Professional Documents
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Part - 01
Trigonometry
Introduction to Angle
Consider a revolving line OP.
Suppose that it revolves in anticlockwise direction starting from its initial position OX .
The angle is defined as the amount of revolution that the revolving line makes with its initial position.
From fig. the angle covered by the revolving line OP is = POX
The angle is taken positive if it is traced by the revolving line in anticlockwise direction.
The angle is taken negative if it is covered in clockwise direction.
1° = 60' (minute)
1' = 60" (second)
1 right angle = 90° (degrees) also 1 right angle = rad (radian)
2
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to the
180
radius of the circle. 1 rad = 57.3°
Units of Angle
Practical units : degrees (°)
1° = 60'(minute)
1' = 60"(second)
To convert an angle from degree to radian multiply it by
180
180
To convert an angle from radian to degree multiply it by
Radian
180°
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ≈ 57.3°
𝜋
Illustration 1.
Convert the given angles in desired units.
(i) 5° to minutes
(ii) 6' to seconds
(iii) 120" to minutes
Solution.
(i) 1° = 60'
5° × 60' = 300'
(ii) 1' = 60"
6' × 60" = 360"
(iii) 60" = 1'
120"
= 2'
60"
Illustration 2.
Convert the given angles in desired units.
1. Convert 45° to radians
5
2. Convert rad to degree
6
Solution.
1. 45 = radians
180 4
5 180
2. = 150
6
Pythagoras Theorem
P2 + B2 = H2
Pythagorean Triplets
3, 4, 5 (32 + 42 = 52)
6, 8, 10 (62 + 82 = 102)
7, 24, 25 (72 + 242 = 252)
12, 16, 20 (122 + 162 = 202)
Remember for fast calculations in Physics!!
Trigonometric Identities
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2
Illustration 1.
Given sin = 3/5. Find all the other T-ratios, if lies in the first quadrant.
Solution.
3
In OMP, sin =
5
so, MP = 3 and OP = 5
OM = (5)2 − (3)2 = 25 − 9 = 16 = 4
OM 4 MP 3
Now, cos = = tan = =
OP 5 OM 4
OM 4 OP 5 OP 5
cot = = sec = = cosec = =
MP 3 OM 4 MP 3
Table to Remember
3 4
sin = sin =
5 5
4 3
cos = cos =
5 5
3 4
tan = tan =
4 3
2tan A
tan2A =
1 − tan2 A
Illustration 1.
Write the function in terms of acute angle
(1) cos(270° – ) = ?
(2) cos(90° + ) = ?
(3) cos − = ?
2
(4) sin − = ?
2
Solution.
3
(1) cos(270° – ) = cos( − ) = – sin
2
(2) cos(90° + ) = cos( + ) = – sin
2
(3) cos( − ) = + sin
2
(4) sin( − ) = + cos
2
Illustration 2.
Evaluate :
(a) sin120° (b) tan150° (c) cos330°
Solution.
3
(a) sin120° = sin(90° + 30°) = sin( + 30 ) = + cos30° =
2 2
1
(b) tan150° = tan(90° + 60°) = tan ( + 60 )= –cot60° = –
2 3
3
(c) cos330° = cos(360° – 30°) = cos(2 – 30°) = + cos30° =
2
Illustration 3.
Evaluate :
(a) cos(–30°) (b) sin(–45°)
Solution.
3
(a) cos(–30°) = cos(30°) =
2
1
(b) sin(–45°) = – sin(45°) = –
2
Illustration 4.
Evaluate :
(a) sin105° (b) cos75°
Solution.
3 1 1 1
(a) sin(105°) = sin(60° + 45°) = sin60°cos45° + cos60°sin45° = +
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1
(b) cos(75°) = cos(45° + 30°) = cos45°cos30° – sin45°sin30° = −
2 2 2 2
Illustration 5.
Evaluate cos74°
Solution.
(a) cos74° = cos(2 × 37°)
= cos2(37°) – sin2(37°)
16 9 7
= − =
25 25 25
Illustration 1.
Find :
1. sin2° 2. tan1° 3. sin°
Solution.
1. sin2° = 2 =
180 90
2. tan1° = 1 =
180 180
3. sin° =
180
Illustration 2.
A normal human eye can see an object making an angle 1.8° at the eye. What is the minimum height of object
which can be seen by an eye from 1 m distance.
Solution.
is very small
tan
1.8
= = rad
180 100
h
=
1 100
h = 0.031 m
P
sin = ⎯→ –1 sin 1
H
B
cos = ⎯→ –1 cos 1
H
P
tan = ⎯→ – < tan < –
B
Illustration 3.
Find the maximum value of y = (sinx) (cosx)
1 1
(1) (2) 1 (3) (4) 2
2 2
Solution.
1 1
y = sinxcosx = (sin2x) = {sin2A = 2sinxcosx}
2 2
Important result
Range of function : "asin + bcos"
− a2 + b2 asin + bcos a2 + b2
Illustration 4.
