APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Volumes (Hacim)
In trying to find the volume
of a solid, we face the same
type of problem as in finding
areas.

?
 n b
lim
n→  f
k =1
(ck ) xk =  f
a
( x ) dx
VOLUMES

Volume = Area of the base X height

r disk

x V =  r 2 x
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

For a solid S that isn’t a cylinder, we first

‘cut’ S into pieces and approximate each
piece by a cylinder.

▪ We estimate the volume of S by adding the volumes

of the cylinders.

▪ We arrive at the exact volume of S through a limiting

process in which the number of pieces becomes large.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

We start by intersecting S with a plane

and obtaining a plane region that is called
a cross-section of S.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

Let A(x) be the area of the cross-section of S

in a plane Px perpendicular to the x-axis and
passing through the point x, where a ≤ x ≤ b.

▪ Think of slicing S
with a knife
through x and
computing the
area of this slice.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

The cross-sectional area A(x) will vary

as x increases from a to b.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

We divide S into n ‘slabs’ of equal width ∆x

using the planes Px1, Px2, . . . to slice the solid.

▪ Think of slicing a loaf of bread.

VOLUMES

V =  r 2 x
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

If we choose sample points xi* in [xi - 1, xi], we

can approximate the i th slab Si (the part of S
that lies between the planes Px −1 and Px ) by a
i i
cylinder with base area A(xi*) and ‘height’ ∆x.
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

The volume of this cylinder is A(xi*).

So, an approximation to our intuitive

conception of the volume of the i th slab Si
is:
V ( Si )  A( xi *) x
IRREGULAR SOLIDS

Adding the volumes of these slabs, we get an

approximation to the total volume (that is,
what we think of intuitively as the volume):
n
V   A( xi *) x
i =1
▪ This approximation appears to become
better and better as n → ∞.

▪ Think of the slices as becoming thinner and thinner.

IRREGULAR SOLIDS
 DEFINITION OF VOLUME

Let S be a solid that lies between x = a and x=b.

If the cross-sectional area of S in the plane Px,
through x and perpendicular to the x-axis,
is A(x), where A is a continuous function, then
the volume of S is:

n b
V = nlim
→  A(
i =1
xi *) x =  A(
a
x ) dx
VOLUMES

When we use the volume formula

b
V =  A( x)dx
a

it is important to remember that A(x) is the

area of a moving cross-section obtained by
slicing through x perpendicular to the x-axis.
VOLUMES

Notice that, for a cylinder, the cross-sectional

area is constant: A(x) = A for all x.

▪ So, our definition of volume gives:

V =  Adx = A ( b − a )
b

▪ This agrees with the formula V = Ah.

Example:
A pyramid 3 m high has a
square base that is 3 m on a
side. The cross-section of the
pyramid perpendicular to the
altitude x m down from the
vertex is a square x m on a
side. Find the volume of the
pyramid. (Figure 6.5)
This correlates with the formula:

1 1
V = Ah =  9  3 = 9
3 3
SPHERES Example

Show that the volume of a sphere

of radius r is
V = r .
4
3
3
SPHERES Example

If we place the sphere so that its center is

at the origin, then the plane Px intersects
the sphere in a circle whose radius, from the
Pythagorean Theorem,
is:
y= r −x2 2
SPHERES Example

So, the cross-sectional area is:

A( x) =  y =  (r − x )
2 2 2
SPHERES Example 1

Using the definition of volume with a = -r and

b = r, we have:

V =  A( x ) dx =   ( r − x ) dx
r r
2 2
−r −r
r
= 2  ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx (The integrand is even.)
0
r
 2 x  3
 r 
3
= 2  r x −  = 2  r − 
3

 3 0  3
= r
4
3
3
SPHERES

The figure illustrates the definition of volume

when the solid is a sphere with radius r = 1.
▪ From the example, we know that the volume of
the sphere is 43   4.18879
▪ The slabs are circular cylinders, or disks.
SPHERES

Notice that as we increase the number

of approximating cylinders, the corresponding
Riemann sums become closer to the true
volume.
Cavalieri’s Theorem:
Two solids with equal altitudes and identical parallel
cross sections have the same volume.

