Chapter 1

Application of Definite Integrals

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1.1 Volume of Solids of Revolution

A. Disk Method

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The solid generated by rotating (or revolving) a plane region about an axis in its plane is called
a solid of revolution. To find the volume of a solid like the one shown in Figure A, we need
only observe that the cross-sectional area A(x) is the area of a disk of radius R(x), the distance
of the planar region’s boundary from the axis of revolution.
s
ara

Figure A. The sphere generated by rotating the circle about the x−axis.
m
aa

Figure B The Dimension of the Disk

The area is then

2
A(x) = π(r2 ) = π R(x)


So volume of the disk in this case gives

1
2 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

 2
Vk(DISK) = A(xk )t = π R(xk ) dxk

We then approximate the volume of the solid by adding the volumes of the n disks:

V = V1 + V2 + V3 + · · · + Vn
Xn
= Vk(DISK)
k=1
n
X  2
= π R(xk ) dxk
k=1
Z b  2
V = π f (x) − g(x) dx
a

n
where
f (x) is the upper curve or the upper boundary of the region
g(x) is the lower curve or the lower boundary of the region

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a is the lower limit, (x = a) boarder line on the left
b is the upper limit, (x = b) boarder line on the right

Generally the formula for the Volume of the Solids by Disk Method using vertical subdivision
Z b
V =π [f (x) − g(x)]2 dx
a
s
Example 1.1.√Find the volume of the solid of the revolution determined by the region between
the curve y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, and the axis whih revolved about the x − axis.
m ara

Figure 1a The graph of the given functions

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Figure 1 The region bounded by the given curves (b) and the Solid of Revolution (c)
1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 3

Figure 1.d The Dimension of the Disk

Solution: We draw figures showing the region, a typical radius, and the generated solid as

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shown in Figure 1.

From the above illustration, we have the following information

iga
√
f (x) = x is the upper curve or the upper boundary of the region
g(x) = 0 is the lower curve or the lower boundary of the region
a = 0 is the lower limit, (x = a) boarder line on the left
b = 4 is the upper limit, (x = b) boarder line on the right

Using the formula for the Volume we have,

s
Z b 2
V =π f (x) − g(x) dx
a
4 √
ara
Z
2
=π x − 0 dx
0
Z 4 √ 2
=π x dx
0
Z 4
=π xdx
0
 2 4
x 
=π
2 
 2 0  2
4 0
m

=π −π
2 2
V = 8π cu.units
aa
4 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

√
Example 1.2. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = x
and the lines y = 1, x = 4 which revolved about the line y = 1.

Solution:

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Figure 2 The region (a) and solid of revolution (b)

From the above illustration, we have the following information

iga
√
f (x) = x is the upper curve or the upper boundary of the region
g(x) = 1 is the lower curve or the lower boundary of the region
a = 1 is the lower limit, (x = a) boarder line on the left
b = 4 is the upper limit, (x = b) boarder line on the right

Using the formula for the Volume we have,

s
Z b 2
V =π f (x) − g(x) dx
a
ara
Z 4 √

=π x − 1 dx
1
Z 4 √ 2
=π x − 2 x + 1 dx
1
4
x2

2 3/2 
=π − 2 x + x 
2 3
1
42
  2 
2 3/2 1 2 3/2
=π − (2) 4 + 4 − π − (2) 1 + 1
2 3 2 3
m

7π
V = cu.units
6
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Volume by Disks for Rotation About the y−axis (Horizontal Subdivision

Z d Z d  2
V = A(y)dy = π R(y) dy
c c

where
R(y) = f (y) − g(y)
f (y) is the right curve or the right boundary of the region
g(y) is the left curve or the left boundary of the region
c is the lower limit, (y = c) boarder line below
d is the upper limit, (y = d) boarder line above

Generally the formula for the Volume of the Solids by Disk Method using horizontal subdivision
Z d
V =π [f (y) − g(y)]2 dy
c
1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 5

Example 1.3. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the y−axis
2
and the curve x = , 1 ≤ y ≤ 4, about the y−axis.
y

Solution:

n
iga
Figure 3. The region (a) and solid of revolution (b)
s
m ara
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Figure 3c.