If y = –3sin + 4 cos then find ymax and ymin
Solution.
− (−3)2 + (4)2 y (−3)2 + (4)2
ymax = 5
ymin = –5
Co-ordinate Geometry
To specify the position of a point in space, we use right handed rectangular axes coordinate system. This system
consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If a point is known to be on a given line or in a particular direction, only one
coordinate is necessary to specify its position, if it is in a plane, two coordinates are required, if it is in space
three coordinates are needed.
• Origin
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All measurements are taken w.r.t. this fixed point.
• Axis or Axes
Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the position of a
point or position of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular direction, then only
one axis is required. This is generally called the x-axis. If the positions of all the points under consideration are
always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are required. These are generally called x and y-axis. If the points are
distributed in a space, three perpendicular axes are taken which are called x, y and z-axis.
Position of a point
x1 = Abscissa : Distance of point from y axis
y1 = Ordinate : Distance of point from x axis
Illustration 1.
Find distance between two points A (1, 2, 5) and B (3, 4, 6).
Solution.
A(x1 y1 z1) = A(1, 2, 5)
B(x2 y2 z2) = B (3, 4, 6)
d = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y 1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
Illustration 2.
Find possible values of a if distance between the points (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3 cm) is 13 cm.
Solution.
13 = (3 + 9)2 + (3 − a)2
169 = 144 + (3 – a)2
±5 = (3 – a)
+5 = 3 – a or –5 = 3 – a
a = –2cm or a = 8cm
Illustration 4.
Find slope of a line passing through points A(2, 4) and B(3, 8)
Solution.
A(x1, y1) = A(2, 4)
B(x2, y2) = B(3, 8)
8−4 4
tan = =
3−2 1
so, slope = 4
Illustration 5.
Calculate slope of the shown line and its angle with x axis.
Solution.
2−0
tan =
0−2
tan = –1
So, slope = –1
angle with x-axis 135°.
Slope of A Line
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by
y y 2 − y 1
m= = = tan [If both axes have identical scales]
x x2 − x1
Here is the angle made by line with positive x-axis.
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure of inclination.
Intercept of A Line
Illustration 1.
Find slope of the line.
Solution.
slope = tan
= tan60°
= 3
Illustration 2.
Find slope and intercept of a line y = 3x + 2, also draw the line.
Solution.
y = mx + c (general equation) …(i)
y = 3x + 2 (given equation) …(ii)
comparing equation (1) & (2)
m = slope = 3; c = 2
Illustration 3.
Find slope and intercept of a line 4y + 3x = 8, also draw the line.
Solution.
y = mx + c (general equation) …(i)
4y + 3x = 8 (given equation)
4y = – 3x + 8
3
y=– x +2 …(ii)
4
comparing equation (i) & (ii)
3
m = slope = − ; c = 2
4
Illustration 4.
Write equation of the line drawn
Solution.
2−0 1
slope = tan = =
0+4 2
c=2
1
equation of straight line y = x +2
2
Illustration 5.
Write equation of the line drawn
Solution.
3−2 1
slope = tan = =
5−0 5
c=2
1
equation of straight line y = x + 2
5
Special Cases
1. Straight line parallel to x-axis
Part - 07
Function
Constant : A quantity, whose value remains unchanged during mathematical operations, is called a constant
quantity. The integers, fractions like ,e etc are all constants.
Variable : A quantity, which can take different values, is called a variable quantity. A variable is usually
represented as x, y, z, etc.
Function : A quantity y is called a function of a variable x, if corresponding to any given value of x, there exists
a single definite value of y. The phrase 'y is function of x' is represented as y = f (x)
(A) (B)
Lo = 10 cm
L = 2 cm
Infinitesimal change
If change in a quantity is not comparable to its initial value, change is said to be infinitesimal.
➢ A very small change in y is called as dy
for example y2 = 100 and y1 = 99.999999999…………..
y2 – y1 = dy = 0.0000000000…………..001
➢ A very small change in x is called as dx
➢ A very small change in z is called as dz
Slope of A Curve
Average slope of curve Instantaneous slope of curve
(Between two different points) (At a Single point)
Definition of Differentiation/Derivative
At a point :
dy
= "instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x"
dx
If y is a function of x : y = f(x)
Then derivative of y "w.r.t "x is given by :
dy
y ' = f '(x) =
dx
Illustration 1.
Find slope at A, B & C
Solution.
at A at B at C
slope = tan slope = tan slope = tan
= tan (120 )
0
= tan(0°) = tan(45°)
= tan(90° + 30°) =0 =1
= –cot(30°)
=– 3
Increasing functions
Decreasing functions
Illustration 2.
Comment on slope and its magnitude from A to B & B to C
Solution.
A → B slope increasing A → B magnitude decreasing
B → C slope increasing B → C magnitude increasing
Illustration 3.
