
H2dr t
2.5 cm
Assume double-layer drainage: Hdr = = 1.25 cm
2
For Uavg = 90%, T = 0.848 (Table 9.1), t = 9.5 min
(0.848)(1.25 cm)2 1min
(a) c v = × = 0.0023 cm2 s = 2.324 × 10−3 c m2 s
(9.5 min) 60 s

(0.848)(0.0125 m)2 1min

(b) c v = × = 2.324 × 10−7 m2 s
(9.5 min) 60 s

2
(0.848)(1.25 cm)2 1440 min ⎛ 1 ft ⎞
(c) c v = × ×⎜ ⎟ = 0.216 ft day
2
(9.5 min) 1day ⎝ 30.48 cm ⎠

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-10. A doubly drained specimen, 2.54 cm in height, is consolidated in the lab under an applied
stress. The time for 50% overall (or average) consolidation is 12 min. (a) Compute the cv value
for the lab specimen. (b) How long will it take for the specimen to consolidate to an average
consolidation of 50%? (c) If the final consolidation settlement of the specimen is expected to be
0.43 cm, how long will it take for 0.18 cm of settlement to occur? (d) After 14 minutes, what
percent consolidation has occurred at the middle of the specimen?
SOLUTION:
cvt TH2dr 2.54 cm
Eq. 9.5: T = → cv = ; For double-layer drainage: Hdr = = 1.27 cm
H2dr t 2
For Uavg = 50%, T = 0.197 (Table 9.1), t = 12 min
(0.197)(1.27 cm)2
(a) c v = = 0.0265 cm2 min
(12 min)

TH2dr (0.197)(1.27 cm)2

(b) t 50% = = = 12.0 min
cv (0.0265 cm2 min)
TH2dr (0.848)(1.27 cm)2
t 90% = = = 51.6 min
cv (0.0265 cm2 min)

s(t) 0.18
(c) Uavg = = = 0.419 → T = 0.138 (Eq. 9.10)
sc 0.43
TH2dr (0.138)(1.27 cm)2
t 0.18 cm = = = 8.4 min
cv (0.0265 cm2 min)

cvt (0.0265 cm2 min)(14 min)

(d) T = = = 0.23 → Uavg = 54% (Fig. 9.5)
H2dr (1.27 cm)2

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-11. The settlement analysis for a proposed structure indicates that the underlying clay layer will
settle 7.5 cm in 3 years, and that ultimately the total settlement will be about 32 cm. However, this
analysis is based on the clay layer being doubly drained. It is suspected that there may be no
drainage at the bottom of the layer. Answer the following questions based on single drainage
only, assuming cv = 1.5 x 10-4 cm2/sec for both single and double drainage. (a) How will the total
settlement change from the double to the single drainage case? (b) How long will it take for 7.5
cm of settlement to occur if there is only single drainage?
SOLUTION:
(a) The total settlement for single and double drainage is the same, sc = 32 cm

(b) Determine the thickness of the clay layer using the initial values given for double-layer drainage.
s(t) 7.5 cm
Uavg = = = 0.23 → T = 0.043 (Eq. 9.10)
sc 32 cm
cvt (1.5)(10)−4 cm2 s (3 yr) 1m2
Eq. 9.5: T = → H2dr = × × 3.1536 × 107 s yr = 33.0
H2dr (0.043) 10,000 cm2
Hdr = 5.74 m for double-layer drainage
thus, Ho = 5.74 × 2 = 11.49 m
Now, for single-layer drainage:

t=
( ),
(T) H2dr
where, Hdr = Ho = 11.49 m
cv
(0.043)(11.49 m)2 10,000 cm2 1 yr
t= −4
× × = 12.0 yr
(1.5)(10) 2
cm s 1m2 3.1536 × 107 s

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-13. The time rate of settlement data shown below is for the increment from 20 to 40 kPa from
the test in Fig. 8.5. The initial sample height is 2.54 cm, and there are porous stones on the top
and at the bottom of the sample. Determine cv by: (a) the log time-fitting procedure and (b) the
square root of time procedure. (c) Compare the results of (a) and (b).
SOLUTION:

4.5

4.0

3.5
Dial Reading (mm)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (min)

4.5

4.0
Dial Reading (mm)

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(Time)^0.5 (min)^0.5

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-13 continued.
0.5
Elapsed Time, t Dial Reading (t)
1/2
(min) (mm) (min)
0 3.951 0.000
0.1 3.827 0.316
0.25 3.789 0.500
0.5 3.740 0.707
1 3.667 1.000
2 3.560 1.414
4 3.405 2.000
8 3.192 2.828
15 2.945 3.873
30 2.676 5.477
60 2.460 7.746
120 2.333 10.954
240 2.186 15.492
505 2.094 22.472
1485 1.950 38.536

(a) Casagrande log time-fitting procedure.

select a t1 → choose t1 = 0.25 min (R1 = 3.789), 4t1 = t 2 = 1.0 min (R2 = 3.667)
x = R1 − R2 = 3.789 − 3.667 = 0.122; Ro = R1 + x = 3.789 + 0.122 = 3.911
The intersection of the tangent and asymptote yields R100 = 2.32
thus, R50 = 0.5 × (3.911 + 2.32) = 3.115 and the corresponding t 50 = 10 min
ΔH = 3.951 − 1.950 = 2.001mm
Hf = Ho − ΔH = 25.4 − 2.001 = 23.4 mm; Havg = 0.5(25.4 + 23.4) = 24.4 mm
Hdr = 24.4 × 0.5 = 12.2 mm; at U50% , T50 = 0.197
2
T50Hdr (0.197)(1.22 cm)2
solve for c v = = = 0.0293 cm2 min
t 50 10 min
min (3.1536)(10)7 s m2
c v = 0.0293 cm2 min × × × 4
60 s yr 10 cm2
c v = 1.54 m2 yr

(b) Taylor ' s square root of time method.

