COMPOUND ANGLES

1 ST LECTURE
1. Tri Gon Metron
  
3 sides Measure
Hence this particular branch in mathematics was developed in ancient past to measure
3 sides and 3 angles - 6 elements of a triangle. In today's time trigonometrical functions
are used in entirely different shape. The 2 basic functions are sine and cosine of an
angle in a right angled triangle and there are 4 other derived functions.
sin cos tan cot sec cosec
P B P B H H
H H B P B P
In earlier classes your teacher must have told you about Pandit Badri Prasad Hari Hari Bole.

All of you must also be knowing that

sin  · cosec  = 1; cos  · sec  = 1; tan  · cot  = 1
Now we come to 3 important identities from class X
(1) sin2 + cos2 = 1; (2) 1  tan2 = sec2; (3) 1 + cot2 = cosec2
Asking:
1. Reciprocal of (sec  – tan ); 2. Reciprocal of (cosec  – cot )
Using these 3 identities millions and millions of other identities can be proved while
proving identities you can use rationalisation, factorisation and many other similar
mathematical operations. To prove an identity you can start with LHS to get RHS or
vice versa or you can start with LHS to get a simplified version and then start with
RHS to get the same while proving identities in tan & cot, sec & cosec most of the
students normally convert the terms in sine & cos becasue of their high affinity for sine
and cos. You can also do this way but as you learn more and practise more you will
find it convenient to solve problems in tan, cot without converting them. S.L. Loney
has designed exercise V to review your knowledge of trigonometry from class IX & X.
Values of the following trigonometric ratios must be remembered.

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 
3
1
cot  3 1 0
3
2
sec 1 2 2 
3
Asking:
(1) 2 , 1, 1  It is a pythagorian triplet
No. as Pythagoras theorem is true only for natural numbers.
Asking: Which of the following reduces to unity for 0° < A < 90°
(1) (sec2A – 1)cot2A (2) cos A cosecA 2 2
sec2 A  1 (3) (cosec A – 1)tan A
(1) (1 – cos2A)(1 + cot2A) (5) sin A sec A cos ec2A  1 (6) (1 + tan2A)(1 – sin2A)

1 1 tan 2 A sin 2 A
(7) sec2A – sin2A sec2A (8)  (9)
1  sin 2 A 1  cosec 2 A tan 2 A  sin 2 A

cot 2 A cos 2 A
(10)
cot 2 A  cos 2 A

EXAMPLES:
Ex.1 To prove (sec  + cosec )(sin  + cos ) = sec  cosec  + 2
[Sol. LHS multiply 2 brackets
sin 2   cos 2 
tan  + 1 + 1 + cot = 2 + tan  + cot  = 2 +
sin  cos 
1
=2+ = 2 + sec  cosec  = RHS
sin cos 
1 1  2 sin  cos  sin 2   cos 2   2 sin  cos 
RHS = +2= =
sin cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 

(sin   cos ) 2 (sin   cos )

= = (sin + cos) = (sec + cosec)(sin + cos) ]
sin  cos  sin  cos 

Ex.2 (sec2 + tan2)(cosec2 + cot2) = 1 + 2sec2 cosec2

LHS = sec2 cosec2 + cosec2 + sec2 + 1
1 1
= sec2 cosec2 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 1 + sec2 cosec2 = RHS ]
sin  cos 

Home work: Exercise-V (correction Q.27 LHS is sin8A – cos8A)

leave problems on versine & co-versine - not in syllabus of IIT-JEE. Leave Q.33 and Q.35
Ex-VI, Ex-VII, Ex-IX (Q.4 to Q.12 except Q.10) S.L. Loney

EXAMPLES:
 1  sin    1  sec  
Ex.1    = tan 
 1  cos    1  cosec  
 1  sin    1  cos    sin  
[Sol. LHS =     = tan  = RHS
 1  cos    1  sin    cos  
 cos x
 sin x  cos x 
[Sol. LHS =   (sec2x) = (tan x + 1)(1 + tan2x) = tan3x + tan2x + tan x + 1 ]
 cos x 

2 ND LECTURE
Measurement of Angle and sign convention
Measure of angle means to measure the amount of turning.
2 units of angle measurement are

degree Radians
When you draw a line perpendicular to another and then
divide the angle between them in 90 equal parts. Then each
part will be equal to a degree.