Comment on slope and its magnitude from A to B & B to C
Solution.
A → B slope decreasing A → B magnitude decreasing
B → C slope decreasing B → C magnitude increasing
dy
Physical meaning of
dx
The ratio of small change in the function y and the variable x is called the average rate of change of y w.r.t. x.
For example, the velocity of a body changes by a small amount v in small time t, then average acceleration
v
of the body, a av =
t
y y dy
When x → 0 The limiting value of is Lim =
x t →0 x dx
Derivative of Constant Functions
y = f (x) = constant, then it’s derivative is ZERO.
dy dc
= =0
dx dx
Illustration 1.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) x4 (2) x–2
Solution.
d 4
(1) (x ) = 4x 4−1 = 4x3
dx
d −2
(2) (x ) = −2x( −2−1) = −2x −3
dx
Illustration 2.
dy
Find value of
dx
3
1
(1) y = x6 (2) y = (x)4 (3) y =
x
Solution.
d 6
(1) (x ) = 6x 6−1 = 6x5
dx
d 34 3 34 −1 3 −14
(2) (x ) = x = x
dx 4 4
d −1 1
(3) (x ) = −1x −1−1 = − 2
dx x
Illustration 1.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) 7x6 (2) 3x–2
Solution.
d d
(1) (7x6 ) = 7 (x 6 ) = 7 6x 6−1 = 42x5
dx dx
d d
(2) (3x −2 ) = 3 (x −2 ) = 3 ( −2x −2−1 ) = −6x −3
dx dx
Illustration 2.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) 3(sinx) (2) 4(tanx)
Solution.
d d
(1) (3(sin x)) = 3 (sin x) = 3cosx
dx dx
d d
(2) ( 4(tan x)) = 4 (tan x) = 4 sec2 x
dx dx
Illustration 3.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) 20(lnx) (2) 0.6(ex)
Solution.
d d 20
(1) (20( n x)) = 20 ( nx) =
dx dx x
d d
(2)
dx
( )
0.6(ex ) = 0.6 (ex ) = 0.6ex
dx
Addition/Subtraction Rule
If U and V are functions of x and y is sum of functions U and V :
y=U±V
d(U V) dU dV
=
dx dx dx
Illustration 4.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = x2 + 2x (2) y = x3 – x–2 + 1
Solution.
d 2 d d
(1) (x + 2x) = (x 2 ) + (2x) = 2x + 2
dx dx dx
d 3 –2 d d d
(2) (x –x + 1) = (x3 ) − (x −2 ) + (1) = 3x 2 + 2x −3 + 0
dx dx dx dx
Illustration 5.
dx
Find value of if : x = 4t2 + 3t + 2
dt
Solution.
d d d d
(4t 2 + 3t + 2) = (4t 2 ) + (3t) + (2) = 8t + 3
dt dx dx dx
Illustration 6.
dy 1
Find value of if : y = x + +1
dx x
Solution.
1 1
−
y = x2 + x 2 + 1
d 12 −
1
d 1 d −1 d
(x + x 2 + 1) = (x 2 ) + (x 2 ) + (1)
dx dx dx dx
1 1−1 1 −1−1
= x2 − x 2 + 0
2 2
1 −1 1 −3
= x 2− x 2
2 2
Illustration 7.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = 3sinx + cosx (2) y = 2tanx – x3
Solution.
d d d
(3sin x + cosx) = (3sin x) + (cosx) = 3cosx − sin x
dx dx dx
d d d
(2tan x − x3 ) = (2tan x) − x3 = 2sec2 x − 3x 2
dx dx dx
Illustration 8.
dy
Find for the following
dx
7
(i) y = x 2 (ii) y = x–3 (iii) y = x (iv) y = x5 + x3 + 4x1/2 + 7
1
(v) y = 5x4 + 6x3/2 + 9x (vi) y = ax2 + bx + c (vii) y = 3x5 – 3x –
x
Solution.
d 72 7 72−1 7 52
(1) (x ) = x = x
dx 2 2
d −3
(2) (x ) = −3x −3−1 = −3x −4
dx
d
(3) (x) = 1
dx
1 1
d 5 3 d d d d
(4) (x + x + 4x 2 + 7) = (x5 ) + (x3 ) + (4x 2 ) + (7)
dx dx dx dx dx
2
= 5x 4 + 3x2 + +0
x
3 3
d d d d
(5) (5x 4 + 6x 2 + 9x) = (5x 4 ) + (6x 2 ) + (9x)
dx dx dx dx
1
= 20x3 + 9x 2 + 9
d d d d
(6) (ax 2 + bx + c) = (ax 2 ) + (bx) + (c) = 2ax + b
dx dx dx dx
d 5 1 d d d 1
(7) 3x − 3x − = (3x5 ) − (3x) −
dx x dx dx dx x
1
= 15x − 3 +
x2
Part - 10
Product Rule
If we need to differentiate the product of two functions, then we apply product rule.
d(UV) dU dV
=V +U
dx dx dx
Illustration 1.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = x lnx (2) y = excosx
Solution.
d d d
(1) (x nx) = nx (x) + x ( nx)
dx dx dx
1
= nx(1) + x = nx + 1
x
d x d d
(2) (e cosx) = cosx (e x ) + e x cosx
dx dx dx
= cosxex + ex
Quotient Rule
If we need to differentiate a function which is the ratio of two functions, then we apply Quotient Rule.
