Trigonometric ratios & identities 1

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

1. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY :
The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'trigon' and 'metron' and it means 'measur-
ing the sides of a triangle'. The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems involv-
ing triangles. It was studied by sea captains for navigation, surveyor to map out the new lands, by
engineers and others. Currently, trigonometry is used in many areas such as the science of seismol-
ogy, designing electric circuits, describing the state of an atom, predicting the heights of tides in the
ocean, analysing a musical tone and in many other areas.
(a) Measurement of angles : Commonly two systems of measurement of angles are used.
(i) Sexagesimal or English System : Here 1 right angle = 90° (degrees)
1° = 60' (minutes)
1' = 60" (seconds)
(ii) Circular system : Here an angle is measured in radians. One radian corresponds to the
angle subtended by an arc of length 'r ' at the centre of the circle of radius r. It is a constant
quantity and does not depend upon the radius of the circle.

D R
(b) Relation between the these systems :
90 /2

(c) If is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 'r',

by an arc of length ' ' then . • r

r

Note that here , r are in the same units and is always in radians.

Illustration 1 : If the arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 75° at their centres.
Find the ratio of their radii.
Solution : Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the given circles and let their arcs of same length 's' subtend
angles of 60° and 75° at their centres.

c c c c
5
Now, 60° = 60 and 75 75
180 3 180 12

s 5 s
3 r1 and 12 r2

5 5
r1 s and r2 s r1 r2 4r1 5r2 r1 : r2 = 5 : 4 Ans.
3 12 3 12

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2 JEE-Mathematics
Do yourself - 1 :
1. The radius of a circle is 30 cm. Find the length of an arc of this circle if the length of the chord
of the arc is 30 cm.
2. A man is running around a regular hexagonal field of side length 6m, so that he always at a
distance 3 metre from the nearest boundary. Find the length of path travelled by him in one
round.
3. Convert the following measurement into radians :
(a) 25º 30' 30" (b) 10º 42' 30" (c) 9º 18' 42"
4. A belt is tied up across two circular pulleys of radii 5m and 1m respectively whose centres
are seperated at a distance 8m. (as shown). Find the length of the belt required.

5
1
8

5. Find the number of degrees, minutes and seconds in the angle at the centre of a circle, whose
radius is 5m, which is subtended by an arc of length 6 m. (Consider = 22/7)

2. T-RATIOS (or Trigonometric functions) :

In a right angle triangle h
p

p b p h h b
sin ; cos ; tan ;cos ec ; sec = and cot b
h h b p b p

'p' is perpendicular ; 'b' is base and 'h' is hypotenuse.

Note : The quantity by which the cosine falls short of unity i.e. 1 – cos , is called the versed sine
of and also by which the sine falls short of unity i.e. 1– sin is called the coversed sine of .
3. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

(1) sin . cosec = 1 (2) cos . sec =1

sin cos
(3) tan . cot = 1 (4) tan & cot
cos sin

(5) sin2 + cos2 = 1 or sin2 = 1 – cos2 or cos2 = 1 – sin2

(6) sec2 – tan2 = 1 or sec2 = 1 + tan2 or tan2 = sec2

1
(7) sec + tan
sec tan

(8) cosec2 – cot2 = 1 or cosec2 = 1 + cot2 or cot2 = cosec2 –1

1
(9) cosec + cot =
cos ec cot
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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 3
(10) Expressing trigonometrical ratio in terms of each other :

sin cos tan cot sec cosec

tan 1 sec 2 1 1
sin sin 1 cos2
1 tan 2
1 cot 2 sec cosec
1 cot 1 cosec 2 1
cos 1 sin 2 cos
1 tan 2 1 cot 2 sec cosec
sin 1 cos2 1 1
tan tan sec 2 1
1 sin 2 cos cot cosec 2 1
1 sin 2 cos 1 1
cot cot cosec 2 1
sin 1 cos 2 tan sec 2
1
1 1 1 cot 2 cosec
sec 1 tan 2 sec
1 sin 2 cos cot cosec 2 1
1 1 1 tan 2 sec
cosec 1 cot 2 cosec
sin 1 cos 2 tan sec 2 1
12
Illustration 2 : If sin sin 2 1 , then prove that cos 3cos10 3cos8 cos6 1 0
Solution : Given that sin = 1 – sin2 = cos2
L.H.S. = cos6 (cos2 + 1)3 – 1= sin3 (1 + sin )3 – 1= (sin + sin2 )3 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
Illustration 3 : 4(sin6 + cos6 ) – 6 ( sin4 + cos4 ) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –2 (D) none of these
Solution : 4 [(sin2 + cos2 )3 – 3 sin2 cos2 ( sin2 + cos2 ) ] – 6[ (sin2 + cos2 )2 – 2sin2 cos2 ]
= 4[1 – 3 sin2 cos2 ] – 6[1 –2 sin2 cos2 ]
= 4 – 12 sin2 cos2 – 6 + 12 sin2 cos2 = –2 Ans.(C)
Do yourself - 2 :
4
1. If cot , then find the value of sin , cos and cosec in first quadrant.
3
2. If sin + cosec = 2, then find the value of sin8 + cosec8
Prove the following statements in their respective valid domains :
3. cos4A – sin4A + 1 = 2cos2A
4. (sinA + cosA)(1 – sinA cosA) = sin3A + cos3A.
sin A 1 cos A
5. 2 cosec A
1 cos A sin A
6. cos6A + sin6A = 1 – 3 sin2A cos2A.

1 sin A
7. sec A tan A (–90º < A < 90º)
1 sin A

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4 JEE-Mathematics

1
8. sin A cos A
cot A tan A

1 tan A cot A 1
9.
1 tan A cot A 1

tan A cot A
10. sec A cosec A 1
1 cot A 1 tan A

cos A sin A
11. sin A cos A.
1 tan A 1 cot A
12. sec4A – sec2A = tan4A + tan2A.
13. cot4A + cot2A = cosec4A – cosec2A.
14. tan2A – sin2A = sin4A sec2A = tan2A.sin2A
15. (1 + cotA – cosecA) (1 + tanA + secA) = 2

1 1 1 1
16.
cosec A cot A sin A sin A cosec A cot A

cot A.cos A cot A cos A

17.
cot A cos A cot A.cos A

1 1 1 cos2 sin 2
18. cos2 sin 2
sec 2 cos2 cosec 2 sin 2 2 cos2 sin 2

19. sin8A – cos8A = (sin2A – cos2A) (1 – 2 sin2A cos2A)

tan A sec A 1 1 sin A

20.
tan A sec A 1 cos A

21. (tan + cosec )2 – (cot – sec )2 = 2 tan cot (cosec + sec ).

22. 2 sec2 – sec4 – 2 cosec2 + cosec4 = cot4 – tan4 .

x2 y2
23. If sin equals to 2 , find the value of cos and cot , where (0,90º).
x y2

m 2 2mn m 2 2mn
24. If sin , prove that tan , where (0,90º).
m 2 2mn 2n 2 2mn 2n 2

25. If cos sin 2 sin , prove that cos sin 2 cos .

26. Prove that cosec6 – cot6 = 3 cosec2 cot2 + 1.
27. Express 2 sec2 A – sec4 A – 2cosec2 A + cosec4 A in terms of tan A.

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 5

4. NEW DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS :

y
By using rectangular coordinates the definitions of trigonometric
functions can be extended to angles of any size in the following way
P(x, y)
(see diagram). A point P is taken with coordinates (x, y). The radius
r
vector OP has length r and the angle is taken as the directed angle •O x
measured anticlockwise from the x-axis. The three main trigonometric
functions are then defined in terms of r and the coordinates x and y.
sin = y/r,
cos = x/r
tan = y/x,
(The other function are reciprocals of these)
This can give negative values of the trigonometric functions.

5. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS :

90°, /2
II quadrant I quadrant

only sine All +ve

& cosec +ve
180°, 0°, 360°, 2
only tan & cot only cos
+ve & sec +ve

III quadrant IV quadrant

270°, 3 /2

6. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES :

(a) sin (2n + ) = sin , cos (2n + ) = cos , where n I

(b) sin ( ) = – sin cos (– ) = cos

sin(90° – ) = cos
sin(90° + ) = cos
sin(180° – ) = sin
sin(180° + ) = –sin
sin(270° – ) = –cos
sin(270° + ) = –cos
sin (360° – ) = –sin
sin (360° + ) = sin
cos(90° – ) = sin
cos(90° + ) = –sin
cos(180° – ) = –cos
cos(180° + ) = –cos
cos(270° – ) = –sin
cos(270° + ) = sin
cos(360° – ) = cos
cos(360° + ) = cos

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6 JEE-Mathematics
Do yourself - 3 :

11
1. If sin A , find tanA, cosA, and sec A.
61

4
2. If cos , find sin and cot .
5

1 cos ec 2 sec 2
3. If tan , find the value of
7 cosec 2 sec 2

15
4. If cot , find sin and cosec .
8
5. If 2 sin = 2 – cos , find sin .
6. If 8 sin = 4 + cos , find sin .
7. If tan + sec = 1.5, find sin
8. If cot + cosec = 5, find cos
9. If 3 sec4 + 8 = 10 sec2 , find the values of tan
10. If tan2 + sec = 5, find cos .
11. If tan + cot = 2, find sin .
12. If sec2 = 2 + 2 tan , find tan .

2x x 1
13. If tan , find sin and cos .
2x 1

7. VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :

Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

T-ratio 0 /6 /4 /3 /2 3 /2
sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1
cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0
tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 N.D. 0 N.D.
cot N.D. 3 1 1/ 3 0 N.D. 0
sec 1 2/ 3 2 2 N.D. –1 N.D.
cosec N.D. 2 2 2/ 3 1 N.D. –1

N.D. Not Defined

(a) sin n = 0 ; cos n =(–1)n; tan n = 0 where n I

(b) sin(2n+1) = (–1)n; cos(2n+1) = 0 where n I

2 2
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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 7

Do yourself - 4 :
1. Verify the following identities for A = 30º as well as for A = 45º
(a) cos2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2sin2A
(b) sin2A = 2sinA cosA (c) cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA

2 tan A
(d) sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A (e) tan 2A
1 tan 2 A
2. Find the value of
(a) sin230º + sin245º + sin260º (b) tan230º + tan245º + tan260º
(c) sin30º cos60º + sin30º sin60º (d) cos45º cos60º – sin45º sin60º

1 1
Illustration 4 : If sin =– and tan =then is equal to -
2 3
(A) 30° (B) 150° (C) 210° (D) none of these
Solution : Let us first find out lying between 0 and 360°.
1 1
Since sin = = 210° or 330° and tan = = 30° or 210°
2 3
7
Hence , = 210° or is the value satisfying both. Ans. (C)
6

Do yourself - 5 :
1 3
1. (i) If cos = – and , then find the value of 4tan2 – 3cosec2 .
2 2

(ii) Prove that : (a) cos570° sin510° + sin(–330°) cos(–390°) = 0

11 9 3 17 3 2 3
(b) tan 2 sin cosec 2 4 cos2
3 3 4 4 6 2
2. Evaluate :
(a) sin 420º cos 390º + cos (– 300º) sin(– 330º) (b) tan 225º cot 405º + tan 765º cot 675º
3. What are the values of cosA – sinA and tanA + cotA when A has the values

2 7 11 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 3 4
4. Express the following quantities in terms of the ratios of a positive angle, which is less than 45º
(a) sin(–65º) (b) cos(–928º) (c) tan1145º (d) cot(–1054º)
5. What is the sign of sinA + cosA for the following values of A ?
(a) 140º (b) –356º (c) –1125º.
6. What is the sign of sinA – cosA for the following values of A ?
(a) 215º (b) –634º (c) – 457º
7. Find the sines and cosines of all angles in the first four quadrant whose tangents are equal to
cos 135º.

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8 JEE-Mathematics
8. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
(i) y = sinx (ii) y = cosx

Y Y

1 1

– /2 /2 3 /2
X' X X' o X
–2 – o 2 –3 /2 – 3 /2
/2
–1 –1

Y' Y'

(iii) y = tanx (iv) y = cotx

Y Y

3 3
–3 – 3 –
2
–
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
X' o X X' –2 – o 2 X

Y' Y'

(v) y = secx (vi) y = cosecx

Y Y

Y=1 Y=1
(-2 ,1) (0,1) (2 ,1) –

–5 /2,0 –3 /2,0 – /2,0 /2,0 3 /2,0 5 /2,0 – ,0 ,0

X' o X X' o X

(– ,–1) ( ,–1)
Y=–1 Y=–1

Y' Y'

9. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

T-Ratio Domain Range Period

sin x R [–1,1] 2
cos x R [–1,1] 2
tan x R–{(2n+1) /2 ; n I} R
cot x R–{n : n I} R
sec x R– {(2n+1) /2 : n I} (– –1] [1, ) 2
cosec x R– {n : n I} (– ,–1] [1, ) 2

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 9

Do yourself - 6 :

1
1. Prove that the equation sin x is impossible if x be real.
x

4xy
2. Show that the equation sec 2 2
is only possible when x = y.
x y

3. The number of real solutions of the equation sin(ex) = 2x + 2–x is -

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
4. Draw graphs of
(a) y = sin2x (b) y = 2cos3x (c) y = 4 tanx
5. Find number of solutions of the equation sin x + x2 + 1 = 2x

10. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES :

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A tan B tan A tan B
(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A – B) =
1 tan A tan B 1 tan A tan B
cot Bcot A 1 cot Bcot A 1
(vii) cot (A + B) = (viii) cot (A – B) =
cot B cot A cot B cot A
Some more results :
(i) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B). sin(A – B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.
(ii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).

Illustration 5 : Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.

3 1 3 cos 20 sin 20
Solution : L.H.S. =
sin 20 cos 20 sin 20 .cos 20

3 1
4 cos 20 sin 20 4(sin 60.cos 20 cos 60 .sin 20 )
= 2 2 =
sin 40
2 sin 20 cos20
sin(60 20 ) sin 40
= 4. 4. 4 R.H.S.
sin 40 sin 40
Illustration 6 : Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° .

tan 20 tan 50
Solution : L.H.S. = tan 70 tan(20 50 )
1 tan 20 tan 50
or tan70° – tan20° tan50° tan70° = tan20° + tan50°
or tan70° = tan70° tan50° tan20° + tan20° + tan50° = 2 tan 50° + tan20°
= cot70° + 2cot40° = R.H.S.

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10 JEE-Mathematics
Do yourself - 7 :
3 9
1. If sin A and cos B ,0 A, B , then find the value of the following :
5 41 2
(a) sin(A + B) (b) sin(A – B) (c) cos(A + B) (d) cos(A – B)
2. If x + y = 45°, then prove that :
(a) (1 + tanx)(1 + tany) = 2 (b) (cotx – 1)(coty – 1) = 2
(Remember these results)

3 9
3. If sin and cos , find the value of sin( – ) and cos( ).
5 41

15 12
4. If sin and cos , find the values of sin( + ), cos( – ), and tan( )
17 13
Prove that
5. cos(45º – A) cos(45º – B) – sin(45º – A) sin(45º – B) = sin(A + B).
6. sin(45º + A) cos(45º – B) + cos(45º + A) sin(45º – B) = cos(A – B).

sin A B sin B C sin C A

7. 0
cos A cos B cos Bcos C cos C cos A
8. sin105º + cos105º = cos45º
9. sin75º – sin15º = cos105º + cos15º
10. cos( + ) cos – cos( )cos = sin sin( )
11. sin(n + 1)A sin(n – 1) A + cos(n + 1)A cos(n – 1)A = cos2A.
12. sin(n + 1)A sin(n + 2) A + cos(n + 1)A cos(n + 2)A = cosA.