In a circle draw an arc of length l and it subtends an angle  at the

centre. Now if length of arc i.e. l = radius of circle then the angle
subtended by it at the centre of the circle is equal to 1 radian written
at 1c.
Now if l = 2r then  = 2c.
 if l = r then  = c.
1
Now l = r means of the circumference of the circle and we know that half of
2
circumference subtends an angle of 180° at the centre.
  = c = 180°
 c = 180°
180
 1c = = 57.2°

  
 90° = , 30° = , 60° =
2 6 3
 we get l = r
where l = length of the arc, r = radius of circle and  = central angle in radians
By conventions angles measured anticlockwise are +ve and those measured clockwise
are – ve.
1° = 60' and 1' = 6''  1° = 3600''

EXAMPLES:
Ex.1 Consider an equilateral triangle with sides = 3 cm. Now if a man runs around the
triangle in such a way that he is always at a distance of 1 cm from the sides of triangle
then how much distance will he travel.
2
[Sol. 3 + 3 + 3 + 3(l) where l = length of arc  = 120° =
3
2
9×3×1×
3
 distance will he travel.
[Hint: 4 × 4 + 4l

16 + 4 × 1 ×
2
16 + 2]
Asking:
1. Consider an equilateral triangle with sides 3, 6, 8 cm respectively. Now if a man runs
around the triangle in such a way that he is always at a distance of 1 cm from the sides
of triangle then how much distance will he travel.
[Sol.  Distance travelled by man is
3 + 6 + 8 + ( – A) × 1 + ( – B) + ( – C)
17 + 3 – (A + B + C)
17 + 3 – 
17 + 2]
Real definition of 2 basic functions (Sine & Cosine) - Trigonometric ratios of
any magnitude - Reduction formulae:
A point P lies on circle such that it makes an angle  with the
x-axis. It is at a distance of x from y-axis and at a distance of
y from x-axis and r is the radius of the circle.
Then sin = Distance of point P from x-axis.
radius of circle
y
 sin =
r
Distance of point P from y - axis
and cos=
Radius of the circle
x
 cos =
r
Limiting cases.
as   0, y  0, x = r
0 r
 sin 0 = = 0; cos 0 = = 1
r r

as   90° or = , x = 0, y = r
2
r 0
 sin 90° = = 1; cos 90° = = 0
r r
Now consider a triangle having angles 30°, 60°, 90°.
Now taking AC as diameter construct a semi-circle passing
through ABC. Now from B drop a bisector on AC
r
 AC = r, AB =
2
r2 3r r 1 1
 BC = r2  = ; sin 30° =  = ;
4 2 2 r 2
3r 3
 r
r2 = 2(AB)2  AB =
2
r 1 1 r 1 1
 sin 45° =  = ; cos 45° =  =
2 r 2 2 r 2
tan 45° = cot 45° = 1
Sine and Cosine of complementary angles are same:
complementary angles are those whose sum is 90°
cos (90° – ) = sin ; sin (90° – ) = cos ; tan (90° – ) = cot 
cot (90° – ) = tan ; cosec (90° – ) = sec ; sec (90° – ) = cosec 
In I quadrant i.e. 0 to /2 all trigonometrical ratios are + ve.
st