R90 = 2.68, t 90 = (5.5)2 = 30.25 min; for U90%, T90 = 0.848

T90H2dr (0.848)(1.22 cm)2

solve for c v = = = 0.04172 cm2 min
t 90 30.25 min
min (3.1536)(10)7 s m2
c v = 0.04172 cm2 min × × × 4
60 s yr 10 cm2
c v = 2.19 m2 yr

Taylor c v 2.19
(c) = = 1.4
Casagrande c v 1.54

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-14. A consolidation test (Taylor, 1948) was conducted on a sample of soft Chicago silty clay.
The specimen had a dry weight of 343.57 g and a density of solids of 2.65 Mg/m3. The area of the
ring was 93.31 cm2. A displacement transducer was used, which has a precision of one ten-
thousandth of an inch (1 x 10-4 in), and the incremental stresses applied to the specimen were
recorded in kgf/cm2. Direct measurements of the thickness of the specimen were as follows:

1.254 in when under 1/8 kg/cm2

1.238 in when under 1/2 kg/cm2
1.215 in when under 1 kg/cm2

Deformations to the nearest 10-4 in recorded during the test are listed in Table P9.14. Required:
(a) Use a spreadsheet to plot the e versus log σ’ and/or the e versus log σ’ curve for this test.
Determine the preconsolidation stress and the appropriate compression index. (b) Use a
spreadsheet to plot dial reading versus (t)1/2 for each increment and determine cv. Plot cv versus
log σ’. (c) Same as part (b), only use the Casagrande log time-fitting method. (d) For two
increments, one before and one after the preconsolidation stress, compare the values of cv as
determined by the two fitting procedures.

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9.14 continued.

Adjust loads to stresses:

( ) × ⎛⎜⎝ 9.81 m s ⎞⎟⎠ × ( 11000) = stress kPa

2
⎛ load kg ⎞ 100 cm
⎜ 2 ⎟×
⎝ cm ⎠ m 2

Determine eo :

Ms 0.34357 kg (100 cm )
3
Vs = = × = 129.649 cm3
ρs 2650 kg m3

m3
2.54 cm
Vt = area × height = (93.31 cm2 )(1.254 in) × = 297.207 cm3
in
Vv = Vt − Vs = 297.207 cm3 − 129.649 cm3 = 167.56 cm3
Vv 167.56 cm3
eo = = = 1.292
Vs 129.649 cm3
( deformation reading) × 10−4
Determine strain, ε: %strain = × 100
1.254 in
Determine e (ei ) at each load:
Δe = ε(1 + eo ); ei = eo − Δe
ei = eo − ε(1 + eo )
Elapsed Transducer
(refer to table and plot for solutions) Time Reading
(Time rate readings are for load
(min) (102-4 in)
increment: ¼ to ½ kg/cm .)
0.00 47
0.25 63
Transducer 1.00 75
Load Effective Stress Reading Vertical Strain Void Ratio 2.25 82
2 -4
(kg/cm ) (kPa) (10 in) (%) e 4.00 92
0.125 12.263 -- -- 1.292 6.25 101
0.25 24.525 47 0.3748 1.283
9.00 108
0.5 49.050 149 1.1882 1.265
12.25 114
1 98.100 385 3.0702 1.222
16.00 119
2 196.200 1343 10.7097 1.047
20.25 123
4 392.400 2201 17.5518 0.890
25.00 126
8 784.800 2902 23.1419 0.762
30.25 128
16 1569.600 3536 28.1978 0.646
36.00 130
42.25 133
60.00 134
100.00 137
200.00 141
400.00 144
1440.00 149

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9.14 continued.

Time rate readings are for load increment: ¼ to ½ kg/cm2.

Time (min)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
4.0

24.0
Deformation (0.0001 in)

44.0

64.0

84.0

104.0

124.0

144.0

164.0

Log time (min)

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
50.0
60.0
Deformation (mm)

70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
150.0

From plots:
σ'p ≈ 110 kPa

30 − 3
Ccε = = 0.27
100
8−5
Crε = = 0.03
100
Apply Taylor's method for load increment 1/4 to 1/2 kg/cm2
1.254 + 1.238
Hvg = = 1.246 in
2

( 2)
2
T (Hdr ) (0.197) 1.246
2
2
cv = = = 6.7 × 10−4 in
t 114 min min

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9.14 continued.

10 100 1000 10000

0.00

5.00

10.00
Vertical Strain (%)

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Effective stress (kPa)

1.40

1.30

1.20

1.10
Void ratio, e

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40
10 100 1000 10000
Effective stress (kPa)

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-15. A consolidation test is performed on the specimen with these characteristics:

Height of specimen = 37.60 mm
Area of specimen = 90.1 cm2
Wet weight of specimen = 645.3 g
Dry weight of specimen = 491.2 g
Density of solids = 2.72 Mg/m3
The consolidation data (after A. Casagrande) are summarized in Table P9.15.
(a) Plot the effective stress versus void ratio curve for both arithmetic and semilogarithmic scales.
(b) Estimate the preconsolidation pressure.
(c) Compute the compression index for virgin consolidation.
(d) Plot the time curve for the load increment from 256 to 512 kg for both arithmetic and
semilogarithmic scales.
(e) Compute the coefficient of compressibility av, the coefficient of permeability, and the
coefficient of consolidation cv, for the load increment from 256 kg to 512 kg.

Solution continued on next page.