1 1
13. If tan A and tan B , find the values of tan(2A + B) and tan(2A – B)
2 3

5 1
14. If tan and tan , prove that
6 11 4
Prove that

3
15. tan tan 1
4 4

16. cot cot 1

4 4

A A
17. 1 tan A tan tan A cot 1 sec A
2 2
18. tan3A tan2A tanA = tan3A – tan2A – tanA.

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 11
11. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE :
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B). (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (iv)2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
tan(A B) 1
Illustration 7 : If sin2A = sin2B, then prove that .
tan(A B) 1
Solution : Given sin2A = sin2B
sin 2A
sin 2B 1
Applying componendo & dividendo,
sin 2A sin 2B 1
sin 2B sin 2A 1

2A 2B 2A 2B
2sin cos
2 2 1
2B 2A 2B 2A 1
2 cos sin
2 2

sin(A B) cos(A B) 1 sin(A B) cos(A B) 1

cos(A B) sin{ (A B)} 1 cos(A B) sin(A B) ( 1)
sin(A B) cos(A B) 1 1
tan(A B) cot(A B)
cos(A B) sin(A B) 1 1
tan(A B) 1
tan(A B) 1

Do yourself - 8 :

sin 75 sin15
1. Simplify
cos 75 cos15
Express follwing as a sum or difference of angles used in arguments :
2. 2sin5 sin7 .
3. 2 sin54º sin66º
4. cos(36º – A) cos(36º + A) + cos(54º + A) cos(54º – A) = cos2A.
5. cos A sin (B – C) + cos B sin (C – A) + cos C sin (A – B) = 0.

1
6. sin(45º + A) sin (45º – A) = cos2A
2
7. sin ( ) cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos ( ) + sin ( ) cos( ) = 0.

9 3 5
8. 2 cos cos cos cos 0
13 13 13 13

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12 JEE-Mathematics
12. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT :

C D C D
(i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2

C D C D
(ii) sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2

C D C D
(iii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2

C D D C
(iv) cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2

sin 5 sin 2 sin

Illustration 8 : is equal to -
cos 5 2 cos 3 2 cos2 cos
(A) tan (B) cos (C) cot (D) none of these

2 sin 2 cos 3 sin 2 sin 2 2 cos3 1

Solution : L.H.S.= =
2 cos3 .cos 2 2 cos3 2 cos 2 2 cos3 cos 2 1 cos2

sin 2 2 cos3 1 sin 2 (2 cos3 1)

= tan Ans. (A)
2 cos 3 2 cos 2
cos 2 2 cos2 (2 cos3 1)

Do yourself - 9 :

1. Prove that

sin 8 cos sin 6 cos 3

(a) (sin3A + sinA)sinA + (cos3A – cosA)cosA = 0 (b) tan 2
cos 2 cos sin 3 sin 4
Prove that
sin 7 sin 5
2. tan
cos 7 cos 5

cos2B cos2A
3. cot A B cot A B
cos 2B cos 2A

sin 2A sin 2B tan A B

4. sin 2A sin 2B tan A B

5. cos(A + B) + sin(A – B) = 2sin(45º + A)cos(45º + B)

cos3A cos A cos 2A cos 4A sin A
6.
sin 3A sin A sin 4A sin 2A cos 2A cos3A

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 13

tan 5 tan 3
7. 4 cos 2 cos 4
tan 5 tan 3

cos3 2 cos 5 cos 7

8. cos 2 sin 2 tan 3
cos 2 cos3 cos 5

sin A sin 3A sin 5A sin 7A

9. tan 4A
cos A cos3A cos 5A cos 7A

sin A C 2 sin A sin A C sin A

10.
sin B C 2sin B sin B C sin B

sin A sin 5A sin 9A sin13A

11. cot 4A
cos A cos 5A cos 9A cos13A

sin A sin B A B A B
12. tan cot
sin A sin B 2 2

sin A sin B A B
13. tan
cos A cos B 2

sin A sin B A B
14. cot
cos B cos A 2

cos A B C cos A B C cos A B C cos A B C

15. cot B
sin A B C sin A B C sin A B C sin A B C

3 3 3
16. cos n cos n 2sin .sin n
2 2 2

7 3 11
17. sin sin sin sin sin 2 sin 5
2 2 2 2

9 5
18. cos 2 cos cos3 cos sin 5 sin
2 2 2

2sin A C cosC sin A 2C sin A

19. 2 sin B C cosC sin B 2C sin B

sin A sin 2A sin 3A sin 6A sin 4A sin13A

20. tan 9A
sin A cos 2A sin 3A cos 6A sin 4A cos13A

cos 2A cos3A cos 2A cos 7A cos A cos10A

21. cot 6A cot 5A
sin 4A sin 3A sin 2A sin 5A sin 4A sin 7A

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14 JEE-Mathematics
13. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES :

(i) sin (A+B+C) = sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB – sinAsinBsinC

= sinA cosB cosC – sin A

= cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC]

(ii) cos (A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC – cosA sinB sinC

= cos A – sin A sin B cos C

= cos A cos B cos C [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A ]

tan A tan B tan C tan A tan Btan C S1 S3

(iii) tan (A + B+ C)
1 tan A tan B tan Btan C tan C tan A 1 S2

14. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES :

(a) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 2 in terms of the angle :

2 tan
(i) sin 2 = 2 sin cos =
1 tan 2

1 tan 2
(ii) cos 2 = cos2 – sin2 = 2 cos2 – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2
1 tan 2

(iii) 1 + cos 2 = 2 cos2 (iv) 1 – cos2 = 2 sin2

1 cos 2 sin 2 2 tan

(v) tan (vi) tan 2
sin 2 1 cos 2 1 tan 2

2 cos 2A 1
Illustration 9 : Prove that : tan(60 A) tan(60 A) .
2 cos 2A 1

Solution : R.H.S. = tan(60° + A) tan(60° – A)

tan 60 tan A tan 60 tan A 3 tan A 3 tan A

= 1 tan 60 tan A 1 tan 60 tan A 1 3 tan A 1 3 tan A

sin 2 A
3
3 tan 2 A cos2 A 3 cos2 A sin 2 A 2 cos2 A cos 2 A 2 sin 2 A sin 2 A
=
1 3 tan 2 A sin 2 A cos2 A 3sin 2 A 2 cos2 A 2 sin 2 A sin 2 A cos 2 A
1 3
cos2 A

2(cos2 A sin 2 A) cos 2 A sin 2 A 2 cos 2A 1

L.H.S.
2(cos2 A sin 2 A) (sin 2 A cos2 A) 2 cos 2A 1

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 15

Do yourself - 10 :
Prove that :

sin 2A sin 2A
1. tan A (Remember) 2. cot A (Remember)
1 cos 2A 1 cos 2A

1 sin 2 cos 2
3. tanA – cotA = –2 cot2A. (Remember) 4. cot
1 sin 2 cos 2
5. tanA + cotA = 2 cosec2A

1 cos A cos B cos A B A B

6. tan cot
1 cos A cos B cos A B 2 2

sec 8A 1 tan 8A 1 tan 2 45 A

7. 8. cosec 2A
sec 4A 1 tan 2A 1 tan 2 45 A

sin 2 A sin 2 B
9. tan A B 10. tan tan 2 tan 2
sin A cos A sin Bcos B 4 4

4 cos 2A
11. cot(A + 15º) – tan(A – 15º)
1 2 sin 2A

sin n 1 A 2 sin nA sin n 1 A A

12. cot
cos n 1 A cos n 1 A 2

A 3A
13. sin3A + sin2A – sinA = 4 sin A cos cos
2 2

14. tan 2A sec 2A 1 sec 2 A 1

15. cos32 + 3cos2 = 4(cos6 – sin6 )

16. 1+ cos22 = 2(cos4 + sin4 )
17. sec2 A(1 + sec 2A) = 2 sec 2A
18. cosecA – 2cot2A cosA = 2sinA

1 A A
19. cot A cot tan
2 2 2

2 cos 2 n 1
20. 2 cos 1 2 cos 2 1 2 cos 2 2 1 .... 2 cos 2 n 1
1
2 cos 1

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16 JEE-Mathematics
(b) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 3 in terms of the angle :

(i) sin3 = 3sin – 4sin3 . (ii) cos3 = 4cos3 – 3cos .