REDUCTION FORMULAE:
(1) (90 + ) Relation
 OPB and OP'B' are congruent by ASA property one , side r, (90° – )
 In  OP'B', P'B' = x as side opposite to 90° –  is x in  OPB
In  OP'B', OB' = y as side opposite to  in  OPB is y.
In  OP'B'
x y
sin (90° + ) = = cos ; cos (90° + ) = = – sin ;
r r
tan (90° + ) = – cot ; cot (90° + ) = – tan ;
sec (90° + ) = – cosec ; cosec (90° + ) = sec 
In all (90° + ) relations
sin changes to cos
cos changes to sin
cosec changes to sec
tan changes to cot
cot changes to tan
and sec changes to cosec
with appropriate sign
3
 sin(120°) = sin(90° + 30°) = cos 30° =
2
tan(135°) = tan(90° + 45°) = – cot 45° = – 1
3
cos(150°) = cos(90° + 60°) = – sin 60° = –
2
II reduction (180° – )
's OPB and OP'B' are congruent by A S A. (90° – ), side r, 
 side opposite to 90° –  = x same as in OPB and side opposite to  = y same
as in OPB
y x
sin(180° – ) = = sin; cos(180° – ) = = – cos;
r r
tan(180° – ) = – tan; cot(180° – ) = – cot;
cosec(180° – ) = cosec; sec(180° – ) = – sec;
Sines of supplementary angles are equal supplementary angles
  cos(180° – ) + cos = 0
same for tan, cot and sec
3
 sin(120°) = sin(180° – 60°) = sin 60° =
2
3
cos(150°) = cos(180° – 30°) = – cos 30° = –
2
EXAMPLES:
Ex.1 cos10° + cos20° + cos30° + cos80° + cos100° + cos150° + cos160° + cos170°=0
sum of cosines of supplementary angles is zero.
 2 4 7 9 10
Ex.2 tan + tan + tan + tan + tan + tan
11 11 11 11 11 11
Sum of tangents of supplementary angles is zero.
For (180° – )
sin remains sin
cos remains cos
tan remains tan
cot remains cot
sec remains sec
cosec remains cosec with appropriate signs.

III reduction (180° + )

OPB and OP'B' are congruent by A S A Ð(90° – ), side r, .
y
 sin(180 + ) = = – sin;
r
x
cos(180 + ) = = – cos;
r
tan(180 + ) = tan; cot(180 + ) = cot;
cosec(180 + ) = – cosec; sec(180 + ) = – sec;
sin(210°) = sin(180° + 30°) = – sin 30° = – 1/2
cos(240°) = cos(180° + 60°) = – cos 60° = – 1/2
tan(225°) = tan(180° + 45°) = tan 45° = 1

In (180 + ) relations
sin remains sin
cos remains cos
tan remains tan
cot remains cot
sec remains sec
cosec remains cosec with appropriate signs.
sin(270°) = sin(180° + 90°) = – sin 90° = – 1
cos(270°) = tan(180° + 90°) = – cos 90° = 0
Ask sin 4 i.e. – ve
means we are moving clockwise from origin and by convention all angles measured
clockwise are – ve.
 sin(2 –) = sin (–)
cos(2 –) = cos (–)
tan(2 –) = tan (–)
Again OPB and OP'B are congruent by ASA
y x
sin (–) = = – sin ; cos (–) = = cos ;
r r
tan (–) = – tan ; cot (–) = – cot ;
cosec (–) = – cosec ; sec (–) = – sec ;
1
cos(315°) = cos(360° – 45°) = cos(– 45°) = cos(45°) =
2
1
tan(330°) = tan(360° – 30°) = tan (–30°) = – tan 30° = –
3

In (2 – ) relations
sin remains sin
cos remains cos
tan remains tan
cot remains cot
sec remains sec
cosec remains cosec with appropriate signs.
To remember the signs we use

tan(–120°) = – tan 120° = – tan(180° – 60°) = tan 60° = 3

cos(180°) = cos(90° + 90°) = cos (180° – 0) = cos(180 + 0°)
=–1 =–1 =–1 ]

3 RD LECTURE
    2 3 5
Radians 0 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
degree 0 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°
1 1 3 3 1 1
sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1 3
cos 1 0 – – – –1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan 0 1 3 ND – 3 –1 – 0
3 3
1 1
cot ND 1 0 – –1 – ND
 degree 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
1 1 3 3 1 1
sin – – – –1 – – – 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1 3
cos – – – 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan 1 3 ND – 3 –1 – 0
3 3
1 1
cot 3 1 0 – –1 – 3 ND
3 3

HIGHLIGHT OF THE TABLE:

(1) –1  sin   1
(2) –1  cos   1
tan, cot can attain all values from (– , ) i.e. any real value.
(3) sin = 0, sin  = 0, sin 2 = 0
 sin n = 0 where n  I
 sine of integral multiple of  is zero
(4) tan 0 = 0, tan  = 0
 tan n = 0, where n  I
 tangent of integral multiple of p is zero.
 3 
(5) cos = 0; cos = 0; cos – =0
2 2 2

 cos(2n – 1) = 0, where n  I
2

cosine of odd integral multiple of is zero.
2
 3
(6) cot = 0; cot =0
2 2

 cos (2n – 1) = 0, where n  I
2

cotangent of odd integral multiple of is zero.
2
(7) cos 0 = 1, cos  = – 1, cos 2 = 0
 cos 2m = 1; cos (2m – 1) = – 1 , where m  I
cosine of odd integral multiple of p is – 1 and even integral multiple of p is 1. Same is
the fate of sec.
sec 2n = 1, sec (2m – 1) = – 1
 3
(8) tan = ND; tan = ND
2 2

tan(2n + 1) = ND, where n  I
2

tangent of odd integral multiple of is ND
 cotangent of integral multiple of p is not defined.

     3 
(10) sin  2n   = 1, sin  2n   = – 1 = sin  2n  
 2  2  2 

QUIZ
5
(1) Angle in 3rd quadrant whose sine and cosine are equal , 225°
4
(2) Find distance between orthocentre and circumcentre in a triangle with sides 17, 15, 8

[Hint: Ans. 8.5]

(3) cot 450° = cot 90° = 0

(4) cosec 270° = – 1
(5) (2.56)1/2 = 1.6
(6) (23)2 = 529
(7) 0.9 > 0.9 (T/F) [Ans. true]
square root of a fraction is greater than itself
(8) sin 4 is + ve or – ve [Ans. – ve because it lies in III quadrant]
(9) cot 39° + cot 141° = 0
sum of cotangents of supplementary angles is zero.
1
(10) 0.125 × 136 = × 136 = 17
8
(11) Find tan  if  is exterior angle of a regular hexagon.
2 2  
[Ans.  = = = ;  tan = 3 ]
n 6 3 3
1 1
(12) + =?
sec 2 10 cosec 2 10
 7
(13) cos = 0.707 what is . [Ans.  =
, ]
4 4
(14) Find the cos of interior angle of an regular dodecagon.
2  5 5 3
[Ans. interior angle is  – =– = ;  cos =– ]
12 6 6 6 2
(15) How many circles of finite radius can be drawn through 3 collinear points.
[Ans. zero]
(16) How many circles of finite radius can be drawn through 3 non-collinear points.
[Ans. 1 i.e. circumcircle]
(17) 0.343 is a perfect cube of = ? [Ans. = 0.7]
(18) square of 28 = ? [Ans. 784]
(19) square of 1.9 = ? [Abs, 3.61]
(22) (26 × 28) + 1 is perfect square of
(27  1)(27  1)  1

(27) 2  12  1 = 27 Ans.

4 TH LECTURE
GRAPHS OF 6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
(1) y = sin x, where y[–1, 1], xR (2) y = cos x, where y[–1, 1], xR

(3) y = tan x, x  R, y  (–, ), (4) y = cot x, x  R, y  (– , ),


x  (2n–1) for n  I x  n for n  I
2


(5) y = cosec x, y  (– , –1]  [1, ), (6) y = sec x, x  (2n + 1) for n  I
2
x  R – n, x  n for n  I

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES.

Till now we have learnt the values of trigonometric ratios between 0° to 360°. Now we
are going to learn the values of trigonometric ratios of compound angles.
Note that trigonometric ratios if i.e. sine, cosine, tan, cot, sec and cosec are not
distributed over addition and substraction of 2 angles.
i.e. sin(A + B)  sinA + sinB
Proof: A = 60°, B = 30°
sin(90°)  sin 60° + sin30°
 sin(A + B) = =
OP OP
PT RQ
= +
OP OP
PT  PR RQ  OR
= +
PR  OP OR  OP
= cos A sin B + sin A cos B
Very Important: sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B .....(1)
Identify true for all real values of A and B
In equation (1) replaced B by – B
 sin(A – B) = sin A cos(–B) + cos A sin(–B)
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B ....(2)