U
d V dU − U dV
V = dx dx
dx V2
Illustration 2.
4x
Find derivative of y = w.r.t. x
x −7
Solution.
4x d d
d (x − 7) (4x) − 4x (x − 7)
x −7 = dx dx
dx (x − 7)2
(x − 7)(4) − 4x(1) 28
= =−
(x − 7)2 (x − 7)2
Illustration 3.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = x2cosx (2) y = exsinx
Solution.
d 2 d d
(1) (x cosx) = cosx (x 2 ) + x 2 (cosx) = (2x)(cosx) − x 2 sin x
dx dx dx
d x d d
(2) (e sin x) = sin x + ex (sin x)
dx dx dx
= ex sinx + ex cosx
Illustration 4.
dy
Find value of
dx
x2 cot x
(1) y = (2) y =
cosx x3
Solution.
d 2 d
cosx (x ) − x2 (cosx)
dx dx (cosx)(2x) + (x2 )(sinx)
=
(cosx)2 cos2 x
Illustration 5.
dI
Find value of if : I = t3(t – 2)
dt
Solution.
I = t 4 − 2t 3
d 4
(t − 2t 3 ) = 4t 3 − 6t 2
dt
Illustration 6.
Find the derivative of q w.r.t. t if : q = (t + 5)3(t + 2)4
Solution.
dq d
= ((t + 5)3(t + 2)4 )
dt dt
= (t + 2)4(3)(t + 5)2(1) + (t + 5)3(4)(t + 2)3(1)
= (t + 2)3(t + 5)2[3(t + 2) +4(t + 5)]
Chain Rule
The Chain Rule tells us how to find the derivative of a composite function.
dy
If y = f(g(x)) then will be given by :
dx
dy d
= [f(g(x))] = f '(g(x))g'(x)
dx dx
Another way to represent the Chain Rule is :
dy
If y = f(U) then will be given by :
dx
dy df(U) dU
=
dx dU dx
Illustration 1.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = cos(2x + 3) (2) y = sin(x2 + x3)
Solution.
(1) Let u = 2x + 3 y = cos(u)
du d dy d
= (2x + 3) = 2 = (cos(u)) = − sinu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
= = −(sinu)(2) = −2sin(2x + 3)
dx du dx
(2) Let u = x2 + x3 y = sin(u)
du d 2 3 dy d
= (x + x ) = 2x + 3x 2 = (sin(u)) = cosu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
= = cosu(2x + 3x2 ) = cos(x 2 + x3 )(2x + 3x 2 )
dx du dx
Illustration 2.
Find derivative of y w.r.t. x if : y = ln(x3 + 4)
Solution.
Let u = x3 + 4 y = ln(u)
du d 3 dy d 1
= (x + 4) = 3x 2 = (ln(u)) =
dx dx du du u
dy dy du 1 2 3x2
= = (3x ) = 3
dx du dx u x +4
Illustration 3.
dy
Find value of
dx
y = e(3x – 6)
Solution.
Let u = 3x – 6 y = eu
du d dy d u
= (3x − 6) = 3 = (e ) = eu
dx dx du du
dy dy du u
= = e 3 = 3e3x−6
dx du dx
Illustration 4.
dy
Find value of
dt
y = Asin(t + )
Solution.
Let u = t + y = Asinu
du d dy d
= ( t + ) = = (Asinu) = Acosu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
= = (Acosu)() = Acos(t + )
dx du dx
Illustration 5.
dy
Find value of if : y = esint
dt
Solution.
Let u = sint y = eu
du d dy d u
= (sin t) = cost = (e ) = eu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
= = (eu )(cost) = esin t cost
dx du dx
Illustration 6.
Find the derivative of y = (x2 + 3)6 w.r.t. x
Solution.
Let u = x2 + 3 y = u6
du d 2 dy d 6
= (x + 3) = 2x = (u ) = 6u5
dx dx du du
dy dy du
= = (6u5 )(2x) = 6(x2 + 3)5(2x)
dx du dx
Illustration 7.
Find the derivative of : x = t 2 + 2 w.r.t. t
Solution.
1
Let u = t2 + 2 x = u2
du d 2 dx d 12 1 −12 1
= (t + 2) = 2t = (u ) = u =
dt dt du du 2 2 u
dx dx du 1 t
= = (2t) =
dt du dt 2 u t +2
2
Illustration 8.