3tan tan 3
(iii) tan 3
1 3 tan 2
Illustration 10 : Show that sin12°.sin48°.sin54° = 1/8

Solution : L.H.S. = 1 cos36 cos 60 sin 54

1
cos36 sin 54
1
sin 54
2 2 2

1 1
= 2 cos36 sin 54 sin 54 sin 90 sin18 sin 54
4 4

1 1
= 1 (sin 54 sin18 ) 1 2 sin18 cos36
4 4

1 2 sin18 1 sin 36 cos 36

= 1 cos18 cos36 1
4 cos18 4 cos18

1 2 sin 36 cos36 1 sin 72 1 1 1

= 1 1 1 R.H.S.
4 2 cos18 4 2sin 72 4 2 8

Illustration 11 : Prove that : tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A) = 3tan3A

Solution : L.H.S. = tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A)

= tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan{180° –(60° – A)}

= tanA + tan(60° + A) – tan(60° – A) [ tan(180° – ) = –tan ]

tan 60 tan A tan 60 tan A 3 tan A 3 tan A

tan A tan A
1 tan 60 tan A 1 tan 60 tan A 1 3 tan A 1 3 tan A

3 tan A 3 tan A 3 tan 2 A 3 tan A 3 tan A 3 tan 2 A

tan A
(1 3 tan A)(1 3 tan A)

8tan A tan A 3 tan 3 A 8 tan A

= tan A
1 3 tan 2 A 1 3tan 2 A

9 tan A 3tan 3 A 3tan A tan 3 A

3 3 tan 3A R.H.S.
1 3tan 2 A 1 3 tan 2 A

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 17

Do yourself - 11 :
1 Prove that :
(a) cot cot (60° – ) cot (60° + ) = cot 3 (b) cos5 = 16cos5 – 20 cos3 + 5 cos

1
(c) cos20°cos40°cos60°cos80°=
16
Prove that

1
2. sin sin(60º – ) sin(60º + ) sin 3
4

1
3. cos cos(60º – ) cos(60º + ) = cos3
4
4. cot + cot(60º + ) – cot(60º – ) = 3cot3 .
5. cos4 = 1 – 8cos2 + 8 cos4
6. sin4A = 4 sinA cos3A – 4cosA sin3A.
7. cos6 = 32cos6 – 48 cos4 + 18 cos2 – 1.

8. If cos x sin x a, x , then cos2x is equal to

2 4

(A) a2 (B) a 2 a (C) a 2 a (D) a 2 a2

3 A 5A
9. If cos A , then the value of expression 32 sin sin is equal to
4 2 2
(A) 11 (B) –11 (C) 12 (D) 4

15. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES :

Since the trigonometric relations are true for all values of angle , they will be true if instead of be

substitute
2

2 tan
(i) sin = 2 sin cos = 2
2 2
1 tan 2
2

1 tan 2
(ii) cos = cos2 – sin2 = 2 cos2 –1 = 1 – 2 sin2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 tan
2

(iii) 1 + cos = 2 cos2 (iv) 1 – cos = 2 sin2

2 2

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18 JEE-Mathematics

1 cos sin 2 tan

(v) tan (vi) tan 2
2 sin 1 cos
1 tan 2
2
1 cos 1 cos
(vii) sin =± (viii) cos
2 2 2 2

1 cos
(ix) tan (x) 2 sin 1 sin 1 sin
2 1 cos 2

1 tan 2 1
(xi) 2 cos 1 sin 1 sin (xii) tan
2 2 tan
for (vii) to (xii) , we decide the sign of ratio according to value of .

1 1
Illustration 12: sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° is equal to
2 2
1 1 1 1
(A) 4 2 2 (B) 4 2 2 (C) 4 2 2 (D) 4 2 2
2 2 4 4
1 1 1
Solution : sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° = 1 sin135 1 (using cosA + sinA = 1 sin 2A )
2 2 2
1
4 2 2 Ans.(A)
2

Do yourself - 12 :
1 Find the value of

(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan

8 8 8

cos A A
2. tan 45
1 sin A 2

1 sin cos
3. tan
1 sin cos 2

1 1
4. If sin and sin , find the values of sin ( ) and sin(2 + 2 ).
2 3

11 4
5. If cos and sin , find the values of sin 2 and cos2 , the angles and
61 5 2 2
being positive acute angles.

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 19

3 4
6. If cos and cos , find the value of cos , the angles and being positive
5 5 2
acute angles.

1
7. Given sec 1 , find tan and tan .
4 2

1 1 1
8. Find the values of (a) sin 7 (b) cos 7 (c) tan11
2 2 4

9. If sin + sin = a and cos + cos = b, find the value of tan .

2

Prove that

2 2
10. cos cos sin sin 4 cos2 .
2

2 2
11. cos cos sin sin 4 cos2 .
2

2 2
12. cos cos sin sin 4 sin 2
2

13. sec sec 2 sec 2

4 4

A 1 sin A
14. tan 45 sec A tan A
2 1 sin A

A A 1
15. sin 2 sin 2 sin A
8 2 8 2 2

3
16. cos2 + cos2( + 120º) + cos2( – 120º) =
2

3 5 7 3
17. cos4 cos 4 cos 4 cos 4
8 8 8 8 2

3 5 7 3
18. sin 4 sin 4 sin 4 sin 4
8 8 8 8 2

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20 JEE-Mathematics
16. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :
5 1 2
(i) sin18 sin cos 72 cos
10 4 5

5 1 3
(ii) cos36 cos sin 54 sin
5 4 10

2 10 2 5
(iii) sin 72 sin cos18 cos
5 4 10

10 2 5 3
(iv) sin 36 sin cos 54 cos
5 4 10

3 1 5
(v) sin15 sin cos 75 cos
12 2 2 12

3 1 5
(vi) cos15 cos sin 75 sin
12 2 2 12

3 1 5
(vii) tan15 tan 2 3 cot 75 cot
12 3 1 12

5 3 1
(viii) tan 75 tan 2 3 cot15 cot
12 3 1 12
3
(ix) tan 22.5 tan 2 1 cot 67.5 cot
8 8
3
(x) tan 67.5 tan 2 1 cot 22.5 cot
8 8
Illustration 13 : Evaluate sin78° – sin66° – sin42° + sin6°.

Solution : The expression = (sin78° – sin42°) – (sin66° – sin6°) = 2cos(60°) sin(18°) – 2cos36°. sin30°

= sin18° – cos36° = 5 1 5 1 = –1
4 4 2

Do yourself - 13 :
1 Find the value of
13
(a) sin sin (b) cos2 48 sin 2 12
10 10
Evaluate :
2. sin 2 72 sin 2 60

2 3 4
3. sin sin sin sin
5 5 5 5

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 21
4. tan6º tan42º tan66º tan78º

2 3 4 5 6 7
5. cos cos cos cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15 15 15 15

2 4 8 14
6. 16 cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15
7. Two parallel chords of a circle, which are on the same side of the centre, subtend angles of
72º and 144º respectively at the centre. Prove that the perpendicular distance between the chords
is half the radius of the circle.
8. In any circle prove that the chord which subtends 108º at the centre is equal to the sum of
the two chords which subtend angles of 36º and 60º.