In (1) Replace B by 90° + B

 sin (A + 90° + B) = cos (A + B)
 cos(A + B) = sin A cos(90° + B) + cos A sin(90° + B)
= – sin A sin B + cos A cos B
= cos A cos B – sinA sin B ....(3)
In (3) replace B by – B
cos (A – B) = cos A cos(–B) – sin A sin(–B)
= cos A cos B + sinA sin B ....(4)
3
e.g. sin 99° cos 21° + cos 99° sin 21° = sin (99° + 21°) = sin 120° =
2
To deduce the value of trigonometric ratios of 75° and 15°

sin(15°) = sin = sin(45° – 30°)
12
= sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30°
1 3 1 1 3  1 ( 3  1)( 3  1) 1
=  –  = = =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( 3  1) 6 2

 3 1 6 2 5
sin = sin 15° = = = cos 75° = cos
12 2 2 4 12
5
sin75° = sin = sin(45° + 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
12
5 1 3 1 1 3 1 6 2
sin 75° = sin =    = =
12 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
5  3 1 6 2
sin = cos = cos 15° = =
12 12 2 2 4
 3 1 5
 tan 15° = tan = = 2  3 = cot 75° = cot
12 3 1 12
5 3 1 
  cos 15° > sin 15°
3 1 3 1
 cos 15° = ; sin 15° =
2 2 2 2
– cos is a decreasing function in 1 quadrant
st

i.e. as  increases from 0 to /2, cos  decreases from 1 to 0.

– sine is an increasing function in 1st quadrant.
i.e. as  increases from 0 to /2, sin  increases from 0 to 1.
– tan is an increasing function in 1st quadrant.
i.e. as  increases from 0 to /2, tan  increases from 0 to .
3 1
Ex. Find sin(105°) = sin(90° + 15°) = cos 15° =
2 2
 3  1
cos (165°) = – cos 15° = –  

 2 2 
Two Very Important identities:
(a) sin(A + B) · sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A
(b) cos(A + B) · cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B
Proof:(a) sin(A + B) · sin(A – B) = (sinA cosB + cosA sinB)(sinA cosB – cosA sinB)
= sin2A cos2B – cos2A sin2B
= sin2A(1 – sin2B) – sin2B(1 – sin2A)
= sin2A – sin2B
(b) cos(A + B) · cos(A – B) = (cos A cosB – sinA sinB)(cos A cos B + sinA sinB)
= cos2A cos2B – sin2A sin2B
= cos2A(1 – sin2B) – (1 – cos2A)sin2B
= cos2A – sin2B ]
USING FOUR IDENTITIES:
(1) sin(A + B) = sinA cos B + cos A sinB
(2) sin(A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sinB
(3) cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
(4) cos(A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Adding (1) and (2)

2 sinA cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) ....(5)
subtracting (1) and (2)
2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B) ....(6)
Adding (3) and (4)
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) ....(7)
Subtracting (3) and (4)
– 2 sin A sin B = cos(A + B) – cos(A – B)
 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) ....(8)
These 4 identities from (5) to (8) are useful for converting product to sum.
 CD CD
 A= , B=
2 2
Using these values of A, B in 5, 6, 7, 8 we get
C D CD
sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos   ....(9)
 2   2 
C D CD
sin C – sin D = 2 cos   sin   ....(10)
 2   2 
C D CD
cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos   ....(11)
 2   2 
C D CD
Important : cos C – cos D = – 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
C D DC
= 2 sin   sin   ....(12)
 2   2 
Examples:
sin 7  sin 5
Ex.1 = tan
cos 7  cos 5
2 sin 6 ·cos 6
[Sol. LHS = 2 cos 6 ·cos  = tan ]

8 8 8
 sin 75  sin 15   2 sin 30 cos 45   1  1
Ex.2   =  =  = Ans. ]
 cos 75  cos15   2 cos 45 cos 30   3 81
(cos   cos 3)(sin 8  sin 2)
Ex.3
(sin 5  sin )(cos 4  cos 6)
2 sin 2 sin   2 sin 5 cos 3
[Sol. =1
2 sin 2 cos 3  2 sin 5 sin 

15 5
Ex.4 given sin  = , cos  = – find ( – )
17 13
Ans. that means  is in 1st quadrant or 2nd quadrant and  is in 2nd quadrant or 3rd quadrant]
so we will take 4 cases
case-I  in 1st,  in 2nd
case-II  in 1st,  in 3rd
case-III  in 2nd,  in 2nd
case-IV  in 2nd,  in 3rd

Home work : Ex-10, Ex-13, Ex-14, Ex-15