Find the derivative of y w.r.t. x
(1) y = cos2x (2) y = sin(x2)
Solution.
(1) cos2x = 2cos2x – 1
1 + cos2x
= cos2 x
2
1 + cos2x
y=
2
1 cos2x
= +
2 2
dy sin2x
=0+− (2) = − sin(2x)
dx 2
Application of Derivatives
Instantaneous rate of change of a quantity "w.r.t." another quantity
dx
v inst =
dt
dv d2x
a inst = =
dt dt 2
dp
F inst =
dt
Illustration 1.
If height of magical tree depends on time as h = 3t2 + 5t + 2 m. Find out :-
(1) Rate of change of height at t = 3 sec.
(2) Rate of change of height from t = 0 to t = 3 sec.
Solution.
dh d
(1) = (3t 2 + 5t + 2) = 6t + 5
dt dt
dh
= rate of change of height = 6t + 5
dt
rate of change of height at t = 3
= 6(3) + 5 = 23 m
(2) Height at t = 3, h = 3(32) + 5(3) + 2 = 44 m
height at t = 0, h = 3(02) + 5(0) + 2 = 2 m
h hf − hi 44 − 2
= = = 14m
t t f − t i 3−0
Illustration 2.
If position of particle is given by x = (3t2 + 4t – 1) m. Find its initial velocity and initial acceleration.
Solution.
dx t
= (3t 2 + 4t − 1)
dt dt
= 6t + 4
dx
Velocity = = 6(0) + 4 = 4m / s
dt ( t = 0)
d2x
2 =6
dt
Acceleration = 6m/s2 (constant)
Illustration 3.
If position of particle is given by x = (t3 – 36t2 + 30t – 1) m. Find its velocity when acceleration becomes zero.
Solution.
dx
Velocity = = 3t 2 − 72t + 30 m/s2 …(i)
dt
d2x
acceleration = = 6t − 72 m/s2 …(ii)
dt 2
acceleration = 6t – 72 m/s2 = 0
t = 12 s
Velocity at t = 12 s,
velocity = 3(12)2 – 72(12) + 30 = –402 m/s
Illustration 4.
The area A of a circle is related to its radius by the equation A = r2. How fast is the area changing with respect
to the radius when the radius is 10 m?
Solution.
A = r2
dA d
= ( r2 ) = (2r)
dr dr
= (2)(10) = 20 m
Illustration 5.
If side of a cube is changing by a rate of 4 m/s find rate of change of its volume w.r.t. time when side length is
2m.
Solution.
V = a3
dV d 3 3a2da
= (a ) = = 3(2)2(4) = 48 m3 / s
dt dt dt
Illustration 6.
The area of a block of ink is growing such that after t second its area is given by A = (3t2 + 7) cm2. Calculate the
rate of increase of area at = 5second.
Solution.
dA d
= (3t 2 + 7) = 6t
dt dt
dA
at t = 5, = 6(5) = 30 cm2/s
dt
Application of Derivatives
Slope of a curve at a given point
dy
minst = tan =
dx
Illustration 7.
Find the slope of the tangent of a curve y = x2 + 2x + 4 at x = 0 and x = –1
Solution.
dy d 2 d d d
= (x + 2x + 4) = (x 2 ) + (2x) + (4) = 2x + 2
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
Slope of the tangent at x = 0, = 2(0) + 2 = 2
dx
dy
Slope of the tangent at x = –1, = 2(–1) + 2 = 0
dx
Double Differentiation
Maxima
Minima
Summary
How to check Maxima & Minima of a function Y
dy
Step-1 : Calculate and put it equal to zero.
dx
Step-2 : Find value of x from above equation.
d2y
Step-3 : Find to check for maxima and minima
dx2
d2y
• If 0 "then minima"
dx2
d2y
• If 0 then maxima
dx2
d2y
• If = 0 then neither maxima, nor minima
dx2
Illustration 1.
Find maximum or minimum value for given equation y = x2 − 4x + 8
Solution.
dy
Step-1 : = 2x − 4 …(i)
dx
Step-2 : 2x – 4 = 0
x=2
d2y
Step-3 : =2 …(ii)
dx2
d2y
0
dx2
So, minima at x = 2
minimum value of given equation at x = 2; y = (2)2 – 4(2) + 8 = 4
Illustration 2.
Find local maximum and minimum value for y = x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 2
Solution.
dy
Step-1 : = 3x 2 + 4x − 4
dx
Step-2 : 3x2 + 4x – 4 = 0
(3x – 2)(x + 2) = 0
2
x= or x = –2
3
d2y
Step-3 : = 6x + 4
dx2
2 d2y
at x = ; = 8 0 (minima)
3 dx2
3 2
2 2 2 14
yminimum = + 2 − 4 + 2 =
3 3 3 27
d2y
at x = –2 ; = −8 0 (maxima)
dx2
ymaximum = (–2)3 + 2(–2)2 – 4(–2) + 2 = 10
Integration
In integral calculus, the differential coefficient of a function is given. We are required to find the function.