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-15. SOLUTION
Mw 645.3 − 491.2
(a) w = = × 100 = 31.37% Deter min e eo :
Ms 491.2
Ms 491.2
Vt = 90.1cm2 × 3.76 cm = 338.78 cm3 , Vs = = = 180.59 cm3
ρs 2.72
Vv 158.19 cm3
Vv = Vt − Vs = 338.78 − 180.59 = 158.19 cm3 ; eo = = = 0.876
Vs 180.59 cm3
deformation
Δe = ε (1 + eo ) , ε= (refer to table and plot for solutions)
Ho

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75
Void ratio, e

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40
1 10 100 1000 10000
Effective stress (kPa)

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75
Void ratio, e

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Effective stress (kPa)

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-15 continued.
(b) From e-log p plot: σ'p ≈ 120 kPa

e1 − e2 0.935 − 0.4
(c) Field compression index = Cc = = = 0.288
σ' 2900
log 2 log
σ '1 40
(d) Time rate plots for load increment from 256 to 512 kg.

Time (min)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
4.0
4.2
4.4
Deformation (mm)

4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0

Log time (min)

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
4.0
4.2
4.4
Deformation (mm)

4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9.15 continued.

(e) Casagrande log time-fitting procedure.

select a t1 → choose t1 = 0.1min (R1 = 4.328), 4t1 = t 2 = 0.4 min (R2 = 4.37)
x = R1 − R2 = 4.37 − 4.328 = 0.042; Ro = R1 + x = 4.328 − 0.042 = 4.286
The intersection of the tangent and asymptote yields R100 = 5.61
thus, R50 = 0.5 × (4.286 + 5.61) = 4.948 and the corresponding t 50 = 13 min
ΔH = 5.738 − 4.186 = 1.552 mm
Hf = Ho − ΔH = 37.6 − 1.552 = 36.048 mm; Havg = 0.5(37.6 + 36.048) = 36.824 mm
Hdr = 36.824 × 0.5 = 18.41mm; at U50% , T50 = 0.197
2
T50Hdr (0.197)(1.841 cm)2
solve for c v = = = 0.05564 cm2 min
t 50 12 min
min (3.1536)(10)7 s m2
c v = 0.05564 cm2 min × × × 4
60 s yr 10 cm2
c v = 2.92 m2 yr

0.667 − 0.590 2
av = = 2.0 m (for stress increment 278.7 to 557.5 kPa)
557.5 − 278.7 kN

⎛ m2 ⎞ ⎛ Mg ⎞⎛ m ⎞⎛ m2 ⎞
⎜⎜ 2.92 ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1.0 3 ⎟⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 2.0 ⎟ yr
c v ρ w ga v ⎝ yr ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠⎝ s ⎠⎝ kN ⎟⎠
(Eq. 9.3) k = = = 9.67 × 107 m
(1 + eo ) (1 + 0.876)(3.1536)(10) s 7 s

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-16. A certain compressible layer has a thickness of 3.8 m. After 1.5 yr, when the clay is 50%
consolidated, 7.3 cm of settlement has occurred. For a similar clay and loading conditions, how
much settlement would occur at the end of 1.5 yr and 5 yr if the thickness of this new layer were
38 m?
SOLUTION:

H = 3.8 m, t = 1.5 yr, s(t) = 7.3 cm, assume double − layer drainage
for U = 50%, T = 0.197

( )
2
T (Hdr ) (0.197) 3.8 m
2
cv = = 2 = 0.474 m2 yr
t 1.5 yr
s(t) 7.3
sc = = = 14.6 cm
U 0.5
(a) H = 38 m, t = 1.5 yr, sc = 0.146 m × 10 = 1.46 m

T=
cvt
=
(0.474 m yr ) (1.5 yr) = 0.00197
2

→ U = 5.0%
H2dr
( 2)
2
38

s(t) = (1.46 m)(0.05) = 0.073 m = 7.3 cm

(b) T =
cvt
=
(0.474 m yr ) (5 yr) = 0.00656
2

→ U = 9.14%
H2dr
( 2)
2
38

s(t) = 146 cm × 0.0914 = 13.3 cm

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-17. In a laboratory consolidation test on a representative sample of cohesive soil, the original
height of a doubly-drained sample was 25.4 mm. Based on the log time versus dial reading data,
the time for 50% consolidation was 8.5 min. The laboratory sample was taken from a soil layer
which is 14 m thick in the field, doubly drained, and is subjected to a similar loading. Determine:
(a) How long will it take until the layer consolidates 50%? (b) If the final consolidation settlement
is predicted to be 22 cm, how long will it take for a settlement of 6 cm to take place?
SOLUTION:
H = 25.4 mm, t 50 = 8.5 min
for U = 50%, T = 0.197

( )
2
T (Hdr ) (0.197) 25.4 mm
2
cv = 2
= = 3.738 m m2 min
t 8.5 min
(a) H = 14 m

( )
2
TH2dr (0.197) 14 m
t= = 2 = 2,582,397 min = 4.9 yr
( )( )
2
cv
3.738 m m min m
2
1000 mm

(b) T =
cvt
=
(0.474 m yr ) (5 yr) = 0.00656
2

→ U = 9.14%
H2dr
( 2)
2
38

s(t) 6
U= = = 0.273 → T = 0.0585
sc 22
TH2dr (0.0585)(7 m)2
t= = = 766,853.9 min = 1.46 yr
( )( )
2
cv
3.738 m m min m
2
1000 mm

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-18. A layer of normally consolidated clay 4.2 m thick has an average void ratio of 1.1. Its
compression index is 0.52 and its coefficient of consolidation is 0.8 m2/yr. When the existing
vertical pressure on the clay layer is doubled, what change in thickness of the clay layer will
result?
SOLUTION:
Cc = 0.52, eo = 1.1
Ho σ ' + Δσv
use Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cc log vo
1 + eo σ 'p
⎛ 4.2 m ⎞ 2σ 'p
sc = (0.52) ⎜ ⎟ log = (1.04)(0.301) = 0.313 m = 313 mm
⎝ 1 + 1.1 ⎠ σ 'p