From the above illustration, we have the following information:

2
f (y) = is the right curve or the right boundary of the region
y
g(y) = 0 is the left curve or the left boundary of the region
c = 1 is the lower limit, (y = c) boarder line below
d = 4 is the upper limit, (y = d) boarder line above

Using the formula for the Volume we have,

6 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Z d
V =π [f (y) − g(y)]2 dy
c
Z 4 2
2
=π − 0 dy
1 y
Z 4  2
2
=π dy
1 y
Z 4
4
=π 2
dy
1 y
1 4
 
= 4π −
y 1
  
1 1
= 4π − − −
4 1

n
 
3
= 4π
4
V = 3π cu.units

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Example 1.4. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the
parabola x = y 2 + 1 and the line x = 3 about the line x = 3.
s
Solution: We draw figures showing the region, a typical radius, and the generated solid as
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shown in Figure 4. Note that
√ the cross-sections
√ are perpendicular to the line x = 3 and have
y−coordinates from y = − 2 to y = 2.
m
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Figure 4. The region (a) and solid of revolution (b)

From the above illustration, we have the following information:

f (y) = 3 is the right curve or the right boundary of the region (axis of revolution)
g(y) =√y 2 + 1 is the left curve or the left boundary of the region
c=− √ 2 is the lower limit, (y = c) boarder line below
d = 2 is the upper limit, (y = d) boarder line above

Using the formula for the Volume we have,

1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 7

Z d
V =π [f (y) − g(y)]2 dy
c
√ 2
Z 2 
2
=π √ 3 − (y + 1) dy
− 2
√
Z 2 2
=π √ 2 − y2 dy
− 2
√
Z 2 
2 4
=π √ 4 − 4y + y dy
− 2
√
4 3 y 5  2

= π 4y − y +
3 5 −√2
√
64π 2
V = cu.units
15

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B. Ring/Washer Method

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If the region we revolve to generate a solid does not border on or cross the axis of revolution,
the solid has a hole in it (Figure 5). The cross-sections perpendicular to the axis of revolution
are washers (the purplish circular surface in Figure 5) instead of disks.
s
ara

Figure 5. The cross-sections of the solid of revolution generated here are washers.
m
aa

Figure 6. The Dimension of a Washer (Vertical Subdivisions)

The dimensions of a typical washer are:

R(x) is the outer radius
r(x) is the inner radius
dx is the thickness

The area of a washer  

2 2
A(x) = π [R(x)] − [r(x)]

And the Volume of the washer is

8 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Volume= Area of the washer × thickness

Consequenty, the Volume of the Solid by Washers for the Rotation About the x−axis
Z b Z b  
2 2
V = A(x)dx = π [R(x)] − [r(x)] dx
a a

where
R(x) = f (x) − AOR
r(x) = g(x) − AOR
AOR is the Axis of Revolution
f (x) is the upper curve or the upper boundary of the region
g(x) is the lower curve or the lower boundary of the region
a is the lower limit, (x = a) boarder line on the left
b is the upper limit, (x = b) boarder line on the right

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Example 1.5. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the curve

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y = x2 + 1 and the line y = −x + 3 about the x−axis.

Solution: First we sketch the region and draw a line segment across it perpendicular to the
axis of revolution (the x-axis). s
ara

Figure 7. Graph of the given functions.

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Figure 8. Solid of Revolution

Let

R(x) = (−x + 3) − (0)

r(x) = (x2 + 1) − (0)
1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 9

Since
f (x) = −x + 3 is the upper curve or the upper boundary of the region
g(x) = x2 + 1 is the lower curve or the lower boundary of the region
AOR: y = 0
a = −2 is the lower limit
b = 1 is the upper limit

The Volume of the Solid is

Z b 
2 2
V = π [R(x)] − [r(x)] dx
a
Z 1 
2 2 2
=π [(−x + 3) − (0)] − [(x + 1) − (0)] dx
−2

n
Z 1
=π (8 − 6x − x2 − x4 )dx
−2
x3 x5 1
 
2
= π 8x − 3x − −

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3 5 −2
(−2)3 (−2)5 (1)3 (1)5
   
2 2
= π 8(−2) − 3(−2) − − − π 8(1) − 3(1) − −
3 5 3 5
117π
V = cu.units
5
s
ara

√ y
Example 1.6. The region bounded by the parabola x = y and the line x = in the first
2
quadrant is revolved about the y-axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.

Solution: First we sketch the region and draw a line segment across it perpendicular to the
axis of revolution (the y-axis).
m
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Figure 7. Graph of the given functions.