Integration is basically used for summation . is used for summation of discrete values, while sign is used for
continous function.
Reverse process of differentiation
Types of Integration
1. Indefinite Integration
2. Definite Integration
n +1
1
x dx = ln x + c
kdx = kx + c
e dx = e +c
x x
sinxdx = − cosx + c
cosxdx = sinx + c
Illustration 1.
Evaluate :
(i) x6dx (ii) x3dx
Solution.
x 6+1
(i) x6dx = +c
6+1
x7
= +c
7
x3+1
(ii) x3dx =
3+1
x4
= +c
4
Illustration 2.
1
Find x
dx
Solution.
1
1 −
I= 1
dx = x 2 dx
x 2
1 1
− +1
x2 x2
= = =2 x + c
1 1
− +1
2 2
Illustration 3.
(4x − 6x + 2)dx
2
Solution.
2 + 1 1 + 1 0 + 1 3
Illustration 4.
2
1
x + x dx
Solution.
1 1
2
1 2
2
1
I = x2 + 1 dx = x 2 + 1 + 2 x 2 1
1 x 2
1
x2 x 2
1 1
= x + + 2 dx = xdx + dx + 2dx
x x
x2
= + lnx + 2x + c
2
Illustration 5.
= sin + cos + 3 + c
Illustration 6.
(e + xe + ee )dx
x
Solution.
x e+1
= ex + + ee x + c
e+1
Illustration 7.
1
Integrate y w.r.t x, where y = ex − + 4
x
Solution.
1 1
I = ex − + 4 dx = exdx − dx + 4dx
x x
=ex – lnx + 4x + c
(n + 1)
1 1
ax + bdx = a ln(ax + b) + c
cos(ax + b)
sin(ax + b)dx = − a
+c
sin(ax + b)
cos(ax + b)dx = a
+c
1
e
ax +b
dx = eax+b + c
a
Illustration 8.
1
(i) cos(2x + 4)dx (ii) 4t − 2 dt
Solution.
sin(2x + 4)
(i) I = cos(2x + 4)dx = +c
2
1 ln(4t − 2)
(ii) I = dt = +c
4t − 2 4
Illustration 9.
e
( −4x +3)
dx
Solution.
e( −4x+3)
I = e( −4x+3)dx = +c
−4
Illustration 10.
(3x − 4) dx
4
Solution.
(3x − 4)4+1 1 1
I = (3x − 4)4 dx = = (3x − 4)5
4 +1 3 15
Illustration 11.
(sin t)dt
Solution.
cos(t)
I = (sin t)dt = − +c
Definite Integration
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
d
If ( f(x)) = f ' (x), then
dx
b
f '(x)dx is called indefinite integral and a
f '(x)dx is called definite integral
Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the variable x.
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between upper and lower limits as explained below :
b
b
f '(x)dx = f(x) a = [f(b) – f(a)]
a
Illustration 1.
4
Solution.
4 4 4
x2
I = 6xdx =6 xdx = 6
3 3 2 3
(4)2 (3)2 7
= 6 − = 6 = 21
2 2 2
Illustration 2.
2
Solution.
2 2 2 2
I = (10x2 − 4x + 4)dx = 10x2dx − 4xdx + 4dx
1 1 1 1
2 2
(x3 ) x2
− 4 + 4 x 1
2
= 10
3 1 2 1
23 1 22 1 128
= 10 − − 4 − + 42 − 1 =
3 3 2 2 6
Illustration 3.
3
Find value of cos xdx
0
Solution.
3
I = cosxdx = + sin x 03 = sin − sin0
0 3
3
=
2
Illustration 4.
2
Find value of sin xdx
−
2
Solution.
2
I= sin xdx = − cosx 2
−
2
−
2
= − cos − − cos − = 0
2 2
Illustration 5.
0
Solution.
0 0
e−2t 1 −2(0) −2( ) 1
I = e−2t dt = = − e −e = −
− 2 2 2
Illustration 6.
6
Find value of sin2d
0
Solution.
6
cos2 6
I = sin2d = −
0 2 0
1 2 1
= − cos − cos0 =
2 6 4
Application of Integration
There are many applications of integration such as :
dx = vdt
x1 t1
dv = adt
v1 t1
t2 t2
Illustration 1.
Initial position of a particle is x = 20 m and its velocity is v = (2t2 − 4t) m/s. Find position of the particle at t = 3 sec.
Solution.
x t =3
dx
v= dx = vdt
dt 20 t =0
x − 20 = (2t 2 − 4t ) dt
3
2t 3
x – 20= − 2t 2
3 0
x – 20 = 18 – 18
x = 20
Illustration 2.
