TRIGONOMETRY

BASIC TRIGONOMETERY RATIO

P B P
Sin = cos  = tan  =
H H B
H H B
cosec  = sec  = cot  = H
P B P P
1 1 1
Sin = cos  = tan  =
cos ec sec  cot 

sin  cos 
tan  = cot  = B
cos  sin 

Values to learn ANGLE CHANGE FORMULAE

00 30 0 450 60 0 90 0 sin ( 90 −  ) = cos 

1
cos ( 90 −  ) = sin 
1 3
Sin 0 1
2 2 2 tan ( 90 −  ) = cot 
cos ec ( 90 −  ) = sec 
3 1 1
cos 1
2 2 2
0 sec ( 90 −  ) = cos ec
cot ( 90 −  ) = tan 
1
tan 0 1 3 
3
BASIC IDENTITIES
2
cosec  2 2 1 sin 2  + cos 2  = 1
3
1 + tan 2  = sec 2 
2
sec 1 2 2 
3 1 + cot 2  = cos ec 2
1
cot  3 1 0
3

ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION BOTH ARE FORMED WITH HORIZONTAL LINE
C P C

A B A B

BAC is angle of elevation of point C from point A PCA is angle of depression of point A from point C

ANGLE OF ELEVATION = ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

 Lines, Angles and Triangles
TYPE OF ANGLES
Null Angle – 00 Acute Angle 00-900 Right Angle 900 Obtuse Angle 900-1800
Straight Angle 1800 Reflex Angle 1800-3600 Complete Angle – 3600

Complementary Angles : If sum of two angles is 90 0, they are called complementary.

Supplementary Angles : If sum of two angles is 1800, they are called complementary.

Intersecting Lines

Vertically Opposite Angles (equal) Linear Pair ∠ABD + ∠CBD = 1800.

∠AOC = ∠BOD
∠AOD = ∠BOC

Parallel Lines

Corresponding Angles Alternate Interior Lines Co-Interior Angles

(equal) (equal) (Sum 1800)

The ratio of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal is equal to the ratio of the corresponding intercepts
made on any other transversal by the same parallel lnes.

a P Q
b \ R S
c P T U

l m

If lines a, b, c are parallel and line l and line m are two transversals, then,
PR : RT = QS : SU.

TYPES OF TRIANGLES
With regard to their sides
Scalene : all sides of different length
Isosceles : Two sides are of equal length
Equilateral : All sides are of equal length
With regard to their Angles
Acute Angle Triangle : All angles less than 900
Right Angle Triangle : One Angle 900
Obtuse Angle Triangle : One angle more than 900
Important properties of triangles:
1. ANGLE SUM PROPERTY : Sum Of All Angles of a triangle is always 1800.

2. SIDE SUM PROPERTY : Sum of two smaller sides of a triangle is always greater than the largest side.
a + b  c where c is the largest side

3. PYTHAGORAS THEOREM :
(i) For acute angle triangle c 2  a 2 + b 2 (ii) For right angle triangle c 2 = a 2 + b 2
(iii) For obtuse angle triangle c 2  a 2 + b 2 Where c is the largest side in all cases

4. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE :
In Isosceles triangle, the angles opposite to the
equal sides are also equal and vice versa.
If XY = XZ, then Y = Z

5. EXTERIOR ANGLE THEOREM :

The measure of an exterior angle is equal to the sum
of the measures of the two interior angles
(remote interior angles) of the triangle, not adjacent to it.
 ACD =  A +  B

6. MID POINT THEOREM :

If D and E are mid points of AB and AC respectively,
Then
(a) DEIIAB D E
(b) DE = ½ AB
1
(c) Area ADE = Area ABC
4
(d) Joining All mid points of the triangle divide it into 4 triangles of equal area

7. BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM (THALES THEOREM) :

AD AE
If DEIIBC then = D E
DB EC

8. SINE AND COSINE RULE

(A) SINE RULE
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
c b
(B) COSINE RULE
b2 + c2 − a 2 a
cos A = .
2bc
9. MEDIAN AND CENTROID A
If AD is median of ABC , then
(a) BD = CD F E
(b) area ABD = area ACD G
(c) Apollonius Theorem (Median Theorem)
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2( BD 2 + AD 2 ) B D C
(d) The Point of intersection of the medians is called centroid. (Point G in fig).
(e) The Centroid Divide the medians in the ratio 2:1. (AG:GD = 2:1, BG:GE = 2:1, CG:GF = 2:1)
(f) All the medians divide the triangle into 6 equal areas.
A
A
10. ANGLE BISECTOR AND INCENTRE
If AD is angle bisector, then F E
I
(a) BAD = CAD
AB BD
(b) Angle Bisector Theorem = B D
C
B
AC CD D C
(c) The Point of intersection of the angle bisectorsIs called Incentre which is also centre of incircle. (Point I)
A B C
(d) Angle at incentre : BIC = 900 + AIC = 900 + AIB = 900 +
2 2 2