4 16 2 8 32 1
9. If A cos cos cos , B cos cos cos , then value of is
9 9 9 9 9 9 16A.B

2 4 8 16
10. The value of cos cos cos cos cos is
10 10 10 10 10

10 2 5 cos / 10 cos / 10 10 2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
64 16 16 16

17. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

If A + B + C = 180°, then

(i) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

(ii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

A B B C C A
(iii) tan tan tan tan tan tan 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
(iv) cot cot cot cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2

(v) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC

(vi) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =–1–4 cosA cosB cosC

A B C
(vii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2

A B C
(viii)cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
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22 JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 14 : In any triangle ABC, sin A – cos B = cos C, then angle B is (Where B> C)
(A) /2 (B) /3 (C) /4 (D) /6
Solution : We have , sin A – cos B = cos C
sin A = cos B + cos C

A A B C B C
2 sin cos 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2

A A A B C
2 sin cos 2 cos cos A+B+C=
2 2 2 2

A A A B C
2 sin cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2

A B C
cos cos or A = B – C ; But A + B + C =
2 2

Therefore 2B = B = /2 Ans.(A)

3
Illustration 15 : If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos2C is equal to-
2

(A) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (B) 4 sinA sin B sinC

(C) 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC (D) 1 – 4 sinA sinB sinC

Solution : cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 2 cos (A + B ) cos (A – B) + cos 2C

3 3
= 2 cos C cos (A – B) + cos 2C A+B+C=
2 2

= – 2 sin C cos ( A– B) + 1 – 2 sin2C = 1 – 2 sinC [ cos ( A– B) + sin C )

3
= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) + sin A B ]
2

= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) – cos ( A +B ) ] = 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C

Ans.(D)

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 23

Do yourself - 14 :

1. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then find the value of sinA + sinB – sinC – sinD

2. If A + B + C = , then find the value of tanA tanB + tanBtanC + tanC tanA

2

If A + B + C = 180º, then prove that

3. sin2A + sin2B – sin2C = 4cosA cosB sinC
4. cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = 1 – 4sinA sinB cosC

A B C
5. sinA + sinB – sinC = 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

6. sin2A + sin2B – sin2C = 2 sinA sinB cosC

7. cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1– 2 cosA cosB cosC.
8. cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = 1 – 2 sinA sinB cosC

A B C A B C
9. sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 1 2sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
10. sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 1 2 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

B C C A A B
11. sin(B + 2C) + sin(C + 2A) + sin(A + 2B) 4 sin sin sin .
2 2 2

A B C A B C
12. sin sin sin 1 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2 4 4 4

sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C A B C

13. 8sin sin sin
sin A sin B sin C 2 2 2

14. sin(B + C – A) + sin(C + A – B) + sin(A + B – C) = 4sinA sinB sinC

15. If x + y + z = xyz prove that

3x x 3 3y y 3 3z z 3 3x x 3 3y y 3 3z z 3
(a) . .
1 3x 2 1 3y 2 1 3z 2 1 3x 2 1 3y 2 1 3z 2

(b) x(1 – y2)(1 – z2) + y(1 – z2)(1 – x2) + z(1 – x2)(1– y2) = 4xyz

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24 JEE-Mathematics
18. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS :

(i) acos + bsin will always lie in the interval [ a2 b2 , a 2 b2 ] i.e. the maximum and

minimum values are a 2 b2 , a2 b2 respectively.

(ii) Minimum value of a2 tan2 + b2 cot2 = 2ab where a, b

(iii) a2 b2 2ab cos( ) < a cos ( + ) + b cos ( )< a2 b2 2ab cos( ) where
and areknown angles.
(iv) In case a quadratic in sin & cos is given then the maximum or minimum values can be
obtained by making perfect square.

Illustration 16 : Prove that : 4 5cos 3cos 3 10 , for all values of .

3
13 3 3
Solution : We have, 5cos + 3cos 5cos + 3cos cos –3sin sin cos – sin
3 3 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
13 3 3 13 3 3 13 3 3
Since, cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

13 3 3
7 cos sin 7
2 2

7 5cos 3cos 7 for all .

3

7 3 5cos 3cos 3 7 3 for all .

3

4 5cos 3cos 3 10 for all .

3

Illustration 17 : Find the maximum value of 1 + sin + 2 cos -

4 4
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Solution : We have 1 + sin + 2 cos

4 4
1 1
=1+ (cos + sin ) + 2 ( cos + sin ) = 1 + 2 (cos + sin )
2 2

1
=1+ 2 . 2 cos
2 4

1
maximum value = 1 2 . 2 4 Ans. (D)
2

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 25

Do yourself - 15 :

1. Find maximum and minimum value of 5cos + 3sin for all real values of .
6
2. Find the minimum value of cos + cos2 for all real values of .
3. Find maximum and minimum value of cos2 6 sin cos 3sin 2 2.
4. Find the maximum and minimum values of
2 2
(i) cos2x + cos2x (ii) cos 4 x sin x cos x

5. If + = 90º, then find the maximum value of sin .sin .

6. Find the maximum and minimum value of 1 + 2sinx + 3cos2x
7. Find the minimum value of 4sec2x + 9cosec2x
8. Find the maximum and minimum value of 9cos2x + 48sinx. cosx – 5sin2x– 2

9. Find the maximum and minimum value of 2sin 6

3 cos
6
10. Find minimum value of (i) 3 sin2x + 27cosec2x (ii) 27sin2x + 3cosec2x

19. IMPORTANT RESULTS :

1
(i) sin sin (60° – ) sin (60° + ) sin 3
4
1
(ii) cos . cos (60° – ) cos (60° + ) cos3
4
(iii) tan tan (60° – ) tan (60° + ) = tan 3
(iv) cot cot (60° – ) cot (60° + ) = cot 3
3
(v) (a) sin2 + sin2 (60° + ) + sin2 (60° – ) =
2
3
(b) cos2 + cos2 (60° + ) + cos2 (60° – ) =
2
(c) tan + tan(60° + ) + tan(120° + ) = 3tan3
(vi) (a) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C, then A + B + C = n , n I

(b) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1, then A + B + C = (2n + 1) ,n I

2
sin(2 n )
(vii) cos cos 2 cos 4 .... cos (2 n–1
)= n
2 sin
(viii) (a) cotA – tanA = 2cot2A (b) cotA + tanA = 2cosec2A
n 1 n
sin sin
2 2
(ix) sin + sin ( ) + sin ( +2 ) +... sin ( n 1 )
sin
2
n 1 n
cos sin
2 2
(x) cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2 ) + .... cos( n 1 )
sin
2

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26 JEE-Mathematics
Do yourself - 16 :

3 5
1 Evaluate sin + sin sin ......... to n terms
n n n

sin2 n
2. Prove that : sin + sin3 + sin5 +...+ sin(2n – 1) =
sin

3. Find the average of sin2º, sin4º,sin6º,..., sin180º

3 5 7 9 1
4. Prove that : cos cos cos cos cos
11 11 11 11 11 2

5. Find sum of the following series :

3 5
(a) cos cos cos ... up to n terms.
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1

(b) sin2 + sin3 + sin4 +...+ sin n , where (n +2) = 2

2 n 1
6. If S cos 2 cos2 ... cos2 , then S equals (where n 2, n N)
n n n

n 1 n 2 n
(A) 2 n 1 (B) 2 n 1 (C) (D)
2 2

Miscellaneous Illustration :

Illustration 18 : Prove that

tan + 2 tan2 + 22 tan2 + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 2n cot 2n = cot

Solution : We know tan = cot – 2 cot 2 .....(i)

Putting = , 2 ,22 , ..............in (i), we get

tan = (cot – 2 cot 2 )

2 (tan 2 ) = 2(cot 2 – 2 cot 22 )

22 (tan 22 ) = 22 (cot 22 – 2 cot 23 )

..........................................................