Initial velocity of a particle is ‘2u0’ and acceleration is a = kt. Find velocity at time t.
Solution.
dv
a=
dt
v t
dv dv = adt = ktdt
2u0 o
t
t2
v 2u
v
=k
0
2 0
t2
v − 2u0 = k
2
kt 2
v= + 2u0
2
Illustration 3.
t2
Find change in momentum from t = 1 to t = 2s if a force F = 4t2 – 6 N acts on a particle. (Use p = Fdt )
t1
Solution.
b2
P = Fdt
t1
(
= 4t 2 − 6 dt )
1
2 2
( )
= 4t 2 dt − 6dt
1 1
2
4t 3
− 6t 1
2
=
3 1
32 4
= − − 12 − 6
3 3
28
= −6
3
10
=
3
Illustration 1.
Find area between the curve y = x3 and x axis from x = 0 to x = 3.
Solution.
Area under the curve = ydx
x =3
= x dx
3
x =0
3
x4
=
4 0
81
= unit
4
Illustration 2.
Find the values of
3 4
(a) ydx
0
(b) ydx
3
Solution.
3
(a) ydx = Area under the curve from x = 0 to x = 3
0
= 10 × 3 = 30 unit
4
(b) ydx
3
= Area under the wave from x = 3 to x = 4
1
= 1 10 = 5 unit
2
Illustration 3.
Find area under the curve y = 2x2 – 4x + 6, from x = 2 to x = 4.
Solution.
x2 4
4 4 4
= 2x2dx − 4xdx + 6dx
2 2 2
4
2x3
− 2x 2 + 6x 2
2 4 4
=
3 2
112
= − ( 24 ) + 12
3
76
= unit
3
Illustration 4.
Find area under the curve y = cos x, from x = 0 to x = .
2
Solution.
Area under of the curve = ydx
2
= ( cos x ) dx
0
= sinx 02
= sin − sin0 = 1
2
dx b − a
b
y =
x1
f(x)dx
x2
x1
dx
b
y =
a
f(x)dx
b
a
dx
Illustration 1.
What is the average value of the function x3 on the interval [0, 4] ?
Solution.
4
x4
4
x dx
3
4
0
Average value = 0 =
4−0 4
256
= = 16 unit
16
Illustration 2.
Find average value of a function I = i0cost in interval of time [0, ]
2
Solution.
/2 /2
( I cost ) dt
0 I0 costdt I0 2I0
I = 0
= 0
= = unit
−0
2 2 2
Illustration 3.
The velocity-time graph of a car moving along a straight road is shown in figure. The average velocity of the car
in first 25 seconds is –
Solution.
25
Illustration 4.
A particle is moving with velocity, v = (3t2 + 4t3 + 4)m/s. Find <v> for interval 0 to 2 sec.
Solution.
2
2 2
3t 3 4t 4
vdt (3t + 4t + 4 ) + + 4t
2 3
3 4 0
v = 0
= 0
=
2−0 2−0 2
8 + 16 + 8
= = 16 unit
2
Illustration 5.
What is the average value of the function f(t) = cost in the interval [0, 1]?
Solution.
1 2
f (t ) = 0
= 0
= = =0
1−0 1
Quadratic Equation
An algebraic equation of second order (Highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the general Quadratic Equation.
where a ≠ 0
Where D = b2 – 4ac
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
x1 = x2 =
2a 2a
Illustration 1.
Solve the equation to x2 + 3x – 18 = 0
Solution.
x2 + 3x − 18 = 0
−3 9 − 4 (1 )( −18 ) −3 81
x= =
2(1 ) 2
−3 + 9 −3 − 9
x1 = = 3 ; x2 = = −6
2 2
Illustration 2.
Solve for x : pqx2 – (p2 + q2) x + pq = 0
Solution.
pqx2 – (p2 + q2) x + pq = 0
(( )) ( −(p ))
2
x=
− − p2 + q2 2
+ q2 − 4 ( pq )( pq )
=
(p2
) (
+ q2 p2 − q2 )
2( pq ) 2pq
p q
x1 = ; x2 =
q p
Illustration 3.
In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, if discriminant is D = b2 – 4ac, then roots of the quadratic equation are :
(choose the correct alternative)
(1) Real and distinct, if D > 0 (2) Real and equal (i.e., repeated roots), if D = 0.
(3) Non-real (i.e. imaginary), if D < 0 (4) All of the above are correct
Solution.
(4) All of the above are correct
Binomial Theorem
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.
For example : (a + b), (a + b)3, (2x – 3y)–2 etc.
n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1)( n − 2)
(1 + x )
n
= 1 + nx + x2 + x2 + ........
2 1 3 2 1
Binomial Approximation
If x is very small, compared to 1, then terms containing higher powers of x can be neglected so (1+x) n ≈ 1 + nx.
Illustration 4.
Find the value of
Illustration 5.