9-19. The settlement analysis for a proposed structure indicates that 6.5 cm of settlement will
occur in 3.4 yr and that the ultimate total settlement will be about 25 cm. The analysis is based on
the assumption that the compressible clay layer is drained at both its top and bottom surfaces.
However, it is suspected that there may not be drainage at the bottom surface. For the case of
single drainage, estimate (a) the ultimate total settlement and (b) the time required for 6.5 cm of
settlement. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
(a) The ultimate total settlement calculation is not affected by drainage layer thickness.
Thus, sc = 25 cm

(b) Ho = ?, t = 3.4 yr, s(3.4) = 6.5 cm, sc = 25 cm

s(t) 6.5
U= = = 0.26 → T = 0.0531
sc 25
2
(0.0531) ⎛⎜ o m ⎞⎟
H
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠
t 3.4 yr
c v = 0.0039 × Ho2 m2 yr (for double-layer drainage)
Now, for single-layer drainage:

( )
2
(0.0531) Ho m
0.0039 × Ho2 m2 yr =
t yr
t = 13.6 yr

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-20. The structure of Problem 9.19 was constructed and performed essentially as expected
during the first 3.4 yr (that is, the settlement of the building was about 6.5 cm). The owner decides
to build a duplicate of the first structure nearby. During foundation investigations, it is discovered
that the clay layer under the new building would be about 25% thicker than under the first
structure. Otherwise, the properties of the clay are the same. Estimate for the new structure: (a)
the ultimate total settlement, and (b) the settlement in 4.5 yr. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
(a) Ultimate settlement is directly proportional to H. Thus, sc = (1.25)(25 cm) = 31.25 cm

(b) sc = 25 cm, t = 4.5 yr, s(4.5) = ?

T (Hdr )
2
cv =
t
From 9.19, for single-layer drainage:

( )
2
T Ho m
0.0039 × Ho2 m2 yr =
4.5 yr
T = 0.0175 → U = 0.14
s(t)
U= → s(4.5) = (0.14)(25 cm) = 3.5 cm
sc

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-21. A certain doubly drained clay layer has an expected ultimate settlement sc 18 cm. The clay
layer, which is 15 m thick, has a coefficient of consolidation of 4.7 x 10-3 cm2/s. Plot the sc-time
relationship to: (a) an arithmetic time scale and (b) a semilog time scale.
SOLUTION:

T (Hdr )
2
cv =
t
2
⎛ 1500 ⎞
T⎜
2 ⎟⎠
= ⎝
2
(4.7)(10)−3 cm → T = 0.2635(t) yr
s t
s(t) s(t)
U= =
sc 18 cm
Steps to develop plots: 1) Compute T as a function of time, t, using the above equation.
2) Determine values of U for each computed value of T.
3) Determine S(t) as: s(t) = (18cm)U, for each value of U.
4) Tabulate and plot values as shown below.

Real Time Factor Avg. Degree of Settlement

Time, t = (0.2635)t Consolidation at time t
(yr) (%) (cm)
t T Uavg s(t)

0.10 0.0264 18.317 3.297

0.30 0.0791 31.725 5.711
0.50 0.1318 40.955 7.372
0.70 0.1845 48.429 8.717
0.90 0.2372 54.803 9.864
1.10 0.2899 60.340 10.861
1.30 0.3426 65.184 11.733
1.50 0.3953 69.432 12.498
1.70 0.4480 73.160 13.169
1.90 0.5007 76.433 13.758
2.10 0.5534 79.307 14.275
3.10 0.8169 89.199 16.056
7.00 1.8445 99.144 17.846
9.00 2.3715 99.767 17.958
15.00 3.9525 99.995 17.999

Time, t (yr) Time, t (yr)

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
0 0
Settlement, t (yr)

Settlement, t (yr)

5 5

10 10

15 15

20 20

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-22. Given soil data from Prob. 9.21. After 2.5 yr, an identical load is placed, causing an
additional 12 cm of consolidation settlement. Plot the time rate of settlement under these
conditions, assuming that the load causing consolidation settlement is placed instantaneously.
SOLUTION:

T (Hdr )
2
sc = 12 cm; cv =
t
2
⎛ 1500 ⎞
T⎜
2 ⎟⎠
= ⎝
2 s(t) s(t)
(4.7)(10)−3 cm → T = 0.2635(t − 2.5) yr; U= =
s t − 2.5 sc 12 cm
Steps to develop plots:
1) Use settlement computed in Prob. 9-21 from t = +0 to t = 2.5 yr.
2) Compute T as a function of time, t, using the above equation.
3) Determine values of U for each computed value of T.
4) Determine s(t) as: s(t) = (12 cm)U + s(t 9 −21 ), for each value of U.
5) Tabulate and plot values as shown below.
Real Time Factor Avg. Degree of Settlement
Time, t = (0.2635)t Consolidation at time t
(yr) (%) (cm)
t T Uavg s(t)

0.20 0.0527 25.904 4.663

0.50 0.1318 40.955 7.372
1.00 0.2635 57.665 10.380
2.00 0.5270 77.916 14.025
2.50 0.6588 84.045 15.128
2.51 0.0026 5.792 15.823
2.60 0.0264 18.317 17.326
2.80 0.0791 31.725 18.935
3.00 0.1318 40.955 20.043
3.50 0.2635 57.665 22.048
4.00 0.3953 69.432 23.460
5.00 0.6588 84.045 25.214
8.00 1.4493 97.731 26.856
10.00 1.9763 99.382 27.054
20.00 4.6113 99.999 27.128