11. ALTITUDE AND ORTHOCENTRE

If AM is Altitude O
(a) AMB = AMC = 900
(b) Point of intersection of altitudes is
called Orthocenter. (Point O)
(c) Angle at Orthocentre D

BOC = 1800 − A AOC = 1800 − B AOB = 1800 − C

12. PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR AND CIRCUMCENTRE

If XY is perpendicular bisector of AB intersecting it at D
XX H
(a) BD = CD
(b) BDX = CDX = 90
0
D D
(c) Point of intersection of Perpendicular bisectors Is called
Circum-centre which is also the centre of circumcircle. (Point H) Y
(d) Angle at circumcentre
BHC = 2A AHC = 2B AHB = 2C

13. POSITION OF CENTROID, INCENTRE, ORTHOCENTRE & CIRCUMCENTRE FOR ACUTE, RIGHT AND OBTUSE TRIANGLE
ACUTE OBTUSE RIGHT

CENTROID INSIDE INSIDE INSIDE

IN-CENTRE INSIDE INSIDE INSIDE

ORTHOCENTRE INSIDE OUTSIDE At Right Angle

CIRCUM-CENTRE INSIDE OUTSIDE At Mid Point of Hypotaneous

14. PROPERTIES OF CENTROID, INCENTRE, ORTHOCENTRE AND CIRCUMCENTRE FOR SCALANE, ISOSCELES AND
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES

(a) FOR SCALANE TRIANGLE : Median, Angle Bisector, Altitude and Perpendicular Bisector all are distinct lines.
Also Centroid, Incentre, Orthocenter and Circum-centre all are distinct points

(b) FOR ISOSCELES TRIANGLE : Let in  ABC, AB = AC

Median, Angle Bisector, Altitude and Perpendicular Bisector all are distinct lines from point B and C but from Point A
only one line will be all in one (median, Angle Bisector, Altitude and Perpendicular Bisector will be same line).
But Centroid, Incentre, Orthocenter and Circum-centre all are distinct points

(c) FOR EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE: Median, Angle Bisector, Altitude and Perpendicular Bisector all are same lines from all
vertices. Also Centroid, Incentre, Orthocenter and Circum-centre will be same point.

15. SIMILAR TRIANGLES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

When Angles of one triangle are equal to angles of other triangle, then the triangles are said to be similar. Similar
Triangles have following properties
(a) Corresponding Angles are equal.
(b) Ratio of Corresponding Sides, Medians, Angle Bisectors, Altitudes and Perimeters all are equal.
(c) Ratio of Area is square of the ratio of sides.

16. AREA OF TRIANGLE

1
(a) area =  base  height
2
(b) area = s( s − a)( s − b)( s − c) a, b, c are sides and s is semi-perimeter
1
(c) area = ab sin  a, b are any two sides and  is angle between sides a and b
2
(d) area = r  s r is In-radius and s is semi-perimeter
abc
(e) area = R is circum-radius and s is semi-perimeter
4R

17. RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE 18. EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

(a) h = a + b
2 2 2
(a) side = a
1 3 2
(b) area = ab (b) area = a
2 4
ab
(c) p = (p Is perpendicular on Hypotaneous) (c) altitude =
3
a
h 2
a+b−h
(d) r = (r is in-radius) 1 3a
2 (d) r =  (r is in-radius)
3 2
h
(e) R = (R is circum-radius) 2 3a
2 (e) R =  (R is circum-radius)
(f) Basic Pythagorean Triplets to remember 3 2
(3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (7, 24, 25)
(8, 15, 17) (9, 40, 41)
All multiples of Pythagorean triplets are also
Pythagorean triplets
 QUADRILATERALS
 RECTANGLE 
QUARDILATERAL → TRAPEZIUM → PARALLELOGRAM →   → SQUARE
 RHOMBUS 

QUADRILATERAL A
Q
1. The sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360 . 0 B
P
2. If a quadrilateral is formed by joining the mid points
D R
of the sides another quadrilateral, then its area will be
half of the area of original quadrilateral. S
C
1
Area PQRS = Area ABCD A
2
x B
3. If P is the intersection of the diagonals, then w P
x z = y w y
Where x, y, z and w are the areas of four triangles in the diagram. D z

TRAPEZIUM C
1. One pair of opposite sides is parallel
2. If AB CD , then
A + D = 1800
B + C = 1800 A B

3. If the diagonals AC and BD intersect at P, then P

PA PB
= D C
PC PD

4. Area  APD = Area  BPC

1
5. Area of Trapezium =  ( sum of parallel sides)  height A
2 B

6. If E and F are mid-points of AD and BC (non-parallel sides), then E F

AB + CD
EF = D C
2

PARALLELOGRAM
1. Opposite sides are parallel and equal
B A
2. Opposite Angles are equal
3. Sum of any two adjacent angles is 1800.
4. Diagonals bisect each other C
D
A B
5. Area of Parallelogram = base  height a
d S
6. If S is any point inside the parallelogram, then b
a+c =b+d c
Where a, b, c and d are the area of triangles. D C
RHOMBUS
A
1. All sides are equal, Opposite sides are parallel.
2. Opposite Angles are equal.
3. Sum of any two adjacent angles is 1800.
4. Diagonals bisect each other at 900. D B
P
5. Area of Rhombus = base  height
C
1
6. Area of Rhombus =  d1  d 2
2
Where d1 and d 2 are diagonals.