GM
Given that g = , find the value of g if h << R
(R + h)
2
Solution.
−2
GM GM h
g= 2
= 2
1+
h R R
R2 1 +
R
If h << R
GM 2h
g= 2
1−
R R
Progression
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
General form: a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ……., [a + (n – 1) d]
Here First Term : a
Common Difference : d
nth Term : a + ( n − 1) d
n st
Sum of first n terms: Sn = 1 term + n th term
2
n
Sn = 2a + ( n − 1 ) d
2
Illustration 1.
Find the fifth term of given Arithmetic Progression:
5, 7, 9, . . .
Solution.
a=5
d=7–5=9–7=2
Fifth term = (a + 4d) = (5 + 4 (2)) = 13
Illustration 2.
Find the sum of first ten terms of given Arithmetic Progression:
2, 4, 6, . . .
Solution.
n = 10
d=4–2=6–4=2
10
Sn = 2( 2) + (10 − 1 )( 2)
2
= 5 [4 + 18] = 110
Illustration 3.
Find the sum of given series:
4 + 8 + 12 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 64
Solution.
First term = 4
Last term = 64
nth term = a + (n – 1) d
64 = 4 + (n – 1) 4
n = 16
16
Sn = 4 + 64 = 544
2
Illustration 4.
Find the sum of first 20 natural numbers:
Solution.
First 20 natural numbers = 1, 2, 3, ……. 20
a = 1, d = 1
20
Sn = 2(1 ) + (19 )(1 ) = 210
2
Illustration 6.
Find the sixth term of 1, 2, 4, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution.
Sixth term = ar5
2 4
a = 1, r = = = 2
1 2
Sixth term = 1(2)5 = 32
Illustration 7.
1 1 1
Find sum of all the terms of an infinite GP : 1 + + + + .........
2 4 8
Solution.
1 1
1
a = 1, r = 2 = 4 =
1 1 2
2
a 1
Sn = = =2
1−r 1− 1
2
Formulae to Remember
Sum of first n natural numbers:
n ( n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ……. + n =
2
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers:
n ( n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 +……+n2 =
6
Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers :
n ( n + 1)
2
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +……+n =
3 3 3 3 3
3
2
Logarithm
The exponent or power to which a base must be raised to yield a given number.
e 2.71
m
Quotient Formula log = log m − log n
n
Illustration 8.
Find the value of :
2
(i) lne5 (ii) lne 3
Solution.
(i) ne5 = 5 ne = 5logee = 5
2 2 e 2
(ii) ne 3
= ne =
3 3
Circle
Assume that (x, y) are the coordinates of a point on the circle shown, the centre is at (x 0, y0) and the radius is r.
Equation of circle = (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = r2
Ellipse
An ellipse is the locus of points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points is a constant value.
The two fixed points are called the foci of the ellipse.
In this diagram: -
a = semi major axis ; b = semi minor axis
F1 and F2 = foci of the ellipse.
x2 y 2
+ =1
a2 b2
Illustration 1.
What is the radius of the circle given by:
x2 + y2 = 49
Solution.
x2 + y2 = 49 (given equation) ……(1)
Illustration 2.
What is the value of c if the radius of the circle is 9 and centre is at origin:
x2 + y2 = c
Solution.
x2 + y2 = c (given equation) ……(1)
Illustration 3.
Find length of major axis and minor axis for ellipse
x2 y 2
+ =1
16 36
Solution.
x2 y 2
+ = 1 (given equation) ……(1)
16 36
x2 y 2
+ = 1 (general equation) ……(2)
a2 b2
Illustration 4.
If the length of major axis is 5 and minor axis is 3 then write the equation of ellipse centered at origin.
Solution.
a=5;b=3
x2 y 2
+ =1
52 32
x2 y 2
+ =1
25 9
x = ay2 + by + c
Illustration 1.
A particle of mass m is moving with speed v. Draw the graph of K.E vs v
Solution.
1
K.E. = mv 2
2
Illustration 2.
If x = 9t2 and y = 3t represents the coordinate of a particle, then its path will be?
Solution.
x = 9t2 ……(1)
y = 3t ……(2)
y
From equation (2) t = ……(3)
3
y2
Now, from equation (1) and (3) x = 9 = y2
9
Rectangular Hyperbola
The equation of Rectangular Hyperbola is given by:
Illustration 3.
Draw graph between pressure and volume for an ideal gas at constant temperature (PV = Constant)
Solution.
PV = nRT
PV = constant
Exponential Graphs
There are two types of exponential graphs:
Illustration 4.
A particle moves along path y = 9x2 – 2x + 4, then its path will be?
Solution.
y = ax2 – bx + c
Illustration 5.
Calculate the area enclosed by shown ellipse
Solution.
Here a = 6 – 4 = 2 and b = 4 – 3 = 1
Illustration 6.
Calculate the volume of given disc.
Solution.
Volume = (Area) (thickness)