Identical Cross Sections

Bir çok endüstriyel dönel cisimlerin hacmini kullanır.
1 Disk Method:
n
V = lim  A( xi *) x
n →
A =  (radius)2 =  R( x)2
i =1
b
V = a
A( x ) dx

 ( R ( x ) ) dx
b
V = 
2

Rotating axis
VOLUMES Example

Find the volume of the solid obtained

by rotating the region bounded by y = x3,
y = 8, and x = 0 about the y-axis.
VOLUMES Example

As the region is rotated about the y-axis, it

makes sense to slice the solid perpendicular
to the y-axis and thus to integrate with
respect to y.

▪ Slicing at height y,
we get a circular
disk with radius x,
where x = 3 y
VOLUMES Example

So, the area of a cross-section through y is:

A( y ) =  x =  ( y ) =  y
2 3 2 2/3
VOLUMES Example

Since the solid lies between y = 0 and

y = 8, its volume is:
8
V =  A( y ) dy
0
8
=   y dy
23
0

 3
5 8
96
= 5 y
3
=
  0 5
 Washer Method

r1

Washer
r2
V =  r22 x −  r12 x x

( )
V =  r22 − r12 x
 2

n
V = lim  A( xi *)x
n →
i =1 A =  (rout ) 2 −  (rin ) 2
b
V =  A( x)dx
a
VOLUMES Example

The region R enclosed by the curves y = x

and y = x2 is rotated about the x-axis.

Find the volume of the resulting solid.

VOLUMES Example

The curves y = x and y = x2 intersect at

the points (0, 0) and (1, 1).

▪ The region between them, the solid of rotation, and

cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis are shown.
VOLUMES Example

A cross-section in the plane Px has the shape

of a washer (an annular ring) with inner
radius x2 and outer radius x.
VOLUMES Example

Thus, we find the cross-sectional area by

subtracting the area of the inner circle from
the area of the outer circle:

A( x ) =  x −  ( x )
2 2 2

=  (x − x )
2 4
VOLUMES Example
1
Thus, we have: V = 
0
A( x ) dx
1
=   ( x − x ) dx 2 4
0
1
x x  3 5
=  − 
3 5 0
2
=
15
 VOLUMES Example

Find the volume of the solid obtained by

rotating the region in previous Example
about the line y = 2.
VOLUMES Example
Again, the cross-section is a washer.
This time, though, the inner radius is 2 – x
and the outer radius is 2 – x2.
VOLUMES Example

The cross-sectional area is:

A( x) =  (2 − x ) −  (2 − x)
2 2 2
VOLUMES Example

So, the volume is:

1
V =  A( x ) dx
0

=   ( 2 − x ) − (2 − x)  dx
1
2 2 2
0
 
=   ( x − 5 x + 4 x ) dx
1
4 2
0
1
x x x  8
5 3 2
=  −5 + 4  =
5 3 2 0 5
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

The solids in the Examples given are all

called solids of revolution because
they are obtained by revolving a region
about a line.
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

In general, we calculate the volume of

a solid of revolution by using the basic
defining formula

V =  A ( y ) dy
b d
V =  A( x) dx or
a c
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

We find the cross-sectional area

A(x) or A(y) in one of the following
two ways.
WAY 1

If the cross-section is a disk, we find

the radius of the disk (in terms of x or y)
and use:
A = π(radius)2
WAY 2

If the cross-section is a washer, we first find

the inner radius rin and outer radius rout from
a sketch.
▪ Then, we subtract the area of the inner disk from
the area of the outer disk to obtain:
A = π(outer radius)2 – π(outer radius)2
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example

The region R enclosed by the curves y = x

and y = x2 is rotated the line x = -1.

Find the volume of the resulting solid.

SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example

The figure shows the horizontal cross-section.