2n–1 (tan 2n–1 ) = 2n–1 (cot 2n–1 – 2 cot 2n )

Adding,

tan + 2 tan2 + 22 tan2 + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 = cot – 2n cot 2n

tan + 2 tan2 + 22 tan2 + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 + 2n cot 2n = cot

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 27

A B C D 1
Illustration 19 : If A,B,C and D are angles of a quadrilateral and sin sin sin sin , prove that
2 2 2 2 4
A = B = C = D = /2.
A B C D
Solution : 2 sin sin 2 sin sin 1
2 2 2 2
A B A B C D C D
cos cos cos cos 1
2 2 2 2
Since, A + B = 2 – (C + D), the above equation becomes,
A B A B C D A B
cos cos cos cos 1
2 2 2 2
A B A B A B C D A B C D
cos2 cos cos cos 1 cos cos 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B
This is a quadratic equation in cos which has real roots.
2
2
A B C D A B C D
cos cos 4 1 cos .cos 0
2 2 2 2
2
A B C D
cos cos 4
2 2
A B C D A B C D
cos cos 2 , Now both cos and cos 1
2 2 2 2
A B C D
cos 1& cos 1
2 2
A B C D
0
2 2
A = B, C = D.
Similarly A = C, B = D A = B = C = D = /2

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28 JEE-Mathematics
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. If sin x + sin x = 1, then the value of cos2x + cos4x is -
2

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3

6 6 4 4
2. 2(sin + cos ) – 3(sin + cos ) + 1 is equal to -
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 6
2 4
3. If x = ycos z cos ] then xy + yz + zx =
3 3
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
4. The value of sin10º + sin20º + sin30º+....+ sin 360º is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2
5. If cos( ) + sin ( ) = 0 and 2010tan + 1 = 0, then tan is equal to
1
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2010 (D)
2010
x y
6. If cos x + cos y + cos = 0 and sin x + sin y + sin = 0, then cot 2
(A) sin (B) cos (C) cot (D) 2 sin
sin(A C) 2sin A sin(A C)
7. is equal to -
sin(B C) 2sin B sin(B C)
sin A cos A sin C
(A) tan A (B) (C) (D)
sin B cos B cos B
sin 8 cos sin 6 cos 3
8. The expression is equals -
cos 2 cos sin 3 sin 4
(A) tan (B) tan 2 (C) sin 2 (D) cos2
1 sin 2 cos 2
9.
1 sin 2 cos 2
1 1
(A) tan (B) cot (C) tan (D) cot
2 2
10. If tan x + tan y = 25 and cot x + cot y = 30, then the value of tan(x + y) is
(A) 150 (B) 200 (C) 250 (D) 100
11. If A = tan 6º tan 42º and B = cot 66º cot 78º, then -
(A) A = 2B (B) A = 1/3B (C) A = B (D) 3A = 2B

12. In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is 2 2 times the perpendicular drawn from the opposite
vertex. Then the other acute angles of the triangle are
3 3
(A) and (B) and (C) and (D) and
3 6 8 8 4 4 5 10
13. If tan = (1+2–x)–1, tan = (1+2x+1)–1, then + =
(A) /6 (B) /4 (C) /3 (D) /2

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 29

tan
14. If 3 sin = 5 sin , then 2
tan
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 cos 1
15. If cos = then tan · cot has the value equal to {where , (0, )}
2 cos 2 2

(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 3

n sin A cos A
16. If tanB = then tan(A + B) equals
1 n cos2 A
sin A ( n 1) cos A sin A sin A
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1 n ) cos A sin A (n 1) cos A (n 1) cos A

17. The value of cosec – 3 sec 18 is a

18
(A) surd (B) rational which is not integral
(C) negative integer (D) natural number
18. The value of cot x + cot (60º + x) + cot (120º + x) is equal to :
3 9 tan 2 x
(A) cot 3x (B) tan 3x (C) 3 tan 3x (D)
3 tan x tan 3 x
5 1 sin x 1 sin x
19. If x 3 , then the value of the expression is
2 1 sin x 1 sin x
x x x x
(A) –cot (B) cot (C) tan (D) –tan
2 2 2 2
o o o o
1 1 1 1
20. The value of cot 7 tan 67 cot 67 tan 7 is :
2 2 2 2
(A) a rational number (B) irrational number
(C) 2(3 + 2 3 ) (D) 2 (3 – 3 )
21. If x + y = 3 – cos4 and x – y = 4 sin2 then
(A) x4 + y4 = 9 (B) x y 16 (C) x3 + y3 = 2(x2 + y2) (D) x y 2
2 4 8 2 4 8
22. If A = sin + sin + sin and B = cos + cos + cos then A2 B 2 is equal to
7 7 7 7 7 7
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 3
23. If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C, then -
(A) A,B,C must be angles of a triangle
(B) the sum of any two of A,B,C is equal to the third
(C) A+B+C must be n integral multiple of
(D) None of these

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30 JEE-Mathematics

sin 3x
24. If f(x) = ,x n , then the range of values of f(x) for real values of x is -
sin x
(A) [–1,3] (B) (– ,–1] (C) (3, + ) (D) [–1,3)
2
25. Maximum and minimum value of 2sin – 3sin + 2 is -
1 7 1 21 21 3 7
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) 7,
4 4 4 4 4 4 8

26. For (0, /2), the maximum value of sin cos is attained at =
6 6

(A) (B) (C) (D)

12 6 3 4
27. Minimum value of the expression cos2 –( 6 sin cos ) + 3 sin2 + 2, is -
(A) 4 10 (B) 4 10 (C) 0 (D) 4
3 5
28. The value of sin sin sin is :-
14 14 14

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
16 8 2
96 sin 80 sin 65 sin 35
29. The exact value of is equal to
sin 20 sin 50 sin 110
(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) –12 (D) 48
30. If m and n are positive integers satisfying
cos m ·sin n
1 + cos 2 + cos 4 + cos 6 + cos 8 + cos10 = then (m + n) is equal to
sin
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12

EXERCISE (O-2)
Multiple Objective Type :
1. If cosx = tanx, then which of the following is/are true ?
1 1
(A) cos 4 x 1 (B) cos4 x 2 (C) cos4x + cos2x = 1 (D) cos4x + cos2x = 2
sin x sin x
1 1
2. If tan A and tan B , then A + B =
2 3
3 5 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4
3
3. If cos A B and tanA tanB = 2, then which of the following is/are correct ?
5

1 2 1 4
(A) cosA cosB = (B) sin A sin B (C) cos A B (D) sin A cos B
5 5 5 5

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 31

1 t
4. If sin t cos t , then tan is equal to
5 2

1 1
(A) –1 (B) (C) 2 (D)
3 6
5. If tan2 + 2tan .tan2 = tan2 + 2tan .tan2 , then
(A) tan2 + 2tan .tan2 = 0 (B) tan + tan = 0
2
(C) tan + 2tan .tan2 = 1 (D) tan = tan
6. If 3sin = sin(2 + ), then tan( + ) – 2 tan is
(A) independent of (B) independent of
(C) dependent of both and (D) independent of but dependent of
2 2
7. If L = cos 84º + cos 36º + cos 36º cos 84º
M = cot 73º cot 47º cot 13º
N = 4 sin 156º sin 84º sin36º, then which of the following option(s) is(are) correct ?

