TOPIC 1.

1 -
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
1.1.1: Angles and Their Measure
1.1.2: Right Triangle Trigonometry
3. : Computing the Values of
Trigonometric Functions of
Acute Angles
4. : Trigonometric Functions of
General Angles
5. : Unit Circle Approach; Properties of the Trigonometric
Functions
6. : Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
7. : Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Cosecant, and
1
Secant Functions
 1.1.1: Angles and their
measure
Angles:
 An angle is formed by initial side and terminal side
 The common point for this 2 sides is the vertex of the angle
 An angle is in standard position if:
i) Its vertex is at the origin of a rectangle coordinate system
ii) Its initial side lies along the positive x-axis
 Positive angles generated by counterclockwise rotation
 Negative angles generated by clockwise rotation
 An angle is called a quadrantal angle if its terminal side lies
on the x-axis or the y-axis

2
Measuring angles using degrees
• One complete revolution = 360 

• One quarter of a complete revolution = 90 = one right angle



• One degree equals 60 minutes, i.e. 1

• One
60 minute equals 60 seconds, i.e.

1 60
Angles classified by their degree measurement:

.
a.Acute b. right c.Obtuse d.Straight
angle angle angle
angle

3
Measuring angles using radians
•One complete revolution =
radians
2 radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of the
•One
circle equal in length to the radius of the circle.

c
180
1 1c
180
Example:
Convert each angle in degrees to radians
a. 60 b. 270 c. -300
Convert each angle in radians to degrees
a. radians b. 4
c. 6 radians
4 3

radians

4
1.1.2: Right Triangle
Trigonometry
The six trigonometric function
For any acute angle of a right angled triangle OAB (figure shown)
Opposite b Adjacent a Opposite b
sin cos tan
Hypotenuse c c Adjacent
Hypotenuse a

1 1 1
cosec secant cot
sin angent tan
cos

5
 Fundamental identities
Reciprocal identities
1 1 1
sin cos tan
csc sec cot
1 1 1
csc sec cot
si cos tan
n sin2
cos2 1

Quotient identities
sin cos
tan cot

cos sin

Pythagorean identities
1 tan 2 sec 2 1 cot2 csc2

6
 Trigonometric functions
and complements
Cofunction identities
The value of a trigonometric function of is equal to the cofunction
of the complement of
sin cos(90 ) cos sin(90  ) tan cot(90 )

csc sec(90 ) sec csc(90  cot tan(90 )


)

Example:
Find a cofunction with the same value as the given expression
a) sin b) c o t
46 
12

7
c2 a2 b2

Solving Right Triangles

To solve a right triangle means to find the missing lengths of its sides and
the measurements of its angles.
Some general guidelines for solving right triangles:
1. Need to know an angle and a sid. e, or else two sides.
2.
Then, make use of the Pythagorean Theorem and the fact that
the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 , and the sum of the unknown angles


in a right triangle is 90

A
c c2=a2+b2 A+B=90
b

8
 Example:
If b = 2 and .
40, find a, c, and

c
40

Solution :
2

9
 1.1.3: COMPUTING THE VALUES OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ACUTE
ANGLE
We use isosceles triangle and equilateral triangle to find these special angles of
30  , 60 and 45 

3 1
sin60 cos60 tan 60
2 2
3
1 3 1
sin 30 cos30 tan 30
2 2 3
1 2 1
sin cos45 tan 45
2 2 2 1
45
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1.1.4: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF
GENERAL ANGLES
2nd 1st Quadrant
Quadrant
r
y
x
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
x

Definitions of trigonometric functions of any angle

Let be any angle in standard position, and let P = (x,y) be a point
on
the terminal side of . If r x2 y2
is the distance from (0,0) to (x,y), then the 6 trigonometric functions of
are defined by the following ratios:

y x
s in c os ta n y 0
,

rr , y rr x
cs c 0 s ec ,x 0 cot x
y x
x
,y

0 11
y
Example:
1.Let P = (4, -3) be a point on the terminal side of . Find each of the
six trigonometric functions of

2. Evaluate, if possible the cosine function and the cosecant function at

the following 4 quadrantal angles

=0 =
a) b) 2

d) 3
c) = 180º =
2

**Quadrantal Angles: 0 ,90 ,180 ,270 ,360

12
The signs of the trigonometric function
y

sine All (sin , cos, tan)

x
tangent cosine

If is not a quadrantal angle, the sign of a trigonometric

function

depends on the quadrant in which lies

Given tan = -1/3 and cos < 0, find sin and sec
Example:

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 Coterminal Angles
Two angles in standard position are said to be coterminal if they have
the same terminal side.
Example:

For example, the angles 60 and 420 are coterminal, as are the angles -40
and 320 .
Note:
1. is coterminal with
2. The trigonometric functions2 ofk ,coterminal
k is any angles are equal.
sin( integer.
2 k)
Example:sin
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Definition of a reference angle

Let be a nonacute angle in standard position that lies in a quadrant.

Its reference angle is the positive acute angle formed by the terminal side of
and the x-axis
Example:
1.Find the reference angle, for each of the following angles:
7
b) =
a) = 210º 4

c) = -240º d) = 3.6

2. Use the reference angles to find the exact value of the following
trigonometric functions:
a) sin 300º b) tan 5 c) sec
4 6

15
1.1.5: UNIT CIRCLE APPROACH; PROPERTIES
OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Definitions of the trigonometric functions in terms of a unit circle

If t is a real number and P = (x,y) is a point on the unit circle
that corresponds to t, then

sin t y c ost x y
tan t x ,x 0
1 1
csct ,y 0 sect ,x 0 cot t x 0
,y
y x
y

Example:
Find the values of the trigonometric function at
t

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The domain and range of the sine and cosine functions
The domain of the sine function and the cosine function is the set of
all real numbers. The range of these functions is the set of all
real numbers from -1 to 1, inclusive.

