Lesson 14

Volume by Integration
 Solids of Revolution
A solid of revolution is a solid generated by revolving a plane region about a line that
lies in the same plane as the region. The line is called the axis of revolution. Some
familiar solids of revolution are shown below.
Volume by Disk Perpendicular to the x-axis

Let be continuous and nonnegative on and  let be the region that is bounded above by
below by the x-axis, and on the sides by and . The volume of the solid of revolution
by revolving the region about the x-axis is
Volume by Disk Perpendicular to the y-axis

The method of disks have analog for regions  that are revolved about the y-axis. The
volume of the solid of revolution by revolving the region about the y-axis is
Examples:  
1. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x-axis the region bounded
by and the x-axis.
Solution:
The length of the element is and the thickness is . Using
the disk method,

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2. Derive the formulafor the volume of a sphere
  of radius .
Solution:
A sphere of radius can be generated by revolving the upper semicircular
disk enclosed between the x-axis and about the x-axis. Since
the upper half of the circle is the graph of , it follows
that the volume of the sphere is
3. Find the volume of the solid generated by  rotating around the y-axis the
plane region in the first quadrant bounded by .
Solution:
The length of the element is and the thickness is . Using the disk
method

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Volume by Washer or Ring Perpendicular  to the x-axis

Let and be continuous on the interval and if for all in Let be the region bounded
above by below by on the sides by and . The volume of the solid of revolution that is
generated by revolving the region about the x-axis is
Volume by Washer or Ring Perpendicular to the y-axis

The method of washer or ring have analog for  regions that are revolved about the y-
axis. The volume of the solid of revolution by revolving the region about the y-axis is
  
4. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the y-axis the area
bounded by and
Solution:
The two curves intersect at Using the washer method, and
and the volume is

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5. Find the volume of the solid by revolving
  about the x-axis the region
bounded by the curves and .
Solution:
The curves intersect at and .
Using the washer method, and ,
and the volume is

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Volume by Cylindrical Shells about the y-axis  
If the method of disks or washers perpendicular to the axis of revolution is not
applicable or the resulting integral is difficult, the method of cylindrical shells will often
work. The volume of a cylindrical shell is

Let be continuous and nonnegative on where and let be the region that is bounded
above by , below by the x-axis, and on the sides by and . Then the volume of the solid
of revolution that is generated by revolving the region about
the y-axis is
6. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
  about the y-axis the region
bounded by and .
Solution:
The average radius is , the height is and the thickness is . Using
the cylindrical shell method,

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7. Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of  the solid generated when the region
in the first quadrant bounded by and is revolved about the y-axis.
Solution:
The average radius is , the height is and the thickness is .

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8. Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of  the solid generated when the region
bounded by and is revolved about the x-axis.
Solution:
The average radius is , the height is and the thickness is .

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Volume of Solid with Known Cross-Section  
Let be a solid and suppose that the area of the cross section in the plane perpendicular
to the x-axis is for .
Then the volume of the solid from
to is

Similarly, if the cross-section is perpendicular

to the y-axis and its cross-section is defined
by the function , then the volume of the
solid from to is
  
Steps for finding the volume of a solid with known cross section:
1. Sketch the base of the solid and a typical cross section.
2. Express the area of the cross section as a function of .
3. Determine the limits of integration.
4. Evaluate the definite integral.
Examples:  

1. Find the volume of a solid if the base of the solid is the circle ,
and every perpendicular cross section is a square.

Solution:
The area of the cross section is

Hence, the volume of the solid is

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2. A wedge is cut out of a circular cylinder  with radius and height by the plane
passing through a diameter of the base. If the radius is equal to the height , find the
volume of the cylindrical wedge.
Solution:
A cross section of the wedge perpendicular to
the x-axis is a right triangle with sides
since and .
But and
so that
Hence, the volume of the wedge is

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