10 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

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Figure 7. The dimesion of a Washer (Horizontal Subdivisions)

Let

iga
√
R(y) = ( y) − (0)
y
r(y) = ( ) − (0)
2

Since
√
f (y) = y is the upper curve or the upper boundary of the region
g(y) = y2 is the lower curve or the lower boundary of the region
s
AOR: x = 0
c = 0 is the lower limit
d = 4 is the upper limit
ara

The Volume of the Solid is

Z d  
2 2
V = π [R(y)] − [r(y)] dy
c
4   2 
√
Z
y
=π [( y) − (0)]2 − − (0) dx
0 2
4  2 
√
Z
2y
=π [ y] − dx
2
m

0
Z 4
y2

=π y− dx
0 4
y 3 4
 2 
y
=π − ]
2 12 0
 2
43
 2
4 0 03
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=π − ]−π − ]
2 12 2 12
8π
V = cu.units
3

C. Cylindrical Shell Method

Suppose we slice through the solid using circular cylinders of increasing radii, like cookie cut-
ters. We slice straight down through the solid so that the axis of each cylinder is parallel to
the y-axis. The vertical axis of each cylinder is the same line, but the radii of the cylinders
increase with each slice. In this way the solid is sliced up into thin cylindrical shells of con-
stant thickness that grow outward from their common axis, like circular tree rings. Unrolling
a cylindrical shell shows that its volume is approximately that of a rectangular slab with area
A(x) and thickness ∆x. This slab interpretation allows us to apply the same integral definition
1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 11

for volume as before. The following example provides some insight before we derive the general
method.

Consider the example, The region enclosed by the x−axis and the parabola y = 3x − x2 is
revolved about the vertical line x = −1 to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.

n
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Figure 8. (a) The graph of the region in before revolution (b) The solid formed when the
region in part (a) is revolved about the axis of revolution x = −1

Using the washer method would be awkward here because we would need to express the x-values
s
of the left and right sides of the parabola in Figure 8 in terms of y. (These x-values are the
inner and outer radii for a typical washer, requiring us to solve y = 3x − x2 for x, which leads to
complicated formulas.) Instead of rotating a horizontal strip of thickness dy we rotate a vertical
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strip of thickness dx This rotation produces a cylindrical shell.
m
aa

Figure 9. The dimesion of a Cyclindrical Shell (Vertical Subdivisions)

A formula from geometry tells us that the volume of the shell swept out by the rectangle is
∆V = 2π × r × h × t
where
r = shell radius
h = shell height
t = thickness

We approximate the volume of the solid S by summing the volumes of the shells swept out by
the n rectangles based on P :
X n
V ≈ ∆Vk
k=1
12 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

The limit of this Riemann sum gives the volume of the solid as a definite integral:

Z b
V = 2π × r(x) × H(x) × dx
a

Shell Formula for Revolution About a Vertical Line whose Axis of Revolution is
the y−axis
Z b  
V = 2πr(x) (f (x) − g(x) dx
a

Example 1.7. The region enclosed by the x−axis and the parabola y = 3x − x2 is revolved

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about the vertical line x = −1 to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.

Solution:

s iga
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Figure 8a. The graph of the given function

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Figure 8b.The graph of the region in before revolution

28.png
1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 13

Figure 8c. The solid formed when the region is revolved about the axis of revolution x = −1

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s iga
ara

Figure 8d. Cross Section of the Cylindrical Shell

Solving for the Volume of the Solid of Revolution, Formula:

Z b  
V = 2πr(x) (f (x) − g(x) dx
a
m

Z 3
(x + 1) (3x − x2 ) − 0 dx
 
V = 2π
0
aa

Z 3
= 2π (3x + 2x2 − x3 )dx
0
3 2 2 3 1 4 3
 
= 2π x + x − x 
2 3 4 0
   
3 2 2 3 1 4 3 2 2 3 1 4
= 2π (3) + (3) − (3) − 2π (0) + (0) − (0)
2 3 4 2 3 4
 
45π
= 2π
4
45π
V = cu.units
2
14 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

√
Example 1.8. The region bounded by the curve y = x, the x-axis, and the line x = 4 is
revolved about the y-axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.

Solution. Sketch the region and draw a line segment across it parallel to the axis of revolution
(Figure 12a). Label the segment’s height (shell height) and distance from the axis of revolution
(shell radius).

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iga
Figure 12. (a) The region, shell dimensions, and interval of integration. (b) The shell swept
out by the vertical segment in part (a) with a width dx.

The shell thickness variable is x, so the limits of integration for the shell formula are and (Figure
12). The volume is then
s
Z b
ara
 
V = 2πr(x) (f (x) − g(x) dx
a
Z 4
√ 
= 2π x ( x) − 0 dx
0
Z 4
= 2π tx3/2 dx
0
 4
2
= 2π x5/2 

5 0
128π
V = cu.units
m

Example 1.9. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y = x − x2
and y = 0 about the line x = 2.
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Solution: Figure 13 shows the region and a cylindrical shell formed by rotation about the line
x = 2. It has radius r(x) = 2 − x, and height x − x2 .