(A) L < 1 (B) M > tan 2 (C) N sin (D) 0 < LMN
4

cos3x 1
8. If for some angle x, 0 x , which of the following is/are true ?
cos x 3 2

sin 3x 7 2 1 2 5
(A) (B) cos2x = (C) tanx (D) sin 2x
sin x 3 3 5 6
9. If = 2 , then

(A) tan tan tan tan tan tan

2 2 2 2 2 2

(B) tan tan tan tan tan tan 1

2 2 2 2 2 2

(C) tan tan tan tan tan tan

2 2 2 2 2 2

(D) tan tan tan tan tan tan 1

4 4 4 4 4 4
10. If x + y = z, then cos2x + cos2y + cos2z – 2 cos x cos y cos z is equal to
(A) cos2z (B) sin2z (C) cos(x + y – z) (D) 1
11. If A,B,C are angles of a triangle ABC and tanA tanC = 3; tan B tanC = 6 then, which is (are) correct?

tan A
(A) A (B) tanA tanB = 2 (C) 3 (D) tanB = 2 tanA
4 tan C

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32 JEE-Mathematics
12. Which of the following is/are true ?

cos 2
(A) sin sin
4 4 2
(B) In a ABC, if tanA = 2, tanB = 3, then tanC = 1
(C) Minimum value of 4tan2 + cot2 is 4 (wherever defined)
(D) Range of 3sin2 + 4sin cos + 5cos2 is 4 5, 4 5

n
1
13. Let ƒn n
sin 4 2n . Then which of the following alternative(s) is/are correct ?
n 04

1 2 2 3
(A) ƒ2 4 (B) ƒ3 (C) ƒ4 2
1 (D) ƒ5( ) = 0
2 8 4

cos x cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5x cos 6x cos 7 x

14. Let y = , then which of the following hold
sin x sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x sin 5x sin 6 x sin 7 x
good?
(A) The value of y when x = /8 is not defined.(B) The value of y when x = /16 is 1.
(C) The value of y when x = /32 is 2 1 . (D) The value of y when x = /48 is 2 3.
Paragraph for Question Nos. 15 to 17
Consider the polynomial P(x) = (x – cos 36°)(x – cos 84°)(x – cos156°)
15. The coefficient of x2 is
1 5 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – (D)
2 2
16. The coefficient of x is
3 3 3
(A) (B) – (C) – (D) zero
2 2 4
17. The absolute term in P(x) has the value equal to
5 1 5 1 5 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 16 16 16
Paragraph for Question 18 to 19

2 4
Let a,b,c are respectively the sines and p,q,r are respectively the cosines of , and ,
3 3
then
18. The value of (a + b + c) + (ab + bc + ca) is
3 3
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D)
4 4
19. The value of (qc – rb) is-

3 3
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) depends on
2 2

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 33

INTEGER TYPE

4 3sec B 4cosecB
20. If acute angle A = 3B and sin A then is
5 2

2 4 6 7
21. If the value of cos cos cos cos . Find the value of .
7 7 7 7 2

n 2 sin 2
22. If cot( – ), 3cot , cot( + ) are in AP (where, , k , n, k I ), then is
2 sin 2

equal to

sin sin 3 sin 9 k1

23. If k1 = tan27 – tan and k 2 then is equal to
cos3 cos 9 cos 27 k2

1 4 sin10 sin 70
24. The value of the expression is
2 sin10
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
25. In the following matrix match Column-I has some quantities and Column-II has some comments or
other quantities
Match the each element in Column-I with corresponding element(s) in Column-II
Column-I Column-II

(A) The value of 4 2 cos3 cos2 cos is (P) 4

7 7 7

(B) If A + B + C = and cosA = cosB. cosC then (Q) 8

tanB. tanC has the value equal to

cos 20 8sin 70 sin 50 sin10

(C) 4 is equal to (R) 2
sin 2 80

(D) The maximum value of 12sin – 9sin2 is (S) 1

(T) 6

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34 JEE-Mathematics
EXERCISE (S-1)
7 3 7 3
1. If X sin sin sin ,Y cos cos cos , then
12 12 12 12 12 12

X Y
prove that 2 tan 2 .
Y X
2. Prove that :
(a) tan 20° . tan 40° . tan 60° . tan 80° = 3

3 5 7 3
(b) sin 4 sin 4 sin 4 sin 4
16 16 16 16 2

(c) cos² + cos² ( + ) 2cos cos cos ( + ) = sin²

(d) (4 cos29° – 3) (4 cos227° – 3) = tan9°.

m n
3. If m tan( – 30°) = n tan ( + 120°), show that cos2 .
2(m n)
4 5
4. If cos ( + ) = ; sin ( – ) = & , lie between 0 & , then find the value of tan 2
5 13 4

a b
5. If the value of the expression sin25°. sin35°.sin85° can be expressed as , where a,b,c N
c
and are in their lowest form, find the value of (a + b + c).
6. If + = , prove that cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1 + 2 cos cos cos .

(2k 1) (2k 1) (4k 1)

7. Let P(k) 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos , then find the value
4k 4k 4k 4k
of (a) P(5) and (b) P(6).
8. Calculate without using trigonometric tables :
2cos 40 cos20
(a) 4cos20 3 cot 20 (b)
sin 20
6 3 5 7
(c) cos cos6 cos6 cos6 (d) tan10° – tan50° + tan70°
16 16 16 16
9. Given that (1 + tan 1°) (1 + tan2°)....(1 + tan45°) = 2n, find n.
10. (a) If y = 10 cos2x – 6 sinx cosx + 2 sin2x, then find the greatest & least value of y.
(b) If y = 1 + 2 sinx + 3 cos2x, find the maximum & minimum values of y x R.
(c) If y = 9 sec2x + 16 cosec2x, find the minimum value of y for all permissible value of x.

(d) If a < 3 cos + 5 cos + 3 < b, find a and b, where a is the minimum value & b is the
3
maximum value.

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 35

EXERCISE (S-2)
1. Prove that :
(a) cos 2 = 2 sin² + 4cos ( + ) sin sin + cos 2( + )
(b) tan + 2 tan 2 + 4 tan 4 + 8 cot 8 = cot .
2. Prove that : tan 9° tan 27° tan 63° + tan 81° = 4 . (c)
88
1 cos k
3. Let k = 1°, then prove that
n 0 cos nk.cos(n 1)k sin 2 k
A B C
4. If A + B + C = ; prove that tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 1.
2 2 2

5. Find the positive integers p,q,r,s satisfying tan p q r s .

24
6
(n–1) n
6. If f( ) cosec + cosec , where 0 , then find the minimum value of f( ).
n 1 4 4 2

2 3 5 7
7. Find the exact value of tan tan 2 tan 2 tan 2
16 16 16 16
8. If ' ' is eliminated from the equations cos – sin = b and cos3 + sin3 = a, find the eliminant.

