7

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

7.2
Trigonometric Integrals

In this section, we will learn:

How to use trigonometric identities to integrate
certain combinations of trigonometric functions.
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

We start with
powers of sine and cosine.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 1

Evaluate ∫ cos3x dx
 Simply substituting u = cos x isn’t helpful,
since then du = -sin x dx.

 In order to integrate powers of cosine, we

would need an extra sin x factor.

 Similarly, a power of sine would require

an extra cos x factor.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 1

Thus, here we can separate one cosine factor

and convert the remaining cos2x factor to
an expression involving sine using the identity
sin2x + cos2x = 1:
cos3x = cos2x . cosx = (1 - sin2x) cosx
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 1

We can then evaluate the integral by

substituting u = sin x.

So, du = cos x dx and

   x  cos x dx
3 2
cos x dx cos
  (1  sin x) cos x dx
2

  (1  u )du  u  u  C
2 1
3
3

 sin x  sin x  C
1
3
3
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

In general, we try to write an integrand

involving powers of sine and cosine in
a form where we have only one sine factor.

 The remainder of the expression can be

in terms of cosine.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

We could also try only one cosine

factor.
 The remainder of the expression can be
in terms of sine.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

The identity
sin2x + cos2x = 1
enables us to convert back and forth
between even powers of sine and cosine.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 2

Find ∫ sin5x cos2x dx

 We could convert cos2x to 1 – sin2x.

 However, we would be left with an expression

in terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 2

Instead, we separate a single sine factor

and rewrite the remaining sin4x factor in
terms of cos x.
So, we have:
sin x cos x  (sin x) cos x sin x
5 2 2 2 2

 (1  cos x) cos x sin x

2 2 2
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 2

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = sin x dx.

So,

 sin x cos x dx   (sin x) cos x sin x dx

5 2 2 2 2

  (1  cos 2
x) 2 cos 2 x sin x dx   (1  u 2 ) 2 u 2 ( du )
 u 3
u u 
5 7
   (u  2u  u )du     2    C
2 4 6

 3 5 7 
  13 cos3 x  52 cos5 x  71 cos7 x  C
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

The figure shows the graphs of the integrand

sin5x cos2x in Example 2 and its indefinite
integral (with C = 0).
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

In the preceding examples, an odd power of

sine or cosine enabled us to separate a single
factor and convert the remaining even power.

 If the integrand contains even powers of

both sine and cosine, this strategy fails.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

In that case, we can take advantage

of the following half-angle identities:

sin x  12 (1  cos 2 x)
2

cos x  (1  cos 2 x)
2 1
2
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 3


2
Evaluate sin x dx
0

 If we write sin2x = 1 - cos2x, the integral

is no simpler to evaluate.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 3

However, using the half-angle formula

for sin2x, we have:
 
 sin x dx   (1  cos 2 x) dx
2 1
0 2 0

  ( x  sin 2 x)  0
1 1 
2 2

 12 (  12 sin 2 )  12 (0  12 sin 0)
 12 
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 3

Notice that we mentally made

the substitution u = 2x when integrating
cos 2x.

 Another method for evaluating this integral

was given in Exercise 43 in Section 7.1
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 4

Find ∫ sin4x dx

 We could evaluate this integral using the reduction

formula for ∫ sinnx dx (Equation 7 in Section 7.1) together
with Example 3.
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 4

However, a better method is to write and use

a half-angle formula:

 sin x dx   (sin x) dx
4 2 2

2
 1  cos 2 x 
   dx
 2 
  (1  2 cos 2 x  cos
2
1
4 2 x) dx
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 4

As cos2 2x occurs, we must use another

half-angle formula:

cos 2 x  (1  cos 4 x)
2 1
2
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS Example 4

This gives:

 sin x dx     2 (1  cos 4 x )  dx
4 1
4 1 2 cos 2 x 1

 1
4  3
2  2 cos 2 x  12 cos 4 x  dx
 1
4  3
2 x  sin 2 x  81 sin 4 x   C
SINE & COSINE INTEGRALS

To summarize, we list guidelines

to follow when evaluating integrals
of the form
∫ sinmx cosnx dx

where m ≥ 0 and n ≥ 0 are integers.

STRATEGY A

If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1),

save one cosine factor.

 Use cos2x = 1 - sin2x to express the remaining

factors in terms of sine:

 
2 k 1
sin m
x cos x dx  sin m
x (cos 2
x ) k
cos x dx

  sin m x(1  sin 2 x) k cos x dx

 Then, substitute u = sin x.

STRATEGY B

If the power of sine is odd (m = 2k + 1),

save one sine factor.

 Use sin2x = 1 - cos2x to express the remaining

factors in terms of cosine:

 
2 k 1
sin x cos n
x dx  (sin 2
x ) k
cos n
x sin x dx
  (1  cos 2 x) k cos n x sin x dx

 Then, substitute u = cos x.

STRATEGIES

Note that, if the powers of both sine

and cosine are odd, either (A) or (B)
can be used.
STRATEGY C

If the powers of both sine and cosine are

even, use the half-angle identities

sin x  12 (1  cos 2 x)
2

cos x  12 (1  cos 2 x)
2

 Sometimes, it is helpful to use the identity

sin x cos x  12 sin 2 x
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

We can use a similar strategy to

evaluate integrals of the form

∫ tanmx secnx dx
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

As (d/dx)tan x = sec2x, we can separate

a sec2x factor.