Time, t (yr) Time, t (yr)

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
0 0

5 5
Settlement, t (yr)
Settlement, t (yr)

10 10

15 15

20 20

25 25

30 30

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-24. A specimen of clay in a special consolidation device (with drainage at the top only) has a
height of 2.065 cm when fully consolidated under a pressure of 65 kPa. A pressure transducer is
located at the base of the sample to measure the pore water pressure. (a) When another stress
increment of 65 kPa is applied, what would you expect the initial reading on the transducer to be?
(b) If, after 20 min has elapsed, the transducer records a pressure of 30 kPa, what would you
expect it to read 45 min later (total elapsed time of 1.25 h)? (After G.A. Leonards.)
SOLUTION:
(a) u = uo + ux
At the end of primary consolidation, ux = 0.

u = uo = (0.02065 m) 1.0 Mg
m3 ⎝
⎜( ⎟
s2 ⎠ )
⎛ 9.81 m ⎞ = 202.6 Pa

u 30
(b) Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − = 1 − = 0.54
ui 65
From Fig. 9.3, T = 0.41. Use these values to back-calculate c v .
T (Hdr )
2
(0.41)(2.065 cm)2
cv = = = 0.0874 cm2 min
t 20 min
Now, solve for T corresponding to t = 65 min

T=
(0.0874 cm 2
)
min ( 65 min )
= 1.33
(2.065 cm)2
T > 1 Thus, primary consolidation is complete and u = uo = 202.6 Pa

9-25. The total consolidation settlement for a compressible layer 8.3 m thick is estimated to be
about 35 cm. After about 8 mo (240 d) a point 2 m below the top of the singly drained layer has a
degree of consolidation of 70%. (a) Compute the coefficient of consolidation of the material in
m2/day. (b) Compute the settlement for 240 d.
SOLUTION:
u
(a) Eq. 9.8 : After 8 months, Uz = 1 − = 70%
ui
z 2
Z= = = 0.241. From Fig. 9.3, T = 0.2. Use this value to back-calculate c v .
Hdr 8.3
T (Hdr )
2
(0.2)(8.3 m)2
cv = = = 0.0574 m2 day
t 240 day
(b) For t = 240 day and T = 0.2 → Uavg = 0.505
s(t)
Uavg = → s240 d = (0.505)(35 cm) = 17.7 cm
sc

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-26. A 22 m thick normally consolidated clay layer has a load of 150 kPa applied to it over a
large areal extent. The clay layer is located below a granular fill (ρ = 1.8 Mg/m3) 3.5 m thick. A
dense sandy gravel is found below the clay. The groundwater table is located at the top of the
clay layer, and the submerged density of the soil is 0.95 Mg/m3. Consolidation tests performed on
2.20 cm thick doubly drained samples indicate t50 = 10.5 min for a load increment close to that of
the loaded clay layer. Compute the effective stress in the clay layer at a depth of 16 m below the
ground surface 3.5 yr after application of the load.
SOLUTION:
Assume clay at equilibrium with stress increase caused by the granular fill (i.e., fill has been in
place a relatively long time). Assume clay layer is doubly drained.
σ 'v = σ − u
σ at z = 16 m; σ = ⎡⎣(3.5)(1.8) + (12.5)(0.95 + 1)⎤⎦ × 9.81 = 300.92 kPa
u = uo + ux
uo = (12.5)(1.0)(9.81) = 122.62 kPa
Use time-rate data to determine ux
2
⎛ 0.022 m ⎞
(0.197) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2.27 × 10 −6 m2 min
t 10.5 min

For t = 3.5 yr T =
cv t
=
( 2.27 × 10 −6
)
m2 min ( 3.5 yr )( 60 × 24 × 365 min yr )
= 0.0345 → Uavg = 0.21
(Hdr ) ( 22 2 m)
2 2

z 16 − 3.5
Z= = = 1.14 From Fig. 9.3, Uz = 0.01
Hdr 11
ux
Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − = 0.01
ui
ux
0.01 = 1 − → ux = 148.5 kPa (excess pore pressure at z = 12.5 m)
150 kPa
u = uo + ux = 122.62 kPa + 148.5 kPa = 271.12 kPa
σ 'v = σ − u = 300.92 kPa − 271.12 kPa = 29.8 kPa

9-27. Given the same data as for Problem 9.24 for t = 4 yr. At what is the average degree of
consolidation for the clay layer?
SOLUTION:
2
⎛ 0.022 m ⎞
(0.197) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2.27 × 10 −6 m2 min
t 10.5 min

For t = 4 yr T =
cv t
=
( 2.27 × 10 −6
)
m2 min ( 4 yr )( 60 × 24 × 365 min yr )
= 0.0394
(Hdr ) ( 22 2 m)
2 2

→ Uavg = 22.5%

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-28. Again, given the same data as for Problem 9.26. If the clay layer were singly drained from
the top only, compute the effective stress at a depth of 16 m below the ground surface and 3.5 yr
after placement of the external load.