9. In a right angled triangle, acute angles A and B satisfy

tan A + tanB + tan2A + tan2B + tan3A + tan3B = 70
find the angle A and B in radians.
tan A
10. If A + B + C = , prove that (tan A) 2 (cot A).
tan B.tan C

EXERCISE (JM)
1. In a PQR, if 3 sinP + 4 cosQ = 6 and 4 sinQ + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to :
[AIEEE-2012]
3 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 6 6 4
tan A cot A
2. The expression can be written as [JEE-MAIN 2013]
1 cot A 1 tan A

(1) sinA cosA + 1 (2) secA cosecA + 1 (3) tanA + cotA (4) secA + cosecA
1
3. Let fK (x) = sin k x cosk x where x R and k 1. Then f4 (x) – f6 (x) equals :
k
[JEE-MAIN 2014]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 4 12

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36 JEE-Mathematics
4. If 5(tan2x – cos2x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos4x is :- [JEE-MAIN 2017]

7 3 1 2
(1) – (2) – (3) (4)
9 5 3 9

5. For any , , the expression 3(sin – cos )4 + 6(sin + cos )2 + 4sin6 equals :
4 2

[JEE-MAIN 2019]
(1) 13 – 4 cos6 (2) 13 – 4 cos4 + 2 sin2 cos2
(3) 13 – 4 cos2 + 6 cos4 (4) 13 – 4 cos2 + 6 sin2 cos2

6. The value of cos cos ..... cos sin is : [JEE-MAIN 2019]

22 23 210 210

1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
256 2 512 1024

1
7. Let f k (x) (sin k x cos k x) for k = 1, 2, 3, .... Then for all x R, the value of
k

f4(x) – f6(x) is equal to :- [JEE-MAIN 2019]

5 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 12 4 12

8. The maximum value of 3cos +5sin for any real value of is : [JEE-MAIN 2019]
6

79
(1) 19 (2) (3) 31 (4) 34
2

9. Let and be two real roots of the equation (k + 1) tan2x – 2. tanx = (1 – k), where k( –

1) and are real numbers. If tan2 ( + ) = 50, then a value of is ; [JEE-MAIN 2020]

(1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 5 2 (4) 10 2

3 3 3
10. The value of cos ·cos sin 3 ·sin is : [JEE-MAIN 2020]
8 8 8 8

1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 2 2 2 2

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 37

EXERCISE (JA)

1. Let 0, and t1 (tan )tan , t 2 (tan )cot , t 3 (cot ) tan , t 4 (cot ) cot , then -
4
[JEE 06, 3M,–1M]
(A) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (B) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2 (C) t3 > t1> t2 > t4 (D) t2 > t3 > t1 > t4
sin 4 x cos x 1
2. (a) If , then [JEE 2009, 4 + 4]
2 3 5

2
2 sin 8 x cos8 x 1
(A) tan x = (B)
3 8 27 125

1 sin 8 x cos8 x 2
(C) tan2 x = (D)
3 8 27 125
6
(m – 1) m
(b) For 0 , the solution(s) of cosec + cos ec 4 2 is (are) -
2 m 1 4 4
5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 12

1
3. (a) The maximum value of the expression 2 is
sin 3sin cos 5cos 2

(b) Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance 3 1 apart. If the chords subtend at

2
the center, angles of and where k > 0, then the value of [k] is -
k k

[Note : [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k] [JEE 2010, 3+3]

4. Let P : sin cos 2 cos and Q : sin cos 2 sin be two sets. Then
(A) P Q and Q P (B) Q P
(C) P Q (D) P = Q [JEE 2011,3]
13
1
5. The value of is equal to [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(–1)]
k 1 (k 1) k
sin sin
4 6 4 6
(A) 3 3 (B) 2(3 3) (C) 2( 3 1) (D) 2(2 3)
6. Let and be nonzero real numbers such that 2(cos – cos ) + cos cos = 1. Then which
of the following is/are true ? [JEE(Advanced)-2017, 4]

(A) tan 3 tan 0 (B) 3 tan tan 0

2 2 2 2

(C) tan 3 tan 0 (D) 3 tan tan 0

2 2 2 2

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38 JEE-Mathematics
ANSWERS

Do yourself-1

3061 257 5587

1. 10 cm 2. 36 + 6 3. (a) (b) (c)
21600 4320 108000

22
4. 8 3 5. 68º 43' 38"
3

Do yourself-2

3 4 5 2xy 2xy 1
1. , , 2. 2 23. , 2 27. tan 4 A
5 5 3 x y x y2
2
2 4
tan A

Do yourself-3

11 60 61 11 60 61 3 4 3 4 3
1. , , ; , , 2. , ; , 3.
60 61 60 60 61 60 5 3 5 3 4

8 17 8 17 3 3 5 5 12
4. , ; , 5. 1, 6. , 7. 8.
17 8 17 8 5 5 13 13 13

1 1 1 1
9. 1, 10. , 11.
3 2 3 2

2x x 1 2x 1
12. 1 2 13. 2
; 2
2x 2x 1 2x 2x 1

Do yourself-4

3 1 1 3 3 1
2. (a) (b) 4 (c) (d) –
2 3 4 2 2

Do yourself-5
1. (i) 8 2. (a) 1 (b) 0

3 1 4 3 1 4
3. (a) , (b) 2, 2 (c) , (d) 0,2
2 3 2 3

4. (a) –cos(25º) (b) –cos(28º) (c) cot 25º (d) cot(26º)

5. (a) negative (b) positive (c) zero

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 39

1 2 1 2
6. (a) positive (b) positive (c) negative 7. and ; and –
3 3 3 3
Do yourself-6
3. B

–
– 4 4
4. (a) –3 – 0 x
4 2 4 2 4 2

0
(b) x

–
(c) –3 – O
x
2 2 2 2

5. 2

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40 JEE-Mathematics
Do yourself-7
187 133 84 156
1. (a) (b) (c) (d)
205 205 205 205

133 187 84 156

3. sin or ; cos or
205 205 205 205
220 140 171 21 220 140 220 140
4. sin or ; cos or ; sin or ; tan or
221 221 221 221 221 221 21 171

9
13. 3 and
13
Do yourself-8
1
1. 2. cos2 – cos12 3. cos12º – cos120º
3
Do yourself-11
8. D 9. A
Do yourself-12

2 1 2 1 2 2 3 7 3 4 2
1 (a) (b) (c) 2 1 4. ;
2 2 2 2 6 18

16 49 7 1 3
5. ; 6. 7. ;
305 305 5 2 3 4

4 2 6 4 2 6 4 a 2 b2
8. (a) ; (b) ; (c) 4 2 2 2 1 9.
2 2 2 2 a 2 b2
Do yourself-13

1 5 1 5 1 5 1
1. (a) (b) 2. 3. 4. 1 5.
2 8 8 16 27
6. 1 9. 4 10. B
Do yourself-14
1. 0 2. 1
Do yourself-15
9 1
1. 7 & –7 2. – 3. 4 10 & 4 10 4. (i) 2, – 1 (ii) 3,0 5.
8 2

13
6. , 1 7. 25 8. {25,–25} 9. 13, 13 10. (i) 30 (ii) 18
3
Do yourself-16
cot1 1
1. 0 3. 5. (a) (b) 0 6. C
90 2

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 Trigonometric ratios & identities 41

EXERCISE (O-1)
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. B
13. B 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. B 21. D 22. B 23. C
24. D 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. C

EXERCISE (O-2)
1. B,C 2. B,D 3. B,C 4. B,C 5. B,C,D 6. A,B 7. A,B,C,D
8. A,B,C,D 9. A,D 10. C,D 11. A,B,D 12. A,B,C,D 13. C,D 14. B,D
15. A 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. 5 21. 3
22. 3 23. 2 24. 1 25. (A) (S); (B) (R); (C) (Q); (D) (P)

EXERCISE (S-1)

56 3 5 2 3 5
4. 5. 24 7. (a) ; (b) 8. (a) –1, (b) 3 , (c) , (d) 3
33 32 16 4

13
9. n = 23 10. (a) ymax=11, ymin= 1; (b) y max , ymin = –1; (c) 49; (d) a =–4 & b = 10
3

EXERCISE (S-2)

5. p = 3, q = 2; r = 2; s = 1 6. 2 2 7. 28 8. a = 3b – 2b3

5
9. and
12 12

EXERCISE (JM)
1. 3 2. 2 3. 4 4. 1 5. 1 6. 3 7. 4 8. 1
9. 2 10. 3

EXERCISE (JA)
1. B 2. (a) A, B; (b) C,D 3. (a) 2; (b) k = 3 4. D 5. C 6. Bonus