 Then, we convert the remaining (even) power

of secant to an expression involving tangent using
the identity sec2x = 1 + tan2x.
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

Alternately, as (d/dx) sec x = sec x tan x,

we can separate a sec x tan x factor
and convert the remaining (even) power
of tangent to secant.
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 5

Evaluate ∫ tan6x sec4x dx

 If we separate one sec2x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2x factor in terms of tangent
using the identity sec2x = 1 + tan2x.

 Then, we can evaluate the integral by substituting

u = tan x so that du = sec2x dx.
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 5

We have:

 tan x sec x dx   tan x sec x sec x dx

6 4 6 2 2

  tan x(1  tan x) sec x dx

6 2 2

  u (1  u ) du   (u  u ) du
6 2 6 8

u7 u9
  C
7 9
 7 tan x  9 tan x  C
1 7 1 9
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 6

Find ∫ tan5 θ sec7θ

 If we separate a sec2θ factor, as in the preceding

example, we are left with a sec5θ factor.

 This isn’t easily converted to tangent.

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 6

However, if we separate a sec θ tan θ factor,

we can convert the remaining power of
tangent to an expression involving only
secant.

 We can use the identity tan2θ = sec2θ – 1.

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 6

We can then evaluate the integral by

substituting u = sec θ, so du = sec θ tan θ dθ:

       sec  tan  d
5 7 4 6
tan sec tan sec
  (sec 2   1) 2 sec6  sec  tan  d
  (u  1) u du   (u  2u  u ) du
2 2 6 10 8 6

u11 u9 u7
 2  C
11 9 7
 11 sec   9 sec   7 sec   C
1 11 2 9 1 7
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

The preceding examples demonstrate

strategies for evaluating integrals in the form
∫ tanmx secnx for two cases—which we
summarize here.
STRATEGY A

If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2)

save sec2x.

 Then, use tan2x = 1 + sec2x to express

the remaining factors in terms of tan x:

 
k 1
tan m
x sec 2k
x dx  tan m
x (sec 2
x ) sec 2
x dx

  tan m x(1  tan 2 x) k 1 sec 2 x dx

 Then, substitute u = tan x.

STRATEGY B

If the power of tangent is odd (m = 2k + 1),

save sec x tan x.

 Then, use tan2x = sec2x – 1 to express

the remaining factors in terms of sec x:

 
2 k 1 n 1
tan x sec n
x dx  (tan 2
x ) k
sec x sec x tan x dx
  (sec2 x  1) k sec n 1 x sec x tan x dx

 Then, substitute u = sec x.

OTHER INTEGRALS

For other cases, the guidelines are not

as clear-cut.
We may need to use:

 Identities
 Integration by parts
 A little ingenuity
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

We will need to be able to integrate tan x

by using Formula 5 from Section 5.5 :

 tan x dx  ln | sec x |  C
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Formula 1

We will also need the indefinite integral

of secant:

 sec x dx  ln | sec x  tan x |  C

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

We could verify Formula 1

by differentiating the right side,
or as follows.
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

First, we multiply numerator and denominator

by sec x + tan x:

sec x  tan x
 sec x dx   sec x sec x  tan x dx
sec 2 x  sec x tan x
 dx
sec x  tan x
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

If we substitute u = sec x + tan x,

then du = (sec x tan x + sec2x).

 The integral becomes: ∫ (1/u) du = ln |u| + C

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

Thus, we have:

 sec x dx  ln | sec x  tan x |  C

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 7

Find ∫ tan3x dx

 Here, only tan x occurs.

 So, we rewrite a tan2x factor in terms of sec2x.

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 7

Hence, we use tan2x - sec2x = 1.

 tan x dx   tan x tan x dx   tan x(sec x  1) dx

3 2 2

  tan x sec x dx   tan x dx

2

2
tan x
  ln | sec x |  C
2
 In the first integral, we mentally substituted u = tan x
so that du = sec2x dx.
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

If an even power of tangent appears with an

odd power of secant, it is helpful to express
the integrand completely in terms of sec x.

 Powers of sec x may require integration by parts,

as shown in the following example.
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 8

Find ∫ sec3x dx

 Here, we integrate by parts with

u  sec x dv  sec x dx
2

du  sec x tan x dx v  tan x

TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 8

Then,

 sec x dx  sec x tan x   sec x tan x dx

3 2

 sec x tan x   sec x(sec x  1) dx

2

 sec x tan x   sec x dx   sec x dx

3
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS Example 8

Using Formula 1 and

solving for the required integral,
we get:


3
sec x dx
 12 (sec x tan x  ln | sec x  tan x |)  C
TANGENT & SECANT INTEGRALS

Integrals such as the one in the example

may seem very special.
 However, they occur frequently in applications of
integration.

 We will see this in Chapter 8.

COTANGENT & COSECANT INTEGRALS

Integrals of the form ∫ cotmx cscnx dx

can be found by similar methods.

 We have to make use of the identity

1 + cot2x = csc2x
OTHER INTEGRALS

Finally, we can make use of

another set of trigonometric identities,
as follows.
OTHER INTEGRALS Equation 2

In order to evaluate the integral, use

the corresponding identity.

Integral Identity
sin A cos B
a ∫ sin mx cos nx dx
 12  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B) 
sin A sin B
b ∫ sin mx sin nx dx
 1
2  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
c ∫ cos mx cos nx dx cos A cos B
 1
2  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS Example 9

Evaluate ∫ sin 4x cos 5x dx

 This could be evaluated using integration by parts.

 It’s easier to use the identity in Equation 2(a):

 sin 4 x cos 5 x dx   2  sin( x)  sin 9 x 

1

 1
2  ( sin x  sin 9 x) dx
 12 (cos x  91 cos 9 x)  C