Figure 13a Graph of the given function

1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 15

Figure 13c The solid formed when the region is revolved about the axis of revolution x = 2

an
Figure 13b The dimension of the cylindrical Shell

The volume is then

V =
a
Z b 
sig
2πr(x) (f (x) − g(x) dx
Z 1


(2 − x) (x − x2 ) − 0 dx
 
= 2π
0
Z 1
= 2π (x3 − 3x2 + 2x)dx
0
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 4 4
x 3 2 

= 2π −x +x 
4 0
 4   4 
(4) 3 2 (0) 3 2
= 2π − (4) + (4) − 2π − (0) + (0)
4 4
π
V = cu.units
2
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Shell Formula for Revolution About a Vertical Line whose Axis of Revolution is
the x−axis
Z d
 
V = 2π[r(y)] (f (y) − g(y) dy
c
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16 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Figure 14. The dimesion of a Cyclindrical Shell (Horizntal Subdivisions)

√
Example 1.10. The region bounded by the curve y = x, the x-axis, and the line x = 4 is
revolved about the y-axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid. method.

Solution:the shell thickness variable is y, so the limits of integration for the shell formula
method are and (along the y-axis in Figure 15).

n
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Figure 14. (a) The region, shell dimensions, and interval of integration. (b) The shell swept
out by the horizontal segment in part (a) with a width dy.

The volume of the solid is

Z d  
V = 2π[r(y)] (f (y) − g(y) dy
c
Z 2
(y) (4 − y 2 ) − 0 dy
 
= 2π
0
s
= 2π ∈10 (4y − y 3 )dy
y 4 2
 
2
= 2π 2y −
ara
4 0
V = 8π cu.units
m
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1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 17

Exercises 1.1Find the volume of the Solid by revolving about the given axis.

A. Use Disk Method

2π3
1. Answer:
3

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2.
s iga
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3. Answer: 4 − π
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4.

B. Use Washer Method

5. Answer: π 2 − 2π
18 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

6.

C. Use cylindrical shell method

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7. 1 Answer: 6π
s iga
ara

8.
m

9. 3 Answer: 2π
aa

10.

11.
1.1. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 19

14π
12. 5 Answer:
3

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13. s iga
ara

14.
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6π
15. Answer:
5

16.
20 CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Exercises 1.2 Find the volume of the Solid by revolving about the given axis.

A. Use Disk Method about the x-axis

32π
1. y = x2 ; y = 0; x = 2 Answer:
5
√
2
2. y = 9 − x ; y = 0
√
3. y = cos x; 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2; y = 0; x = 0 Answer: π
4. y = e−x ; y = 0; x = 0; x = 1
1 π
5. The region between the curve y = √ and the x-axis from x = 14 to x = 4. Answer: ln 4
2 x 2
6. The region in the first qudrant bounded above by the line y = 2, below by the curve y =
2 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, and on the left by the y-axis about the line y = 2
√
7. The region in the first quadrant bounded above by the line y = 2, below by the curve y =
√ π √ 11
sec x tan x, and on the left by the y-axis, about the line y = 2. Answer: π( + 2 2 − )

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2 3
8. y = x + 1; y = 0; x = 0; x = 2; about the x-axis.

B. Use Washer Method about the x-axis

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2π
9. y = x; y = 1; x = 0 Answer:
3
10. y = x2 + 1; y = x + 3
√
11. y = sec x; y = 2; −π/4 ≤ x ≤ π/4 Answer: π(π − 2)
12. y2 = x; x = 2y; about the y − axis

C. Use Washer Method about the y−axis

4π
13. The region enclosed by the trangle with vertices (1, 0), (2, 1) and (1, 1). Answer:
s
3
2
14. The region in the first quadrant bounded above by the parabola y = x . below by the
x−axis, and on the right by the line x = 2. Answer: 8π
ara

D. Use cylindrical shell method about the x-axis

15. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by
y = 2x2 − x3 and y = 0.
8π
16. x = 2y − y 2 ; x = 0 17 Answer:
3
17. x = y 2 ; x = −y; y = 2; y ≥ 0
√ 16π
18. x = x; y = 0; y = x − 2 Answer:
3
m

E. Use cylindrical shell method about the y-axis

19. y = x; y = −x/2; x = 2 Answer: 8π

√
20. y = 3/(2 x); y = 0; x = 1; x = 4
5π
21. y = x2 ; y = 2 − x; x = 0; for x ≥ 0 Answer:
aa