It is a washer with inner radius 1 + y and
outer radius 1 + y .
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example

So, the cross-sectional area is:

A( y ) =  (outer radius) −  (inner radius)

2 2

( ) −  (1 + y )
2
=  1+ y
2
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION Example

The volume is:

1
V =  A( y )dy
0


( ) 
− (1 + y ) dy
1 2
=   1+ y
2

0
 

( )
1
=   2 y − y − y 2 dy
0
1
 4 y 2 y 2 y3  
3

=  − −  =
 3 2 3
0
2
VOLUMES

In the following examples, we find

the volumes of three solids that are
not solids of revolution.
VOLUMES Example

The figure shows a solid with a circular base

of radius 1. Parallel cross-sections
perpendicular to the base are equilateral
triangles.

Find the volume of the solid.

VOLUMES Example

Let’s take the circle to be x2 + y2 = 1.

The solid, its base, and a typical cross-section

at a distance x from the origin are shown.
VOLUMES Example 7

As B lies on the circle, we have y = 1 − x 2

So, the base of the triangle ABC is

|AB| = 2 1 − x 2
VOLUMES Example 7

Since the triangle is equilateral, we see

that its height is 3 y = 3 1 − x 2
VOLUMES Example 7

Thus, the cross-sectional area is :

A( x ) =  2 1 − x  3 1 − x
1
2
2 2

= 3(1 − x )2
VOLUMES Example 7

The volume of the solid is:

1
V =  A( x ) dx
−1
1 1
= 3(1 − x ) dx = 2 
2
3(1 − x ) dx
2
−1 0
1
 x  3
4 3
= 2 3 x −  =
 3 0 3
VOLUMES Example 8

Find the volume of a pyramid

whose base is a square with side L
and whose height is h.
VOLUMES Example 8

We place the origin O at the vertex

of the pyramid and the x-axis along its
central axis.

▪ Any plane Px that

passes through x and
is perpendicular to
the x-axis intersects
the pyramid in a
square with side of
length s.
VOLUMES Example 8

We can express s in terms of x by observing

x s 2 s
from the similar triangles that = =
h L 2 L
Therefore, s = Lx/h

▪ Another method is
to observe that the
line OP has slope
L/(2h)
▪ So, its equation is
y = Lx/(2h)
VOLUMES Example 8

Thus, the cross-sectional area is:

2
L 2
A( x) = s = 2 x
2

h
VOLUMES Example 8

The pyramid lies between x = 0 and x = h.

h
So, its volume is: V =

0
A( x ) dx
2
h L 2
= 2
x dx
0 h
h
L x  2
L2 h 3
= 2  =
h 3 0 3
NOTE

In the example, we didn’t need to place

the vertex of the pyramid at the origin.

▪ We did so merely to make the equations

simple.
NOTE

Instead, if we had placed the center of

the base at the origin and the vertex on
the positive y-axis, as in the figure, you can
verify that we would have
obtained the integral:
2
h L
V =  2 ( h − y ) dy
2
0 h

2
Lh
=
3
 VOLUMES Example 9
Yarıçapı 4 olan bir silindirden iki düzlemle eğri bir
takoz kesilmiştir. Bir düzlem silindirin eksenine diktir.
İkinci düzlem birinci düzlemi silindirin merkezinde 30°
lik bir açıyla kesmektedir.

Takozun hacmini bulunuz.

VOLUMES Example 9

If we place the x-axis along the diameter

where the planes meet, then the base of
the solid is a semicircle
with equation
y = 16 − x 2 , -4 ≤ x ≤ 4
VOLUMES Example 9

A cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis at

a distance x from the origin is a triangle ABC,
whose base is y = 16 − x 2
and whose height
is |BC| = y tan 30° = 16 − x 2 3.
VOLUMES Example 9

Thus, the cross-sectional area is:

1
A( x ) = 1
2 16 − x  2
16 − x 2

3
16 − x 2
=
2 3
VOLUMES Example 9

The volume is:

4
V =  A( x ) dx
−4

16 − x 2
1
( )
4 4
= dx =  16 − x dx2
−4 0
2 3 3
4
1  x  128 3
= 16 x −  =
3 3 0 3 3