SOLUTION:
σ 'v = σ − u
σ at z = 16 m; σ = ⎣⎡(3.5)(1.8) + (12.5)(0.95 + 1)⎦⎤ × 9.81 = 300.92 kPa
u = uo + ux
uo = (12.5)(1.0)(9.81) = 122.62 kPa
Use time-rate data to determine ux
2
⎛ 0.022 m ⎞
(0.197) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2.27 × 10 −6 m2 min
t 10.5 min

For t = 3.5 yr T =
cv t
=
( 2.27 × 10 −6
)
m2 min ( 3.5 yr )( 60 × 24 × 365 min yr )
= 0.0086
(Hdr ) 2
( 22 m )2
z 16 − 3.5
Z= = = 0.568 From Fig. 9.3, Uz ≈ 0
Hdr 22
ux
Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − =0
ui
ux
0 = 1− → ux = 150 kPa (excess pore pressure at z = 12.5 m)
150 kPa
u = uo + ux = 122.62 kPa + 150 kPa = 272.62 kPa
σ 'v = σ − u = 300.92 kPa − 272.62 kPa = 28.3 kPa

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-29. A doubly drained soil specimen is 3 cm thick. It is loaded from σ’v = 150 kPa to 300 kPa,
leading to a change in void ratio from 1.30 to 1.18. Its original void ratio at the start of the test, eo
= 1.42. (a) If the time required for 50% consolidation is 20 min, what is the coefficient of
consolidation, cv, of the soil in cm2/s? (b) How much vertical strain occurs during the loading from
150 to 300 kPa? (c) What is the coefficient of permeability for this soil, in cm/s, based on these
results?
SOLUTION:

(a) t 50 = 20 min, T = 0.197

2
⎛ 3 cm ⎞
(0.197) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 3.694 × 10 −4 c m2 sec
t 20 × 60 sec
Δe 1.30 − 1.18
(b) ε = = = 0.0496 = 5.0%
1 + eo 1 + 1.42
de 1.30 − 1.18
(c) Eq. 8.5 : a v = = = 8.0 × 10 −7 1
dσ 'v 300,000 − 150,000 Pa
2
k(1 + eo ) ⎛ m ⎞
Eq. 9.3 : c v = (3.694 × 10 −4
)
c m2 sec ⎜ ⎟ =
k(1 + 1.42)

( )
:
ρ w gav ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ 1000 kg ⎛ m ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 8.0 × 10 −7 m2 s2 ⎞
3 ⎜ 9.81 kg m ⎟⎠
m ⎝ s2 ⎠ ⎝
−10
k = 1.198 × 10 cm
s

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-30. Figure P9.30 shows a 20 m thick layer of normally consolidated clay (γt = 18.6 kN/m3) that
is one-dimensionally loaded by Δσv = 60 kPa. The clay layer is below a 3 m thick layer of granular
fill (γt = 19.6 kN/m3), and a dense, compacted glacial till underlies the clay. The water table is
located at the top of the clay layer. A 1-D consolidation test is performed on a 2.20 cm thick,
doubly drained specimen from the middle of the clay layer. When the stress conditions from the
field (including Δσv = 60 kPa) are applied to this specimen, it takes 4 min for 90% average
consolidation to occur. (a) From the lab test data, determine cv for the soil. (b) Compute the pore
pressure at depth 18 m before and immediately after the 60 kPa stress is applied. (c) Compute
the total vertical (σv) stress at depth 18 m after the 60 kPa stress is applied in the field. (d) At
depth 18 m, compute the effective vertical stress (σ'v) 5 years after the 60 kPa is applied.

SOLUTION:
(a) t 90 = 4 min, T90 = 0.848
2
⎛ 2.2 cm ⎞
(0.848) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 4.275 × 10−3 c m2 sec
t 4 × 60 sec
(b) Assume single drainage applies in the field. u = uo + ux
Before Δσ v is applied (ux = 0).

(
u = uo = (15 m) 9.81 kN
m3 )
= 147.15 kPa

After Δσ v is applied (ux = Δσ).

(
u = uo + ux = (15 m) 9.81 kN ) + 60 = 207.15 kPa
m3
(c) σ v = (3 m) (19.6 kN ) + (15 m) (18.6 kN ) = 337.8 kPa
3 3
m m

(d) Determine ux at 18 m depth, 5 yr after load is applied.

For t = 5 yr T =
cv t
=
( 4.275 × 10 −3
)
c m2 sec ( 5 yr ) ( 60 × 60 × 24 × 365 sec yr )

(Hdr ) 2
( 2000 cm )2
z 15
T = 0.17, Z= = = 0.75 → From Fig. 9.3, Uz = 0.25
Hdr 20
ux ux
Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − = 0; 0.25 = 1 − → ux = 45 kPa (excess pore pressure at z = 18 m)
ui 60 kPa
u = uo + ux = 147.15 kPa + 45 kPa = 192.2 kPa
σ 'v = σ − u = 337.8 kPa − 192.2 kPa = 145.6 kPa

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-31. Figure P9.31 shows a soil profile at a certain site, including an 8.5 m thick stratum of
saturated, normally consolidated clay overlying an impermeable rock formation. The groundwater
location is not known; however, a pore pressure measurement device (piezometer) has been
installed in the middle of the clay and reads 52 kPa. A settlement plate has also been installed at
the top of the clay to measure the deformation of the clay layer only (doesn’t include any
deformation of overlying materials). (a) A 2.6 m deep layer of fill (unit weight 19.2 kN/m3) is
placed on the ground surface. At 220 days after the fill is placed, the piezometer reads 77 kPa of
pore pressure, and the settlement plate has moved downward by 0.54 m. What is the cv for the
clay? (b) Based on these readings at 220 days, what total settlement can be expected at the end
of consolidation? (c) Compute the modified compression index, Cce for this loading increment.