Even and odd trigonometric functions

The cosine and secant functions are even
cos( t) cost sec( t) sect
The sine, cosecant, tangent and cotangent functions
sin(are
t) oddsin t tan( t) tan t
csc ( t) c sct cot( t) cott

Example:
Find the exact value of: a) cos( 60 )
b) tan 6

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Definition of a periodic function
A function f is periodic if there exists a positive number p such that
f (t p) f (t)
for all t in the domain of f. The smallest number p for which f is
periodic
is called the period of f
Periodic properties of the sine and cosine functions
sin(t 2 ) sin and cos(t 2 ) cost
t
The sine and cosine functions are periodic functions and have period 2

Periodic properties of tangent and cotangent functions

tan(t ) tan t cot(t

and ) cott
The tangent and cotangent functions are periodic functions and
have period

Repetitive behavior of the sine, cosine and tangent functions

For
sin(t any integer
2 n) sin n and real
cos(t number t,
2 n) cost tan(t n) tan
t t
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1.1.6: Graphs of the Sine
and Cosine Functions
Characteristics of the Sine Function:

Domain : all real numbers

Range : 1 y 1

Period :
Symmetry through origin : sin( )
2 sin
Odd function
x - intercepts : ...., 2 ,
,0, ,2 ,3 ,......
y - intercept : 0
max value : 1 , occurs at
x ..... , 3 , , 5 , ...
2 2 2
min value : -1 , occurs at
x ..... , 3 7 , ...
,
2 2 2,

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 Graphing variations of y=sin x
Graph of y=A sin Bx
1. Identify the amplitude and the period
Amplitude = |A| ; Period = 2
B
2. Find the values of x
3. Find the values of y for the one that we find in step 2
4. Connect all the points and extend to the left or right as desired

Graph of y = A sin (Bx – C)

This graph is obtained by horizontally shifting the graph of y=A sin Bx so
C
that the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to x
This is called the phase shift B

If C 0 the shift is to the right

B
If C
0 the shift is to the left
B

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Example:
1- Determine the amplitude of y = 3sin x. Then graph y = sin x and y = 3sin x for

0 x 2
1 1
2- Determine the amplitude of y sin x . Then graph y sin x and y sin x
2 2
for x 3
1
3- Determine the amplitude and period of y 2 sin x . Then graph the function
2
for 0 x 8

4- Determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift of y 3sin 2x

Then graph one period of the function 3

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Characteristics of the Cosine Function:

Domain : all real numbers

Range :

Symmetry
1 about y-axis : cos( ) cos
Even function
3
xy - intercepts : . .. .. , , , 3 5
, 2 , .. .
2 2 2 , 2

y - intercept : 1
1max value : 1 , occurs at
x :
Period ..., 2 ,0,2 ,......
,4
2minxvalue
...., , ,3 at,5
: -1 , occurs ,......

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Graphing variations of y=cos x
Graph of y=A cos Bx
1. Identify the amplitude and the period
Amplitude = |A| ; Period =
2
B
2. Find the values of x
3. Find the values of y for the one that
we find in step 2
Graph of y = Aall
4. Connect cos (Bxpoints
the – C) and
Thisextend
graph istoobtained
the leftbyorhorizontally
right as shifting the graph of y=AC cos Bx so
thatdesired
the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to x
This is called the phase shift B
C
If 0 the shift is to the right

B
If 0 the shift is to the left
C

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Example: Determine the amplitude and period of y 4 c os x
Then graph the function for 2 x 2

Vertical shifts of sinusoidal graphs

For y = A sin (Bx – C) + D and y = A cos (Bx – C) +
D, the constant +D will cause the graph to shift
upward while –D will cause the graph to move
downward.
So, the max y is D + |A| and the min y is D - |A|

Example: Graph one period of the function y = 2 cos x + 1

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1.1.7: GRAPHS OF THE TANGENT,
COTANGENT, COSECANT, AND SECANT
FUNCTIONS

Characteristics of the Tangent Function:

Domain : all real numbers except odd multiples
2
Range : all real numbers
Period :

Symmetry with respect to the origin : tan( )

tan Odd function
x - intercepts : x ..., 2 , ,0, ,2 ,3 ,......

y - intercept : 0
Vertical asymptotes : x ....., 3 , , 3 ,...
2 2 2,
2

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Characteristics of the Cotangent Function

Domain : all real numbers except integral multiples of

Range : all real numbers
Period :
Symmetry with respect to the origin : cot(
) cot
..., , 2 ,0, ,
function: x 2 ......
x - intercepts
Odd
y - intercept : none
Vertical asymptotes : x ....., ,0, ,2 ...
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Characteristics of the Cosecant Function:

Domain : all real numbers except integral multiples of

Range : all real numbers of y such that y 1 or y 1
Period : 2
) csc Odd function
Symmetry with respect to the origin :csc(
x - intercepts : none
yVertical
- intercept : none : x ....., ,0 , ,2 ...
asymptotes

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Characteristics of the Secant Function:

Domain : all real numbers except odd multiples of 2

Range : all real numbers of y such that y 1
1 or y
Period : 2
Symmetry with respect to y-axis: sec( ) sec Even function
x - intercepts : none
y - intercept : 1 3
Vertical asymptotes : x ..... , , , ,
3 , ...
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