RECTANGLE
A B
1. Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
P
A B
2. All angles are 900.
D O
C
3. Diagonals are equal and they bisect each other.

4. Area of Rectangle = l  b
D C
5. If O is any point inside the rectangle ABCD, then
OA2 + OC 2 = OB 2 + OD 2

SQUARE
A B
1. All sides are equal, opposite sides are parallel.
P
2. All Angles are 900.

3. Diagonals are equal and they bisect each other at 90 0.

D C
4. Area = ( side )
2

1
 ( diagonal )
2
5. Area =
2 B

KITE
1. Two Pair of adjacent sides are equal i.e.
A C
AB = BC and CD = DA P

2. Longer diagonal bisect the shorter diagonal at 90 0.

1
3. Area =  d1  d 2
2
D
POLYGON (n sided)

1. Sum of all internal angles = (n − 2) 180

2. Sum of all external angles = 3600

n( n − 3)
3. Number of diagonals =
2

NAME OF POLYGON

No. of sides 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Heptagon/
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon
Septagon

REGULAR POLYGON : A polygon is said to be regular if its all sides and all angles are equal.

(n − 2) 180
1. Each internal angle =
n

360
2. Each external angle =
n

REGULAR HEXAGON (side = a)

A B A B
0
1. Angle = 120 .

2. longer diagonal = AD = 2a F C F C

3. shorter diagonal = AE = 3a
E D E D

3 2
4. Area = 6  a A B
4

5. A regular hexagon can be divided into 6 equilateral triangles. F C

6. If a regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle, then

radius of circle = side of hexagon E D

STAR

1. Sum of all corner angles = (n − 4) 180

 CIRCLES
1. Angle formed by an arc at centre is double 2. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal
the angle formed by it at any point on the  PAQ =  PCQ
remaining part of the circle.

3. Angle in a semicircle is right angle. 4. The sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180 0.
 APB = 900.  A +  C = 1800.  B +  D = 1800.

5. Angle between radius and tangent is 900. 6. Angle between tangent and chord is equal to the
Angle formed by same chord in alternate segment.

7. Tangent from centre always bisect the chord. 8. Tangent secant theorem
PT 2 = PA  PB

9. Chord intersection theorem (internal) 10. Chord Intersection Theorem (external)

PA PD = PC  PB MN  MO = MP  MQ
11. If PQ and PR are tangents to the circle from point P. 15. CIRCLE
Then (a) PQ = PR Circumfrence = 2 r
(b) PO bisects  P as well as  Q. Area =  r 2

16. SECTOR

12. If AB, BC, CD and DA are tangents to the given circle Length of Arc AB =  2 r
AB + CD = BC + DA 360

Area of sector =  r2
360

13. Length of direct common tangent

PQ = d 2 − (r1 − r2 ) 2
Where d is distance between centres

17. SEGMENT
Area of segment = Area of sector – Area of triangle

14. Length of Transverse (indirect) common tangent

PQ = d 2 − (r1 + r2 ) 2
Where d is distance between centres
 MENSURATION

PRISM
LSA = Lateral Surface Area
TSA = Total Surface Area
POB = Perimeter of Base
AOB = Area of Base

(1) LSA = POB  height

(2) TSA = LSA + 2( AOB )

(3) volume = AOB  Height

PYRAMID

1
(1) LSA =  POB  Slant height
2

(2) TSA = LSA + ( AOB )

1
(3) volume =  AOB  Height
3

REGULAR TETRAHEDRON

3 2
(1) LSA = 3  a
4
3 2
(2) TSA = 4  a
4
3
(3) slant height = a
2
2
(3) height = a
3
2 3
(3) volume = a
12
 Shape CSA TSA Volume Diagonal

Cuboid 2 (lh + bh ) 2 (lh + bh + lb ) l b h l 2 + b2 + h2

Main = 3a
Cube 4a 2 6a 2 a3
face = 2a

Cylinder 2 rh 2 rh + 2 r 2  r 2h NA

1 2
Cone  rl  rl +  r 2 r h NA
3

4 3
Sphere 4 r 2 4 r 2 r NA
3

2 3
Hemi-sphere 2 r 2 3 r 2 r NA
3

FRUSTUM OF A CONE
(1) slant height = ( r2 − r1 ) + h 2
2

(1) LSA =  ( r2 + r1 )  slant height

(
(2) TSA = LSA +  r2 2 + r12 )
1
(
(3) volume =  r2 2 + r12 + r2 r1 h
3
)

FRUSTUM OF A SQUARE PYRAMID

 a −b 
2

(1) slant height =   +h

2

 2 
1
(2) LSA =  ( 4a + 4b )  slant height
2
(3) TSA = LSA + a + b
2 2

(4) volume = ( a + b + ab ) h
1 2 2