SOLUTION:
ux
(a) Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − =0
ui

ui = Δσ v = (2.6 m) 19.6 kN ( m3 ) = 50.96 kPa; uo = 52 kPa; ux = 77 − 52 = 25 kPa (at t = 220 day)

25 z 4.25
Uz = 1 − = 0.509; Z= = = 0.5 → T = 0.38 (Fig. 9.3)
50.96 Hdr 8.5
T (Hdr ) (0.38) ( 8.5 m )
2 2
2
cv = = = 2.56 m
t 220 day day

s(t)
(b) Uavg =
sc
For T = 0.38, Uavg = 0.22
s(t) 0.54 m
Thus; sc = = = 2.45 m
Uavg 0.22

(c) At the center of the clay, σ'vo = (2.6 m) 19.6 kN ( m3 ) + (4.25 m)(18.3 kNm ) − 52 kPa
3

σ'vo = 128.735 − 52 = 76.735 kPa

ε2 − ε1 0.54 m
Ccε = ; ε2 = = 0.064; ε1 = 0; σ '1 = 76.735 kPa; σ '2 = 76.735 + 50.96 = 127.695 kPa
σ 8.5 m
log 2
σ1
ε2 − ε1 0.064
Ccε = = = 0.289
σ2 127.695
log log
σ1 76.735

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-32. Figure P9.32 shows a 20 m thick layer of normally consolidated clay (γt = 18.6 kN/m3) that
is one-dimensionally loaded by Δσv = 50 kPa. The clay layer is below a 3 m thick layer of granular
fill (γt = 19.6 kN/m3), and a dense, compacted glacial till underlies the clay. The water table is
located at the top of the clay layer. A 1-D consolidation test is performed on a 2.20 cm thick,
doubly drained specimen from the middle of the clay layer. When the stress conditions from the
field (including the Δσv = 50 kPa) are applied to this specimen, it takes 1 minute for 50% average
consolidation to occur. (a) From the lab test data, determine cv for the soil. (b) Compute effective
stress at 18 m depth 4 years after the Δσv is applied to the clay layer. (c) Compute the average
degree of consolidation 4 years after Δσv application. (d) If the settlement after 4 years is 22 cm,
what is the estimated Cce for the clay?
SOLUTION:

(a) t 50 = 1min, T50 = 0.197

2
⎛ 2.2 cm ⎞
(0.197) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 3.973 × 10 −3 c m2 sec
t 1× 60 sec
(b) Determine ux at 18 m depth, 4 yr after load is applied.

For t = 4 yr T =
cv t
=
(3.973 × 10 −3
)
c m2 sec ( 4 yr )( 60 × 60 × 24 × 365 sec yr )
= 0.125
(Hdr ) 2
( 2000 cm )2
z 15
T = 0.125, Z= = = 0.75 → From Fig. 9.3, Uz = 0.15
Hdr 20
ux ux
Eq. 9.8 : Uz = 1 − = 0; 0.15 = 1 − → ux = 42.5 kPa (excess pore pressure at z = 18 m)
ui 50 kPa

(
uo = (15 m) 9.81 kN
m3 )
= 147.15 kPa

u = uo + ux = 147.15 kPa + 42.5 kPa = 189.65 kPa

σ 'v = σ − u = 337.8 kPa − 189.65 kPa = 148.15 kPa
(c) For T = 0.125, Uavg = 39.9%

(d) At the center of the clay, σ'vo = (3 m) 19.6 kN ( m3 ) + (10 m) (18.6 kNm ) − (10 m) (9.81 kNm )
3 3

σ'vo = 244.8 − 98.1 = 146.7 kPa

ε2 − ε1 0.22 m
Ccε = ; ε2 = = 0.011; ε1 = 0; σ '1 = 146.7 kPa; σ '2 = 146.7 + 50 = 196.7 kPa
σ 20 m
log 2
σ1
ε2 − ε1 0.011
Ccε = = = 0.086
σ 196.7
log 2 log
σ1 146.7

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-33. Determine the average coefficient of permeability, corrected to 20°C, of a clay specimen for
the following consolidation increment:

σ1 = 200 kPa, e1 = 1.24, σ2 = 400 kPa, e2 = 1.09

Height of specimen = 25.4 mm, Drainage at both top and bottom faces
Time required for 50% consolidation = 18 min, Test temperature = 23 deg C

SOLUTION:

(a) t 50 = 18 min, T = 0.197

de 1.24 − 1.09
Eq. 8.5 : av = = = 7.5 × 10−7 1
dσ 'v 400,000 − 200,000 Pa
2
⎛ 2.54 cm ⎞
(0.197) ⎜ ⎟
T (Hdr )
2
cv = = ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2.942 × 10 −4 c m2 sec
t 18 × 60 sec
k(1 + eo )
Eq. 9.3 : c v =
ρ w gav
2
⎛ m ⎞
( 2.942 × 10−4 c m2 sec ⎜) ⎟ =
k(1 + 1.24)
⎝ 100 cm ⎠
(
1000 kg ⎜
m3 ⎝)
⎛ 9.81 m ⎞ ⎛ 7.5 × 10 −7 m2 s2
⎟⎜
s2 ⎠ ⎝
⎞
kg m ⎟⎠
k = 9.66 × 10 −11 m = 9.66 × 10−9 cm
s s

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-34. The following data were obtained from a consolidation test on an undisturbed clay sample:
The average value of the coefficient of permeability of the clay in this pressure increment range is
9.2 x 10-8 cm/s. Compute and plot the decrease in thickness with time for a 12 m layer of this clay
which is drained.σ1 = 140 kPa, e1 = 0.912 σ2 = 280 kPa, e2 = 0.749
SOLUTION:
Hdr = 12 m (single-layer drainage); k = 9.2 × 10−8 cm
s
de 0.912 − 0.749
Eq. 8.5 : av = = = 1.164 × 10−6 1
dσ 'v 280,000 − 140,000 Pa
k(1 + eo )
Eq. 9.3 : c v =
ρw ga v

(9.2 × 10 ⎛ m ⎞−8 cm
s ⎜⎝ 100 cm ⎟⎠ )
(1 + 0.912)
cv = = 1.540 × 10−7 m2 sec
(
1000 kg ⎛
m3 ⎝ s ⎠⎝)
⎞ ⎛ − 2 2 ⎞
⎜ 9.81 m 2 ⎟ ⎜ 1.164 × 10 m s kg m ⎟
6
⎠

e2 − e1 0.912 − 0.749
Cc = = = 0.5415
σ2 280
log log
σ1 140
⎛ σ' ⎞
( 0.5415 ) log ⎛⎜
Ho 12 m 280 ⎞
sc = Cc log ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎟ = 1.02 m
1 + eo ⎝ σ '1 ⎠ 1 + 0.912 ⎝ 140 ⎠

T (Hdr )
2
cvt (1.540 × 10 −7
)
m2 s t × (60 × 60 × 24 × 365) s
yr
cv = → T= =
(Hdr )
t 2 2
(12 m)
T=0.03373 × t ( t in days); s(t) = Uavg × sc = Uavg × 1.02 m
Calculate s(t) by determining Uavg from T, for various values of t.
Use spreadsheet to calculate T, Uavg , and s(t). See tabulated values and plot below.

Real Time Factor Avg. Degree of Settlement

Time, t T= (0.03373)t Consolidation at time t Time, t (yr)
(yr) (%) (m)
t T Uavg s(t) 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
0
0.25 0.0084 10.362 0.106
0.50 0.0169 14.654 0.149 0
0.75 0.0253 17.947 0.183
Settlement, t (yr)

1.00 0.0337 20.724 0.211 0

2.00 0.0675 29.307 0.299
3.00 0.1012 35.894 0.366 1
4.00 0.1349 41.444 0.423
5.00 0.1687 46.322 0.472 1
10.00 0.3373 64.730 0.660
20.00 0.6746 84.657 0.864 1
30.00 1.0119 93.325 0.952
40.00 1.3492 97.096 0.990 1
50.00 1.6865 98.737 1.007
75.00 2.5298 99.842 1.018
100.00 3.3730 99.980 1.020

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-36. Given the data of Problem 9.13. Evaluate (a) the secondary compression index and (b) the
modified secondary compression index if: eo = 2.45, Ho = 2.54 cm, ρs = 2.69 Mg/m3
At t = 0, e = 1.67, H = 1.872 cm. At t = 1485 min, e = 1.387, H = 1.646 cm
SOLUTION:
Hv Ho − Hs (Ho − Hs ) − (Ro − R )
Eq. 9.31: e= = =
Hs Hs Hs
Ho 2.54 cm
where, Hs = = = 0.736
1 + eo 1 + 2.45
Hv Ho − Hs (Ho − Hi ) + (Ro − R )
ε= = = ; e = e1 + Δe = e1 − ( ε1 − ε )(1 + eo )
Hs Hs Ho
For example, at t = 0.1 min;
( 25.4 − 18.72 ) + ( 3.951 − 3.827 )
ε= × 100 = 26.79%
25.4
e = 1.67 − ( 26.787 − 26.299 ) / 100 × (1 + 2.45) = 1.653
Δe
(Eq. 9.27) Cα = ; Over 1 log cycle, Cα = 1.41 − 1.36 = 0.05
Δ logt
Cα 0.05
(Eq. 9.29) Cαε = = = 0.0145
1 + eo 1 + 2.45

Elapsed Time, t Dial Reading Strain e

(min) (mm) (%)
0 3.951 26.299 1.670
0.1 3.827 26.787 1.653
0.25 3.789 26.937 1.648
0.5 3.740 27.130 1.641
1 3.667 27.417 1.631
2 3.560 27.839 1.617
4 3.405 28.449 1.596
8 3.192 29.287 1.567
15 2.945 30.260 1.533
30 2.676 31.319 1.497
60 2.460 32.169 1.467
120 2.333 32.669 1.450
240 2.186 33.248 1.430
505 2.094 33.610 1.418
1485 1.950 34.177 1.398

1.70
1.65
Void Ratio, e

1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
0 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Time, min

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-39. Estimate the secondary compression per log cycle of time for Problem 9.26.
SOLUTION:

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 Time Rate of Consolidation Chapter 9

9-40. A consolidation test was performed on a specimen of inorganic clay 2.3 cm thick (doubly
drained) and gave the following results: Crε = 0.043, Ccε = 0.265, and σ’p = 75 kPa. The typical t100
in the recompression range was 8.4 min, and in the virgin compression range it was 32.5 min. (a)
If each increment is left on for 24 hours, determine the amount of secondary compression strain
that will occur in both the recompression and the virgin compression ranges. (b) One increment
was left on at σ’v = 95 kPa for two weeks. What overconsolidation ratio resulted?
SOLUTION:
t
Eq. 9.30 : ss = CαεHo log
tp
Cα Cαε Crαε
From estimates provided in Table 9.4, assume: = = = 0.04 for inorganic clays
Cc Ccε Crε
thus, Cαε = (0.04)(0.265) = 0.0106, Crαε = (0.04)(0.043) = 0.00172
t 24 × 60
(a) Re compression : srs = CrαεHo log = (0.00172)(2.3 cm)log = 0.0088 cm
tp 8.4
t 24 × 60
Compression : ss = CαεHo log = (0.0106)(2.3 cm)log = 0.054 cm
tp 8.4

(b) Primary consolidation would be complete after 2 weeks. Thus, σ'v = σ 'p = 95 kPa → OCR = 1.0

9-41. The liquid limit of a soil is 68. Estimate the value of the modified secondary compression
index.
SOLUTION:
EstimateCc using Eq. 8.25: Cc = 0.009(LL − 10) = (0.009)(68 − 10) = 0.522
Cαε
From estimates provided in Table 9.4, assume: = 0.04 (common value for inorganic clay)
Ccε
thus, Cαε = (0.04)(0.522) = 0.021

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